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Vartiainen VA, jousilahti P, Laatikainen T, Vartiainen E. Contribution of smoking change to 45-year trend in prevalence of chronic bronchitis in Finland. Scand J Public Health 2023; 51:1189-1195. [PMID: 35722986 PMCID: PMC10642213 DOI: 10.1177/14034948221104351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Tobacco smoking has been identified as the most important risk factor of chronic bronchitis. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of smoking to the trends in prevalence of chronic bronchitis among men and women in Finland. METHODS For this purpose, we analysed questionnaires included in national FINRISK and FinHealth studies conducted between 1972 and 2017 in 5-year intervals. A total of 26,475 men and 28,684 women aged 30-59 years were included in the analysis. In addition to smoking, age and socioeconomic status were used as risk factors in the logistic regression model. RESULTS Smoking in Finland has declined from 51% to 23% in men between 1972 and 2017. In women, it increased from 11% in 1972 to 23% in 2002, with a following decrease to 16% in 2017. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis has generally followed the trend of smoking. The population attributable risk was 60% in men and 49% in women. A decrease in chronic bronchitis was observed in male never-smokers. CONCLUSIONS Smoking is currently declining in Finland in both men and women. As result, the prevalence of chronic bronchitis is declining and it is approaching baseline independent of smoking. The decrease in never-smokers has yet to be explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville A Vartiainen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka jousilahti
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Helsinki, Finland
- Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Care (Siun Sote), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Chang JT, Anic GM, Rostron BL, Tanwar M, Chang CM. Cigarette Smoking Reduction and Health Risks: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 23:635-642. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Studies have shown the health benefits of cigarette smoking cessation. However, the literature remains unclear about the relationship between smoking reduction and health risks. This comprehensive review and meta-analysis updates previous reviews with the newest estimates.
Aims and Methods
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the association between smoking reduction and some health risks in observational studies. We defined the following smoking categories: heavy smokers smoked ≥15–20 cigarettes per day (CPD), moderate smokers smoked 10–19 CPD, and light smokers smoked <10 CPD. The relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using random-effect models.
Results
We identified 19 studies including four case–control and 15 cohort studies. Compared with continuing heavy smokers, we found decreased lung cancer risk for those who reduced CPD by more than 50% (RR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.91), from heavy to moderate (RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.85), and from heavy to light (RR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.72). We also found lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for those who reduced from heavy to light smoking (RR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.89) but not those who reduced by more than 50% and reduced smoking from heavy to moderate. We did not find any significant difference in all-cause mortality, all-cancer risks, and smoking-/tobacco-related cancer risk among those who reduced.
Conclusions
Substantial smoking reduction may decrease lung cancer risk but results on CVD (coronary heart disease and stroke combined) risk were mixed. The relationships between smoking reduction and other endpoints examined were not significant.
Implications
This meta-analysis helps clarify our understanding of various smoking reduction levels on some health risks. While smoking reduction may decrease risks of lung cancer, the relationships between smoking reduction and other endpoints, including all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease, remain unclear. Although smoking reduction may decrease lung cancer risks, the magnitude of lung cancer risk remain high. Among smokers, complete cessation remains the most effective approach for cancer and CVD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne T Chang
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Gabriella M Anic
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Brian L Rostron
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Manju Tanwar
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Cindy M Chang
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
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Zendehdel A, Roham M. Biological evidence of the relationship between
Helicobacter pylori
and associated extragastric diseases. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12128-12140. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Zendehdel
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Roham
- Antimicrobial‐Resistant Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Piirtola M, Kaprio J, Waller K, Heikkilä K, Koskenvuo M, Svedberg P, Silventoinen K, Kujala UM, Ropponen A. Leisure-time physical inactivity and association with body mass index: a Finnish Twin Study with a 35-year follow-up. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 46:116-127. [PMID: 26979986 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the stability and change of leisure-time physical inactivity in adult men and women during a 35-year follow-up. We also analysed the impact of long-term physical inactivity on the development of body mass index (BMI). Methods : In this population-based cohort study, 5254 Finnish twin individuals (59% women) participated in four surveys in 1975, 1981, 1990 and 2011. Mean age at baseline was 23.9 years. Individual long-term leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) was categorized into seven classes varying from 'persistently inactive' to 'persistently active'. We used the multivariate multilevel mixed-effects linear regression model and paired-sample t-test in the analyses. Co-twin control design was used for examining within-pair associations. Results : Of men 11%, and of women 8%, were persistently inactive. Among both sexes, the mean BMI slope trajectories were steeper among the persistently inactive and those who became inactive than among those who were persistently active. Overall, the inactive participants gained 1.4 kg/m 2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2 to 1.7] more in weight than did the active participants from 1975 to 2011. Among twin pairs discordant for LTPA, the corresponding difference was 1.4 kg/m 2 (95% CI 0.83 to 2.0) in dizygotic pairs and 0.68 kg/m 2 (95% CI 0.05 to1.3) in monozygotic pairs. Conclusions Over a 35-year time span from young adulthood, persistently inactive participants and those who had become inactive had greater weight increases than those who were persistently active. This association was also found in twin-pair analyses, although attenuated in monozygotic pairs. This may support the importance of LTPA in weight management, although further causal inference is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Piirtola
- University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Waller
- University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Koskenvuo
- University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Svedberg
- University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Urho M Kujala
- University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annina Ropponen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland
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Korhonen T, Smeds E, Silventoinen K, Heikkilä K, Kaprio J. Cigarette smoking and alcohol use as predictors of disability retirement: A population-based cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 155:260-6. [PMID: 26305074 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated how cigarette smoking and alcohol use predict disability retirement. METHODS Data from the longitudinal nationwide Finnish Twin Cohort study were analyzed, with clustered study design applied when computing 95% confidence intervals (CI). The sample included 21,719 individuals. Smoking and alcohol use were assessed with a questionnaire in 1975. Registry data on retirement events up till end of 2004 were obtained from the Social Insurance Institution and the Finnish Centre for Pensions. RESULTS Disability pension was granted to 4251 participants. Among men, adjusted for age and alcohol use, former (HR=1.45, 95%CI 1.28, 1.65, p<.001) and daily smokers (HR=1.93, 95%CI 1.71, 2.17, p<.001) showed elevated disability pension risk compared to never smokers. Among women, daily smokers (HR=1.25, 95%CI 1.11, 1.40, <.001) had elevated risk. The age and smoking adjusted risk estimates for alcohol were elevated among abstainers (men HR=1.41, 95%CI 1.21, 1.65, p<.001; women HR=1.36, 95%CI 1.23, 1.52, p<.001) and heavy drinkers (men HR=1.30, 95%CI 1.18, 1.43, p<.001; women HR=1.34, 95%CI 1.04, 1.72, p=.026). Those being persistent smokers and binge drinkers had over three-fold disability risk compared to those who were binge drinkers but had only a few smoking years (men: HR=3.32, 95%CI 2.43, 4.54, p<.001; women: HR=4.05, 95%CI 2.05, 8.00, p<.001). Among men and women who were not binge drinkers, longer smoking duration was needed for elevated disability risk. CONCLUSIONS Both smoking and excess alcohol use significantly predict disability retirement. In order to extend working careers, more attention should be paid to health behaviors, in addition to working conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tellervo Korhonen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Eero Smeds
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karri Silventoinen
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki, Finland
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Lee PN. The effect of reducing the number of cigarettes smoked on risk of lung cancer, COPD, cardiovascular disease and FEV1 – A review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:372-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Ropponen A, Korhonen T, Svedberg P, Koskenvuo M, Silventoinen K, Kaprio J. Persistent smoking as a predictor of disability pension due to musculoskeletal diagnoses: a 23 year prospective study of Finnish twins. Prev Med 2013; 57:889-93. [PMID: 24145202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether stability or changes in smoking predict disability pension (DP) due to low back diagnoses (LBD) and musculoskeletal diagnoses (MSD) after taking familial confounding into account using a co-twin design. METHOD Longitudinal smoking patterns and multiple covariates in a population-based cohort of 17,451 Finnish twins (6959 complete pairs) born before 1958 were surveyed through questionnaires in 1975 and 1981. The outcome data were collected from the national pension registers until the end of 2004. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Disability pension due to low back diagnoses was granted to 408 individuals and disability pension due to musculoskeletal diagnoses to 1177 individuals during the follow-up of 23 years. Being a persistent smoker (current smoker both 1975 and 1981) predicted a significantly increased risk for disability pension (hazard ratio 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.46, 1.97) compared to those individuals who had never smoked. The association remained when several confounding factors, including familial factors, were taken into account. CONCLUSION Persistent smoking predicts early disability pension due to musculoskeletal diagnoses and low back diagnoses independently from numerous confounding factors, including familial effects shared by the co-twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Ropponen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
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Hukkinen M, Korhonen T, Heikkilä K, Kaprio J. Association between smoking behavior patterns and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a long-term follow-up study among Finnish adults. Ann Med 2012; 44:598-606. [PMID: 21612334 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2011.580776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-rate smoking patterns are common, but their pulmonary effects remain poorly known. The study hypothesis was that any level of daily smoking may cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We investigated the association between longitudinal smoking patterns and COPD using logistic regressions and survival models adjusted for multiple covariates. Data from Finnish Twin Cohort surveys were used. Participants (n = 21,609) were grouped into categories describing 1981 smoking and change in smoking during 1975-1981. Light smoking was defined as < 5 cigarettes per day, moderate 5-19 cigarettes, and heavy ≥ 20 cigarettes per day. Finland's Social Insurance Institution provided data on inhaled anticholinergics purchases (1995-2008) and diagnoses entitling to special reimbursements (1981-2008). We defined COPD as regular anticholinergic use or special reimbursement eligibility for COPD, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis. COPD incidence was 2.5% (n = 528). Elevated disease risks were observed in former, moderate, and heavy smokers, in all who increased smoking, and in those who reduced from moderate to light smoking. Increased risk for anticholinergic use was found in former smokers, in constant light, moderate, and heavy smokers, and in increasers. Former, light, moderate, and heavy smoking in 1981 was associated with future development of disease. Our results demonstrate that all daily smoking patterns may impair pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hukkinen
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Hamari A, Toljamo T, Nieminen P, Kinnula VL. High frequency of chronic cough and sputum production with lowered exercise capacity in young smokers. Ann Med 2010; 42:512-20. [PMID: 20662762 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2010.505933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to evaluate how cigarette smoking is associated with respiratory symptoms, fitness, and anthropometric measures in young smokers. METHODS The prevalence of smoking was investigated in a cohort of young military draftees (n = 1130; 98% between 18–21 years of age) in Northern Finland. The associations of smoking with respiratory symptoms, physical fitness (12-min running test), education, and anthropometric measures were analysed using a self-reported questionnaire with high response rate (80%). RESULTS Almost half (46.5%) of the young males were daily smokers, 17.4% being occasional smokers. The prevalence of self-reported chronic cough and sputum production was high in daily smokers (40.7%) and occasional smokers (26.9%) compared to non-smokers (12%). These symptoms were significantly associated with the smoking history. Aerobic fitness was worse in regular smokers compared to non-smokers (P < 0.001). Smokers had a higher body mass index than non-smokers (P = 0.035). In the regular smokers, the more active the subjects were in sports, the less they smoked when evaluated by pack year history (P < 0.001). Smokers had a lower educational level than occasional smokers or, especially, non-smokers (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The frequency of young smokers with chronic cough and sputum production was very high, posing a serious risk to their future health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hamari
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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