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Jiang H, Feng S, Zhang P, Wang J, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Song X, Huang W, Xie Y, Deng C. Petroleum ether extract of Schisandra sphenanthera prevents hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in association with modulation of sweet taste receptors and gut microbiota in T2DM rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118300. [PMID: 38718889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Schisandra sphenanthera (Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils.) is the dried mature fruit of Schisandra sphenanthera, a plant in the Magnoliaceae family. It was used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in the Jade Fluid Decoction and the Xiaoke pills, which were recorded in ancient books. However, its mechanism of action in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was unclear and needs further study. AIM OF THE STUDY This research aimed to investigate the chemical composition and lignan content of Schisandra sphenanthera petroleum ether parts (SPEP) and to evaluate the effects of SPEP on sweet taste receptors (STRs) and intestinal flora in rats on a high-fat diet (HFD). Additionally, the relationships between SPEP and hyperglycemia and insulin resistance were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS GC-MS was used to determine the chemical composition of SPEP, and HPLC was used to determine the lignin content. A combination of the HFD and the administration of streptozotocin (STZ) was employed to generate a rat model of T2DM. Petroleum ether extracts from Schisandra sphenanthera were used as the focus of the research to evaluate the effects of these extracts on the glucolipid metabolism of T2DM rats, as well as the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Analysis of the GC-MS spectrum of SESP revealed a total of 58 compounds. HPLC analysis revealed that SPEP had the highest concentration of Schisandrin A and the lowest concentration of Schisandrol A. The drug administration intervention resulted in a significant decrease in body weight and pancreatic weight of diabetic rats compared to the Normal group. When compared to the Model group, the body weight of rats in the drug administration group and the Metformin group had a more moderate decrease, while the pancreatic weight and pancreatic-to-body ratio increased. The Model group shown significant increases in FBG, OGTT, GHb, TC, TG, LDL-C, ALT, AST, MDA, FINS, and NEFA, as well as significant decreases in HDL-C and SOD, when compared to the Normal group (P < 0.05). The administration of each group was found to be significantly effective in decreasing FBG, OGTT, GHb, TC, TG, LDL-C, ALT, AST, MDA, FINS, NEFA, while increasing HDL-C and SOD when compared to the Model group. The application of SPEP had a positive impact on hepatocyte swelling, hepatocyte degeneration, and necrosis, as well as the morphological structure of pancreatic islet cells. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of T1R2, TRPM5 and GLP-1 in the small intestine of the Model group were reduced. After a period of six weeks, the protein expression levels began to align more closely with those of the Normal group of rats. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the intestinal microbiota of diabetic rats was significantly disrupted, with a decrease in the abundance of the Firmicutes phylum and an increase in the abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum. Furthermore, the composition of the dominant genus was distinct from that of the control group. After the drug intervention, the microbiota of diabetic rats was significantly altered, exhibiting a higher abundance and diversity, as well as a significant enrichment of the community. The SPEP treatment resulted in a significant increase in acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this research indicated that SPEP could be effective in treating T2DM through the regulation of STRs, the adjustment of disturbed metabolite levels, and the alteration of intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihui Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Shibo Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China; Shaanxi Key Lab. of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China; Key Research Laboratory of the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Province: Research and Application of Tai Bai Seven Medicines, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China; Key Research Laboratory of the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Province: Research and Application of Tai Bai Seven Medicines, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Xiaomei Song
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China; Shaanxi Key Lab. of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China; Key Research Laboratory of the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Province: Research and Application of Tai Bai Seven Medicines, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Wenli Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China; Key Research Laboratory of the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Province: Research and Application of Tai Bai Seven Medicines, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Yundong Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
| | - Chong Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China; Shaanxi Key Lab. of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China; College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China; Shaanxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Mechanical and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China; Key Research Laboratory of the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Province: Research and Application of Tai Bai Seven Medicines, Xianyang, 712046, China.
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Jin J, Chen M, Wang H, Li S, Ma L, Wang B. Schizandrin A attenuates early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage through suppressing neuroinflammation. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:236. [PMID: 38285214 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early brain injury (EBI) is the vital factor in determining the outcome of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Schizandrin A (Sch A), the bioactive ingredient extracted from Schisandra chinensis, has been proved to exert beneficial effects in multiple human diseases. However, the effect of Sch A on SAH remains unknown. The current study was designed to explored role and mechanism of Sch A in the pathophysiological process of EBI following SAH. METHOD A total of 74 male C57BL/6 J mice were subjected to endovascular perforation to establish the SAH model. Different dosages of Sch A were administrated post-modeling. The post-modeling assessments included neurological test, brain water content, RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, Nissl staining. Oxygenated hemoglobin was introduced into microglia to establish a SAH model in vitro. RESULT Sch A significantly alleviated SAH-induced brain edema and neurological impairment. Moreover, application of Sch A remarkably inhibited SAH-induced neuroinflammation, evidenced by the decreased microglial activation and downregulated TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and expression. Additionally, Sch A, both in vivo and in vitro, protected neurons against SAH-induced inflammatory injury. Mechanismly, administration of Sch A inhibited miR-155/NF-κB axis and attenuated neuroinflammation, as well as alleviating neuronal injury. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that Sch A could attenuated EBI following SAH via modulating neuroinflammation. The anti-inflammatory effect was exerted, at least partly through the miR-155/NF-κB axis, which may shed light on a possible therapeutic target for SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center, Xingning Road 57th, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Maosong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center, Xingning Road 57th, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Hongcai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center, Xingning Road 57th, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Shiwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center, Xingning Road 57th, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center, Xingning Road 57th, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Boding Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center, Xingning Road 57th, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315000, China.
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Xu Z, Man SS, Gong BY, Li ZD, Zhou HF, Peng YF, Zhao SW, Hou YL, Wang L, Bian YH. Bazi Bushen maintains intestinal homeostasis through inhibiting TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway and regulating gut microbiota in SAMP6 mice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7273-7283. [PMID: 37450639 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bazi Bushen is a Chinese patented medicine with multiple health benefits and geroprotective effects, yet, no research has explored its effects on intestinal homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Bazi Bushen on intestinal inflammation and the potential mechanism of gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal homeostasis in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 6 (SAMP6). The hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry were performed to assess the function of the intestinal mucosal barrier. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting were used to determine the level of intestinal inflammation. The aging-related β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining and Western blotting were used to measure the extent of intestinal aging. The 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) was performed to analyze the change in gut microbiota composition and distribution. RESULTS Bazi Bushen exerted remarkable protective effects in SAMP6, showing a regulated mucosal barrier and increased barrier integrity. It also suppressed intestinal inflammation through down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and inhibiting TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway (MYD88, p-p65, and TLR4). Bazi Bushen improved intestinal aging by reducing the area of SA-β-gal-positive cells and the expression of senescence markers p16, p21, and p53. In addition, Bazi Bushen effectively rebuilt the gut microbiota ecosystem by decreasing the abundance of Bacteroides and Klebsiella, whiles increasing the ratio of Lactobacillus/Bacteroides and the abundance of Akkermansia. CONCLUSION Our study shows that Bazi Bushen could serve as a potential therapy for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shan-Shan Man
- Pharmaceutical Department, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo-Yang Gong
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhao-Dong Li
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui-Fang Zhou
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Fei Peng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu-Wu Zhao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun-Long Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Luobing Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Li Wang
- Pharmaceutical Department, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-Hong Bian
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Jia M, Zhou L, Lou Y, Yang X, Zhao H, Ouyang X, Huang Y. An analysis of the nutritional effects of Schisandra chinensis components based on mass spectrometry technology. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1227027. [PMID: 37560060 PMCID: PMC10408133 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1227027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (S. chinensis) is a Traditional Chinese medicinal herb that can be used both for medicinal purposes and as a food ingredient due to its beneficial properties, and it is enriched with a wide of natural plant nutrients, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, lignans, triterpenes, organic acids, and sugars. At present, there is lack of comprehensive study or systemic characterization of nutritional and active ingredients of S. chinensis using innovative mass spectrometry techniques. METHODS The comprehensive review was conducted by searching the PubMed databases for relevant literature of various mass spectrometry techniques employed in the analysis of nutritional components in S. chinensis, as well as their main nutritional effects. The literature search covered the past 5 years until March 15, 2023. RESULTS The potential nutritional effects of S. chinensis are discussed, including its ability to enhance immunity, function as an antioxidant, anti-allergen, antidepressant, and anti-anxiety agent, as well as its ability to act as a sedative-hypnotic and improve memory, cognitive function, and metabolic imbalances. Meanwhile, the use of advanced mass spectrometry detection technologies have the potential to enable the discovery of new nutritional components of S. chinensis, and to verify the effects of different extraction methods on these components. The contents of anthocyanins, lignans, organic acids, and polysaccharides, the main nutritional components in S. chinensis, are also closely associated to its quality. CONCLUSION This review will provide guidelines for an in-depth study on the nutritional value of S. chinensis and for the development of healthy food products with effective components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lou
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of CM, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hangyu Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinshou Ouyang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Digestive Disease Section, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yanjie Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of CM, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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