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Kuhn T, Karsan S, Heisz JJ, Middleton LE. The differing relationships between academic discipline, sleep hygiene, and dysfunctional sleep attitudes on sleep quality and duration in Canadian university students. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1396579. [PMID: 39156808 PMCID: PMC11327937 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1396579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study sought to understand how university student's academic discipline relates to sleep factors including attitudes, hygiene, quality, and duration. Methods Using a cross-sectional approach, a 30-min survey was advertised to students at two Canadian universities in March of 2022. Sleep measures included the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes Scale, the Sleep Hygiene Index, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Insomnia Severity Index. Academic discipline was categorized into four groups: Health, Arts, Sciences, and Engineering. Multiple linear regressions were used to investigate (1) the effect of academic discipline on sleep measures, and (2) the effect of academic discipline, dysfunctional sleep attitudes, and sleep hygiene practices on insomnia, sleep quality and duration. Results 1,566 students completed the survey (69.4% women; 80.3% undergraduates). Compared to Health students, Art students had worse dysfunctional sleep attitudes, hygiene, quality, and insomnia severity (p < 0.001). This relationship disappeared after controlling for differences in mental health (p ≥ 0.05). Art students had longer sleep durations (p < 0.01), whereas Engineering students had shorter sleep durations (p < 0.05). When dysfunctional sleep attitudes and hygiene were included in the model, both academic discipline (p < 0.05) and sleep hygiene (p < 0.001) were associated with sleep duration. Sleep hygiene and attitudes were also associated with sleep quality and insomnia severity (p < 0.001), while academic discipline was not (p ≥ 0.05). Discussion These results suggest differences in sleep quality across academic discipline are impacted by dysfunctional sleep attitudes, sleep hygiene, and mental health, whereas differences in sleep duration appear to be independent of these factors. Overall, students in different academic disciplines have unique relationships with sleep and thus may require targeted approaches to improve their sleep. Future interventions should focus on supporting sleep hygiene and attitudes to improve students' sleep and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Kuhn
- Brain and Body Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Sameena Karsan
- Neurofit Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer J. Heisz
- Neurofit Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Laura E. Middleton
- Brain and Body Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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McAlpine T, Mullan B, Clarke PJF. Re-considering the Role of Sleep Hygiene Behaviours in Sleep: Associations Between Sleep Hygiene, Perceptions and Sleep. Int J Behav Med 2023:10.1007/s12529-023-10212-y. [PMID: 37672195 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-023-10212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep hygiene behaviours are a suggested set of behaviours people can engage in to improve sleep. However, there are numerous issues relating to the measurement of sleep hygiene, primarily, the lack of consensus as to which behaviours impact sleep and should therefore be included in scales. METHOD Cross-sectional correlational methods were used to assess the association between sleep quality, a highly inclusive range of sleep hygiene behaviours, and individual perceptions of those behaviours in a non-clinical sample of 300 participants. RESULTS Of the 35 sleep hygiene behaviours assessed, 18 were independently associated with sleep quality. Post-hoc factor analysis revealed that behaviours clustered together across four factors. A 'routine' factor included behaviours such as going to bed and waking up at the same time each night, and were important predictors of sleep quality, as were behaviours belonging to the 'perseverative cognition' and 'negative emotionality' factor. Other behaviours related to physiological processes like exposure to sunlight during the day and going to bed hungry were also significantly associated with sleep. Negative perceptions moderated the relationship between daytime exposure to sunlight and sleep. CONCLUSIONS Although certain behaviours were significantly related to sleep, almost half were not, supporting the need to examine the association between sleep and behaviours used for sleep hygiene recommendations more critically. Reframing sleep hygiene recommendations into a condensed set of shared underlying mechanisms may be of benefit for the development of sleep hygiene scales and interventions in non-clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas McAlpine
- enAble Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Barbara Mullan
- enAble Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Patrick J F Clarke
- enAble Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
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Ma X, Meng D, Zhu L, Xu H, Guo J, Yang L, Yu L, Fu Y, Mu L. Bedtime procrastination predicts the prevalence and severity of poor sleep quality of Chinese undergraduate students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:1104-1111. [PMID: 32669056 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1785474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveBedtime procrastination is a type of unhealthy sleep behavior, but whether it affects sleep quality remains unknown. The current study aimed to examine the relationship between bedtime procrastination and poor sleep quality among Chinese college students. Participants: A total of 1550 Chinese undergraduates participated and effectively completed the study. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected information on bedtime procrastination and self-reported sleep quality via the Bedtime Procrastination Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results: The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 39.42% among Chinese undergraduates. Age, education, and bedtime procrastination independently predicted the prevalence of poor sleep quality. Bedtime procrastination was a unique contributor to the severity of poor sleep quality. Conclusions: This study highlighted the independent associations between bedtime procrastination and the prevalence and severity of self-reported poor sleep quality. These findings may be helpful in designing effective measures to improve the sleep quality of college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Ma
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Dexin Meng
- Department of Physiology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Huiying Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Limin Yang
- School of Medicine, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yiming Fu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Li Mu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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Humphries RK, Bath DM, Burton NW. Dysfunctional beliefs, sleep hygiene and sleep quality in university students. Health Promot J Austr 2021; 33:162-169. [PMID: 33608967 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Poor sleep quality is common among university students and can have negative implications for physical, emotional, cognitive and academic wellbeing. Previous research has identified that sleep beliefs and sleep behaviours are associated with poor sleep quality. However, few studies have examined these variables simultaneously. This study explored associations between dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, sleep hygiene and sleep quality in a sample of university students. METHODS Participants were recruited from a pool of undergraduate psychology students and included 120 male students and 145 female students with an average age of 20 years (SD = 5.10). Participants completed an online survey including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes About Sleep Scale, Sleep Hygiene Index and demographic items. RESULTS Overall 60.4% of participants (59.4% of women, 40.6% of men) had poor sleep quality. Logistic regression indicated a significant positive association between sleep hygiene and sleep quality, OR = 1.16, P >.001, 95% CI (1.10, 1.23), and no significant relationship between dysfunctional beliefs about sleep and sleep quality, OR = 1.03, P > .79, 95% CI (0.84, 1.26), after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Sleep interventions for university students are needed and could focus on common hygiene components, such as using the bed for activities other than sleeping, engaging in arousing activities before bed and how to manage thinking and worrying before bed. So What? The results of the study demonstrate poor sleep quality is common among university students and indicates that sleep interventions are warranted. The positive association found between sleep hygiene and sleep quality highlights that interventions should focus on behavioural components of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debra M Bath
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicola W Burton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Wang F, Bíró É. Determinants of sleep quality in college students: A literature review. Explore (NY) 2020; 17:170-177. [PMID: 33246805 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the various determinants of sleep quality among college students. METHODS The PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched with the search string "sleep quality" AND "college students" for articles published between January 2007 and October 2017. Articles were excluded if they (1) examined sleep quality as a risk factor for other outcomes or (2) involved inpatients or participants under medical care. RESULTS The 112 identified studies were classified into categories according to the investigated determinants and their effect on sleep quality. Physical activity and healthy social relations improved sleep quality, while caffeine intake, stress and irregular sleep-wake patterns decreased sleep quality. Less consistent results were reported regarding eating habits and sleep knowledge, while proper napping during the day might improve overall sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS College students are vulnerable to different risk factors for sleep quality. When designing interventions to improve sleep quality among college students, the main determinants need to be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University ELTE, 1075 Budapest, Kazinczy u. 23-27, Hungary.
| | - Éva Bíró
- Division of Health Promotion, Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, 4028 Debrecen Kassai út 26, Hungary
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Tonon AC, Amando GR, Carissimi A, Freitas JJ, Xavier NB, Caumo GH, Silva LG, de Souza DOG, Hidalgo MP. The Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI): validity, reliability and association with depressive symptoms and sleep-related outcomes. SLEEP SCIENCE (SAO PAULO, BRAZIL) 2020; 13:37-48. [PMID: 32670491 PMCID: PMC7347373 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20190130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To translate the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) to Brazilian Portuguese, to describe its psychometric properties and to show its association with sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, risk for sleep apnea and depressive symptoms. Methods Thirty subjects participated in the cultural adaptation and the item clarity evaluation. Twenty subjects answered the instrument in three different time-points for test-retest reliability. Eighty adult workers completed the SHI, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the STOP-BANG (S-B). Results SHI shows an acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.75), as well as a high reproducibility (intraclass correlation=0.972, p<0.01). The three final factors of confirmatory factor analysis extract an average of 48.22% of the total sample variance. Worse sleep hygiene (higher SHI score) correlated with poor sleep quality (r=0.398, p<0.001), excessive daytime sleepiness (r=0.406, p<0.001) and depressive symptoms (r=0.324, p=0.003). No correlations with S-B were found. Conclusions SHI presents satisfactory-to-optimal psychometric properties. This instrument is useful for treatment planning and management of sleep hygiene practices. Thus, it represents a reliable way of assessing sleep hygiene quantitatively in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Comiran Tonon
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil.,Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil
| | | | - Alicia Carissimi
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil.,Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil
| | - Juliana Jury Freitas
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil.,Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil
| | - Nicóli Bertuol Xavier
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil.,Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil
| | - Guilherme Hidalgo Caumo
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil
| | - Luka Gawlinski Silva
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil
| | | | - Maria Paz Hidalgo
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil.,Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil.,Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil
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