1
|
Sakthivel D, Brown-Suedel AN, Keane F, Huang S, Sherry KM, Charendoff CI, Dunne KP, Robichaux DJ, Le B, Shin CS, Carisey AF, Flanagan JM, Bouchier-Hayes L. Caspase-2 is essential for proliferation and self-renewal of nucleophosmin-mutated acute myeloid leukemia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.29.542723. [PMID: 37398413 PMCID: PMC10312440 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.29.542723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutation in nucleophosmin (NPM1) causes relocalization of this normally nucleolar protein to the cytoplasm ( NPM1c+ ). Despite NPM1 mutation being the most common driver mutation in cytogenetically normal adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the mechanisms of NPM1c+-induced leukemogenesis remain unclear. Caspase-2 is a pro-apoptotic protein activated by NPM1 in the nucleolus. Here, we show that caspase-2 is also activated by NPM1c+ in the cytoplasm, and DNA damage-induced apoptosis is caspase-2-dependent in NPM1c+ AML but not in NPM1wt cells. Strikingly, in NPM1c+ cells, loss of caspase-2 results in profound cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and down-regulation of stem cell pathways that regulate pluripotency including impairment in the AKT/mTORC1 and Wnt signaling pathways. In contrast, there were minimal differences in proliferation, differentiation, or the transcriptional profile of NPM1wt cells with and without caspase-2. Together, these results show that caspase-2 is essential for proliferation and self-renewal of AML cells that have mutated NPM1. This study demonstrates that caspase-2 is a major effector of NPM1c+ function and may even be a druggable target to treat NPM1c+ AML and prevent relapse.
Collapse
|
2
|
Gogiraju R, Gachkar S, Velmeden D, Bochenek ML, Zifkos K, Hubert A, Münzel T, Offermanns S, Schäfer K. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Deficiency in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Promotes Perivascular Fibrosis following Arterial Injury. Thromb Haemost 2022; 122:1814-1826. [PMID: 36075234 PMCID: PMC9512587 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype switching plays a central role during vascular remodeling. Growth factor receptors are negatively regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), including its prototype PTP1B. Here, we examine how reduction of PTP1B in SMCs affects the vascular remodeling response to injury.
Methods
Mice with inducible PTP1B deletion in SMCs (SMC.PTP1B-KO) were generated by crossing mice expressing Cre.ER
T2
recombinase under the
Myh11
promoter with PTP1B
flox/flox
mice and subjected to FeCl
3
carotid artery injury.
Results
Genetic deletion of PTP1B in SMCs resulted in adventitia enlargement, perivascular SMA
+
and PDGFRβ
+
myofibroblast expansion, and collagen accumulation following vascular injury. Lineage tracing confirmed the appearance of
Myh11
-Cre reporter cells in the remodeling adventitia, and SCA1
+
CD45
-
vascular progenitor cells increased. Elevated mRNA expression of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling components or enzymes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and TGFβ liberation was seen in injured SMC.PTP1B-KO mouse carotid arteries, and mRNA transcript levels of contractile SMC marker genes were reduced already at baseline. Mechanistically, Cre recombinase (mice) or siRNA (cells)-mediated downregulation of PTP1B or inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling in SMCs resulted in nuclear accumulation of KLF4, a central transcriptional repressor of SMC differentiation, whereas phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 were reduced. SMAD2 siRNA transfection increased protein levels of PDGFRβ and MYH10 while reducing ERK1/2 phosphorylation, thus phenocopying genetic PTP1B deletion.
Conclusion
Chronic reduction of PTP1B in SMCs promotes dedifferentiation, perivascular fibrosis, and adverse remodeling following vascular injury by mechanisms involving an ERK1/2 phosphorylation-driven shift from SMAD2 to KLF4-regulated gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajinikanth Gogiraju
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sogol Gachkar
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - David Velmeden
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena L Bochenek
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Zifkos
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Astrid Hubert
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Site, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Rhine-Main Site, Frankfurt and Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Schäfer
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Site, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sekita Y, Sugiura Y, Matsumoto A, Kawasaki Y, Akasaka K, Konno R, Shimizu M, Ito T, Sugiyama E, Yamazaki T, Kanai E, Nakamura T, Suematsu M, Ishino F, Kodera Y, Kohda T, Kimura T. AKT signaling is associated with epigenetic reprogramming via the upregulation of TET and its cofactor, alpha-ketoglutarate during iPSC generation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:510. [PMID: 34563253 PMCID: PMC8467031 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling participates in cellular proliferation, survival and tumorigenesis. The activation of AKT signaling promotes the cellular reprogramming including generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and dedifferentiation of primordial germ cells (PGCs). Previous studies suggested that AKT promotes reprogramming by activating proliferation and glycolysis. Here we report a line of evidence that supports the notion that AKT signaling is involved in TET-mediated DNA demethylation during iPSC induction. Methods AKT signaling was activated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) that were transduced with OCT4, SOX2 and KLF4. Multiomics analyses were conducted in this system to examine the effects of AKT activation on cells undergoing reprogramming. Results We revealed that cells undergoing reprogramming with artificially activated AKT exhibit enhanced anabolic glucose metabolism and accordingly increased level of cytosolic α-ketoglutarate (αKG), which is an essential cofactor for the enzymatic activity of the 5-methylcytosine (5mC) dioxygenase TET. Additionally, the level of TET is upregulated. Consistent with the upregulation of αKG production and TET, we observed a genome-wide increase in 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), which is an intermediate in DNA demethylation. Moreover, the DNA methylation level of ES-cell super-enhancers of pluripotency-related genes is significantly decreased, leading to the upregulation of associated genes. Finally, the transduction of TET and the administration of cell-permeable αKG to somatic cells synergistically enhance cell reprogramming by Yamanaka factors. Conclusion These results suggest the possibility that the activation of AKT during somatic cell reprogramming promotes epigenetic reprogramming through the hyperactivation of TET at the transcriptional and catalytic levels. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02578-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Sekita
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akari Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawasaki
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuya Akasaka
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Ryo Konno
- Department of Physics, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Momoka Shimizu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ito
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Eiji Sugiyama
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Terushi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Eriko Kanai
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Nakamura
- Laboratory for Epigenetic Regulation, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama-shi, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ishino
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kodera
- Department of Physics, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.,Center for Disease Proteomics, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohda
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.,Laboratory of Embryology and Genomics, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Tohru Kimura
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim IG, Lee JH, Kim SY, Heo CK, Kim RK, Cho EW. Targeting therapy-resistant lung cancer stem cells via disruption of the AKT/TSPYL5/PTEN positive-feedback loop. Commun Biol 2021; 4:778. [PMID: 34163000 PMCID: PMC8222406 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are regarded as essential targets to overcome tumor progression and therapeutic resistance; however, practical targeting approaches are limited. Here, we identify testis-specific Y-like protein 5 (TSPYL5) as an upstream regulator of CSC-associated genes in non-small cell lung cancer cells, and suggest as a therapeutic target for CSC elimination. TSPYL5 elevation is driven by AKT-dependent TSPYL5 phosphorylation at threonine-120 and stabilization via inhibiting its ubiquitination. TSPYL5-pT120 also induces nuclear translocation and functions as a transcriptional activator of CSC-associated genes, ALDH1 and CD44. Also, nuclear TSPYL5 suppresses the transcription of PTEN, a negative regulator of PI3K signaling. TSPYL5-pT120 maintains persistent CSC-like characteristics via transcriptional activation of CSC-associated genes and a positive feedback loop consisting of AKT/TSPYL5/PTEN signaling pathway. Accordingly, elimination of TSPYL5 by inhibiting TSPYL5-pT120 can block aberrant AKT/TSPYL5/PTEN cyclic signaling and TSPYL5-mediated cancer stemness regulation. Our study suggests TSPYL5 be an effective target for therapy-resistant cancer. In order to assist the development of cancer stem cell (CSC) therapy, Kim et al identified testis-specific Y-like protein 5 (TSPYL5) as an upstream regulator of CSC-associated genes in non-small cell lung cancer cells. They demonstrated in cancer cell lines and in vivo that TSPYL5 activity is dependent on AKT signalling and that disruption of TSPYL5 signalling could serve as a potential strategy to tackle therapy-resistant cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Radiation Biology, Environmental Radiation Research Group, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea. .,Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
| | - Jei-Ha Lee
- Department of Radiation Biology, Environmental Radiation Research Group, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Kim
- Department of Radiation Biology, Environmental Radiation Research Group, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Heo
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Rae-Kwon Kim
- Department of Radiation Biology, Environmental Radiation Research Group, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Wie Cho
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Functional characterization of SOX2 as an anticancer target. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:135. [PMID: 32728033 PMCID: PMC7391717 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX2 is a well-characterized pluripotent factor that is essential for stem cell self-renewal, reprogramming, and homeostasis. The cellular levels of SOX2 are precisely regulated by a complicated network at the levels of transcription, post-transcription, and post-translation. In many types of human cancer, SOX2 is dysregulated due to gene amplification and protein overexpression. SOX2 overexpression is associated with poor survival of cancer patients. Mechanistically, SOX2 promotes proliferation, survival, invasion/metastasis, cancer stemness, and drug resistance. SOX2 is, therefore, an attractive anticancer target. However, little progress has been made in the efforts to discover SOX2 inhibitors, largely due to undruggable nature of SOX2 as a transcription factor. In this review, we first briefly introduced SOX2 as a transcription factor, its domain structure, normal physiological functions, and its involvement in human cancers. We next discussed its role in embryonic development and stem cell-renewal. We then mainly focused on three aspects of SOX2: (a) the regulatory mechanisms of SOX2, including how SOX2 level is regulated, and how SOX2 cross-talks with multiple signaling pathways to control growth and survival; (b) the role of SOX2 in tumorigenesis and drug resistance; and (c) current drug discovery efforts on targeting SOX2, and the future perspectives to discover specific SOX2 inhibitors for effective cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nicotinamide Supplementation during the In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes Improves the Developmental Competence of Preimplantation Embryos: Potential Link to SIRT1/AKT Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061550. [PMID: 32630550 PMCID: PMC7348965 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM), the amide form of vitamin B3, plays pivotal roles in regulating various cellular processes including energy production and maintenance of genomic stability. The current study aimed at deciphering the effect of NAM, when administered during in vitro maturation (IVM), on the developmental competence of bovine preimplantation embryos. Our results showed that low NAM concentrations reduced the oxidative stress and improved mitochondrial profile, total cleavage and 8–16 cell stage embryo development whereas the opposite profile was observed upon exposure to high NAM concentrations (10 mM onward). Remarkably, the hatching rates of day-7 and day-8 blastocysts were significantly improved under 0.1 mM NAM treatment. Using RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence, the autophagy-related (Beclin-1 (BECN1), LC3B, and ATG5) and the apoptotic (Caspases; CASP3 and 9) markers were upregulated in oocytes exposed to high NAM concentration (40 mM), whereas only CASP3 was affected, downregulated, following 0.1 mM treatment. Additionally, the number of cells per blastocyst and the levels of SIRT1, PI3K, AKT, and mTOR were higher, while the inner cell mass-specific transcription factors GATA6, SOX2, and OCT4 were more abundant, in day-8 embryos of NAM-treated group. Taken together, to our knowledge, this is the first study reporting that administration of low NAM concentrations during IVM can ameliorate the developmental competence of embryos through the potential regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and SIRT1/AKT signaling.
Collapse
|
7
|
Schaefer T, Lengerke C. SOX2 protein biochemistry in stemness, reprogramming, and cancer: the PI3K/AKT/SOX2 axis and beyond. Oncogene 2020; 39:278-292. [PMID: 31477842 PMCID: PMC6949191 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research of the past view years expanded our understanding of the various physiological functions the cell-fate determining transcription factor SOX2 exerts in ontogenesis, reprogramming, and cancer. However, while scientific reports featuring novel and exciting aspects of SOX2-driven biology are published in near weekly routine, investigations in the underlying protein-biochemical processes that transiently tailor SOX2 activity to situational demand are underrepresented and have not yet been comprehensively summarized. Largely unrecognizable to modern array or sequencing-based technology, various protein secondary modifications and concomitant function modulations have been reported for SOX2. The chemical modifications imposed onto SOX2 are inherently heterogeneous, comprising singular or clustered events of phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, PARPylation, and O-glycosylation that reciprocally affect each other and critically impact SOX2 functionality, often in a tissue and species-specific manner. One recurring regulatory principle though is the canonical PI3K/AKT signaling axis to which SOX2 relates in various entangled, albeit not exclusive ways. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on SOX2 protein modifications, their proposed relationship to the PI3K/AKT pathway, and regulatory influence on SOX2 with regards to stemness, reprogramming, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Schaefer
- University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Claudia Lengerke
- University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland
- University Hospital Basel, Division of Hematology, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schmidhauser M, Renz PF, Tsikrika P, Freimann R, Wutz A, Wrana JL, Beyer TA. Gaining Insights into the Function of Post-Translational Protein Modification Using Genome Engineering and Molecular Cell Biology. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3920-3932. [PMID: 31306665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Modifications by kinases are a fast and reversible mechanism to diversify the function of the targeted proteins. The OCT4 transcription factor is essential for preimplantation development and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESC), and its activity is tightly regulated by post-transcriptional modifications. Several phosphorylation sites have been identified by systemic approaches and their functions proposed. Here, we combined molecular and cellular biology with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering to pinpoint the function of serine 12 of OCT4 in ESCs. Using chemical inhibitors and an antibody specific to OCT4 phosphorylated on S12, we identified cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 7 as upstream kinase. Surprisingly, generation of isogenic mESCs that endogenously ablate S12 revealed no effects on pluripotency and self-renewal, potentially due to compensation by other phosphorylation events. Our approach reveals that modification of distinct amino acids by precise genome engineering can help to clarify the functions of post-translational modifications on proteins encoded by essential gene in an endogenous context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter F Renz
- Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Molecular Life Science program, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Panagiota Tsikrika
- Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Molecular Life Science program, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Remo Freimann
- Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anton Wutz
- Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tobias A Beyer
- Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang M, Wang X, Li Y, Xiao Q, Cui XH, Xiao GD, Wang JC, Xu CW, Ren H, Liu D. Nutlin-3-Induced Sensitization of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Stem Cells to Axitinib-Induced Apoptosis Through Repression of Akt1/Wnt Signaling. Oncol Res 2019; 27:987-995. [PMID: 30832755 PMCID: PMC7848271 DOI: 10.3727/096504018x15424918479652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential biological activities of nutlin-3 in the regulation of growth and proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) stem cells (CSCs), which may help in sensitizing to axitinib-induced apoptosis. Nutlin-3 induction of p53 expression was used to test its role in controlling the cell division pattern and apoptosis of NSCLC cells. A549 cells and H460 cells were pretreated with nutlin-3 and then treated with either an Akt1 activator or shRNA-GSK3β, to investigate the potential role of p53 sensitization in the biological effects of axitinib. We also determined the expression levels of GSK3β and p-Akt1 in patients with NSCLC and determined their potential association with survival data using Kaplan-Meier plots and CBIOTAL. Increased p53 expression stimulated the induction of apoptosis by axitinib and promoted asymmetric cell division (ACD) of NSCLC CSCs. The repression of Akt phosphorylation induced by nutlin-3 promoted the ACD of lung CSCs, decreasing the proportion of the stem cell population. In addition to the induction of apoptosis by axitinib through inhibition of Wnt signaling, nutlin-3 treatment further enhanced axitinib-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Akt1/GSK3β/Wnt signaling. The low expression of GSK3β and increased expression of p-Akt in patients with NSCLC were closely associated with the development of NSCLC. TP53 stimulates the induction of apoptosis in NSCLC by axitinib and the ACD of lung CSCs through its regulatory effects on the p53/Akt/GSK3β pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hai Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Dong Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Chang Wang
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Chong-Wen Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Dapeng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, the Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xue Y, Zhan X, Sun S, Karuppagounder SS, Xia S, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Laterra J, Zhang J, Ying M. Synthetic mRNAs Drive Highly Efficient iPS Cell Differentiation to Dopaminergic Neurons. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:112-123. [PMID: 30387318 PMCID: PMC6344911 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proneural transcription factors (TFs) drive highly efficient differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to lineage-specific neurons. However, current strategies mainly rely on genome-integrating viruses. Here, we used synthetic mRNAs coding two proneural TFs (Atoh1 and Ngn2) to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. mRNAs coding Atoh1 and Ngn2 with defined phosphosite modifications led to higher and more stable protein expression, and induced more efficient neuron conversion, as compared to mRNAs coding wild-type proteins. Using these two modified mRNAs with morphogens, we established a 5-day protocol that can rapidly generate mDA neurons with >90% purity from normal and Parkinson's disease iPSCs. After in vitro maturation, these mRNA-induced mDA (miDA) neurons recapitulate key biochemical and electrophysiological features of primary mDA neurons and can provide high-content neuron cultures for drug discovery. Proteomic analysis of Atoh1-binding proteins identified the nonmuscle myosin II (NM-II) complex as a new binding partner of nuclear Atoh1. The NM-II complex, commonly known as an ATP-dependent molecular motor, binds more strongly to phosphosite-modified Atoh1 than the wild type. Blebbistatin, an NM-II complex antagonist, and bradykinin, an NM-II complex agonist, inhibited and promoted, respectively, the transcriptional activity of Atoh1 and the efficiency of miDA neuron generation. These findings established the first mRNA-driven strategy for efficient iPSC differentiation to mDA neurons. We further identified the NM-II complex as a positive modulator of Atoh1-driven neuron differentiation. The methodology described here will facilitate the development of mRNA-driven differentiation strategies for generating iPSC-derived progenies widely applicable to disease modeling and cell replacement therapy. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:112&12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Xue
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and DiseasesInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyBeijingPeople's Republic of China
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy KriegerBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Xiping Zhan
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsHoward UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Shisheng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Senthilkumar S. Karuppagounder
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research FoundationNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Shuli Xia
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy KriegerBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research FoundationNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of PhysiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research FoundationNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - John Laterra
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy KriegerBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and DiseasesInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Mingyao Ying
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy KriegerBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dong X, Wang F, Xue Y, Lin Z, Song W, Yang N, Li Q. MicroRNA‑9‑5p downregulates Klf4 and influences the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via the AKT signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1417-1429. [PMID: 30664155 PMCID: PMC6365078 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) is a transcriptional factor involved in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms associated with the Klf4 gene as a tumor suppressor in HCC remain unclear. microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are a series of small non-coding RNAs that serve a vital role in regulating gene expression via their influence on protein translation and the associated degradation of mRNA. The mRNA expression levels of the miRNA, miR-9-5p, and Klf4 were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression levels of Klf4, protein kinase B (AKT), phosphorylated (p-)AKT, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), p-mTOR, B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were determined by western blot analysis. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm a direct interaction between miR-9-5p and the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) sequence of Klf4. Cell counting kit-8 assay, wound healing assay, Transwell migration assay and flow cytometric analysis were performed to evaluate the proliferative, migratory and apoptotic capabilities of the HCC cells. In the present study, miR-9-5p was revealed to be overexpressed in HCC as a novel upstream gene of Klf4. miR-9-5p expression was inversely associated with Klf4 expression in clinical samples. Additionally, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a markedly poor prognosis of HCC in the miR-9-5p high-expression group. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that miR-9-5p bound directly to the 3′-UTR of Klf4, which reduced the expression levels of Klf4. The miR-9-5p/Klf4 axis promoted HCC proliferation and migration, and inhibited HCC apoptosis. Furthermore, miR-9-5p upregulated the Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio and activated AKT/mTOR signaling. Taken together, these data demonstrated that the miR-9-5p/Klf4 axis was able to promote HCC progression, which may occur via regulation of the AKT signaling pathway, highlighting a potential novel target in HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Dong
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Song
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Ning Yang
- The 5th Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200082, P.R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hashemitabar M, Heidari E. Redefining the signaling pathways from pluripotency to pancreas development: In vitro β-cell differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7811-7827. [PMID: 30480819 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are destroyed by the immune system, in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and are impaired by glucose insensitivity in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Islet-cells transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach based on in vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to insulin-producing cells (IPCs). According to evolutionary stages in β-cell development, there are several distinct checkpoints; each one has a unique characteristic, including definitive endoderm (DE), primitive gut (PG), posterior foregut (PF), pancreatic epithelium (PE), endocrine precursor (EP), and immature β-cells up to functional β-cells. A better understanding of the gene regulatory networks (GRN) and associated transcription factors in each specific developmental stage, guarantees the achievement of the next successful checkpoints and ensures an efficient β-cell differentiation procedure. The new findings in signaling pathways, related to the development of the pancreas are discussed here, including Wnt, Activin/Nodal, FGF, BMP, retinoic acid (RA), sonic hedgehog (Shh), Notch, and downstream regulators, required for β-cell commitment. We also summarized different approaches in the IPCs protocol to conceptually define a standardized system, leading to the creation of a reproducible method for β-cell differentiation. To normalize blood glucose level in diabetic mice, the replacement therapy in the early differentiation stage, such as EP stages was associated with better outcome when compared with the fully differentiated β-cells' graft.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Hashemitabar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Joundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elham Heidari
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Joundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wuebben EL, Rizzino A. The dark side of SOX2: cancer - a comprehensive overview. Oncotarget 2018; 8:44917-44943. [PMID: 28388544 PMCID: PMC5546531 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pluripotency-associated transcription factor SOX2 is essential during mammalian embryogenesis and later in life, but SOX2 expression can also be highly detrimental. Over the past 10 years, SOX2 has been shown to be expressed in at least 25 different cancers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the roles of SOX2 in cancer and focuses on two broad topics. The first delves into the expression and function of SOX2 in cancer focusing on the connection between SOX2 levels and tumor grade as well as patient survival. As part of this discussion, we address the developing connection between SOX2 expression and tumor drug resistance. We also call attention to an under-appreciated property of SOX2, its levels in actively proliferating tumor cells appear to be optimized to maximize tumor growth - too little or too much SOX2 dramatically alters tumor growth. The second topic of this review focuses on the exquisite array of molecular mechanisms that control the expression and transcriptional activity of SOX2. In addition to its complex regulation at the transcriptional level, SOX2 expression and activity are controlled carefully by microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and post-translational modifications. In the Conclusion and Future Perspectives section, we point out that there are still important unanswered questions. Addressing these questions is expected to lead to new insights into the functions of SOX2 in cancer, which will help design novels strategies for more effectively treating some of the most deadly cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Wuebben
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Angie Rizzino
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tammam S, Malak P, Correa D, Rothfuss O, Azzazy HME, Lamprecht A, Schulze-Osthoff K. Nuclear delivery of recombinant OCT4 by chitosan nanoparticles for transgene-free generation of protein-induced pluripotent stem cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37728-37739. [PMID: 27183911 PMCID: PMC5122344 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-based reprogramming of somatic cells is a non-genetic approach for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), whereby reprogramming factors, such as OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC, are delivered as functional proteins. The technique is considered safer than transgenic methods, but, unfortunately, most protein-based protocols provide very low reprogramming efficiencies. In this study, we developed exemplarily a nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery system for the reprogramming factor OCT4. To this end, we expressed human OCT4 in Sf9 insect cells using a baculoviral expression system. Recombinant OCT4 showed nuclear localization in Sf9 cells indicating proper protein folding. In comparison to soluble OCT4 protein, encapsulation of OCT4 in nuclear-targeted chitosan NPs strongly stabilized its DNA-binding activity even under cell culture conditions. OCT4-loaded NPs enabled cell treatment with high micromolar concentrations of OCT4 and successfully delivered active OCT4 into human fibroblasts. Chitosan NPs therefore provide a promising tool for the generation of transgene-free iPSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salma Tammam
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Peter Malak
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daphne Correa
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Rothfuss
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hassan M E Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Klaus Schulze-Osthoff
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schaefer T, Lengerke C. AKT-driven phospho-patterns of pluripotency. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:3784-5. [PMID: 26697835 PMCID: PMC4825714 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Schaefer
- Department of Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Lengerke
- Department of Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Basel, Switzerland
- Clinic for Hematology; University Hospital Basel; Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|