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Anton DB, de Lima JC, Dahmer BR, Camini AM, Goettert MI, Timmers LFSM. Taming the storm: potential anti-inflammatory compounds targeting SARS-CoV-2 MPro. Inflammopharmacology 2024:10.1007/s10787-024-01525-9. [PMID: 39048773 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
In severe COVID-19 cases, an exacerbated inflammatory response triggers a cytokine storm that can worsen the prognosis. Compounds with both antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities show promise as candidates for COVID-19 therapy, as they potentially act against the SARS-CoV-2 infection regardless of the disease stage. One of the most attractive drug targets among coronaviruses is the main protease (MPro). This enzyme is crucial for cleaving polyproteins into non-structural proteins required for viral replication. The aim of this review was to identify SARS-CoV-2 MPro inhibitors with both antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. The interactions of the compounds within the SARS-CoV-2 MPro binding site were analyzed through molecular docking when data from crystallographic structures were unavailable. 18 compounds were selected and classified into five different superclasses. Five of them exhibit high potency against MPro: GC-376, baicalein, naringenin, heparin, and carmofur, with IC50 values below 0.2 μM. The MPro inhibitors selected have the potential to alleviate lung edema and decrease cytokine release. These molecules mainly target three critical inflammatory pathways: NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and MAPK, all previously associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis. The structures of the compounds occupy the S1/S2 substrate binding subsite of the MPro. They interact with residues from the catalytic dyad (His41 and Cys145) and/or with the oxyanion hole (Gly143, Ser144, and Cys145), which are pivotal for substrate recognition. The MPro SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors with potential anti-inflammatory activities present here could be optimized for maximum efficacy and safety and be explored as potential treatment of both mild and severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Bublitz Anton
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Universidade do Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado, CEP 95914-014, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Camargo de Lima
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Universidade do Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado, CEP 95914-014, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rampanelli Dahmer
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Universidade do Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado, CEP 95914-014, Brazil
| | - Ana Micaela Camini
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Universidade do Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado, CEP 95914-014, Brazil
| | - Marcia Inês Goettert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luis Fernando Saraiva Macedo Timmers
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Universidade do Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado, CEP 95914-014, Brazil.
- Medical Science Graduate Program, Universidade do Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado, CEP 95914-014, Brazil.
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Krupka-Olek M, Bożek A, Czuba ZP, Kłósek M, Cieślar G, Kawczyk-Krupka A. Cytotoxic and Immunomodulatory Effects of Hypericin as a Photosensitizer in Photodynamic Therapy Used on Skin Cell Cultures. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:696. [PMID: 38931819 PMCID: PMC11207107 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Determination of the hypericin-photodynamic (HY-PDT) effect on the secretion of cytokines secreted by the skin cells, may be the basis for using the immunomodulatory effect of photodynamic action in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. The study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of hypericin (HY) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) performed in vitro on cultures of selected skin cell lines. The study used two human cell lines, primary dermal fibroblast (HDFa) and primary epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa). The MTT test was used to define the metabolic activity of treated cells. Cell supernatants subjected to sublethal PDT were assessed to determine the interleukins: IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, IL-11, IL-19, IL-22, and metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1). The results confirm the destructive effect of HY-PDT and the immunomodulatory effects of sublethal doses on the selected skin cells, depending on the concentration of HY and the light doses. No statistically significant differences were noted in IL-2 and IL-10 concentration after HY-PDT for HEKa and HDFa lines. After using HY-PDT, the concentration of IL-8, MMP-1, IL-22, and IL-11 significantly decreased in the HEKa line. Moreover, the concentration of IL-19 and MMP-1 significantly decreased in the HDFa line. The concentration of IL-11 in the HDFa line after using only the HY, without the light, increased but decreased after HY-PDT. Our experiment confirmed that HY-PDT has not only a cytotoxic effect but, used in sublethal doses, also presents immunomodulatory properties. These may be an advantage of HY-PDT when used in the treatment of persistent skin inflammation, connected with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines resistant to conventional treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krupka-Olek
- Doctoral School of the Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
- Clinical Department of Internal Diseases and Geriatrics, Chair of Internal Diseases, Dermatology and Allergology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Bożek
- Clinical Department of Internal Diseases and Geriatrics, Chair of Internal Diseases, Dermatology and Allergology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Zenon P. Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (Z.P.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Kłósek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (Z.P.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
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Li X, Liu Y, Wu L, Zhao J. Molecular Nanoarchitectonics of Natural Photosensitizers and Their Derivatives Nanostructures for Improved Photodynamic Therapy. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300599. [PMID: 38069595 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Natural photosensitizers (PSs) and their derivatives have drawn ever-increasing attention in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for their wild range of sources, desirable biocompatibility, and good photosensitivity. Nevertheless, many factors such as poor solubility, high body clearance rate, limited tumor targeting ability, and short excitation wavelengths severely hinder their applications in efficient PDT. In recent years, fabricating nanostructures by utilizing molecular assembly technique is proposed to solve these problems. This technique is easy to put into effect, and the assembled nanostructures could improve the physical properties of the PSs so as to meet the requirement of PDT. In this concept, we focus on the construction of natural PSs and their derivatives nanostructures through molecular assembly technique to enhance PDT efficacy (Figure 1). Furthermore, current challenges and future perspectives of natural PSs and their derivatives for efficient PDT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Li
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712046, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS, Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS, Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
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Peng Z, Lu J, Liu K, Xie L, Wang Y, Cai C, Yang D, Xi J, Yan C, Li X, Shi M. Hypericin as a promising natural bioactive naphthodianthrone: A review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and safety. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5639-5656. [PMID: 37690821 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypericin can be derived from St. John's wort, which is widely spread around the world. As a natural product, it has been put into clinical practice such as wound healing and depression for a long time. In this article, we review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety of hypericin, aiming to introduce the research advances and provide a full evaluation of it. Turns out hypericin, as a natural photosensitizer, exhibits an excellent capacity for anticancer, neuroprotection, and elimination of microorganisms, especially when activated by light, potent anticancer and antimicrobial effects are obtained after photodynamic therapy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic effects involve the induction of cell death, inhibition of cell cycle progression, inhibition of the reuptake of amines, and inhibition of virus replication. The pharmacokinetics properties indicate that hypericin has poor water solubility and bioavailability. The distribution and excretion are fast, and it is metabolized in bile. The toxicity of hypericin is rarely reported and the conventional use of it rarely causes adverse effects except for photosensitization. Therefore, we may conclude that hypericin can be used safely and effectively against a variety of diseases. We hope to provide researchers with detailed guidance and enlighten the development of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Long Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dejun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunmei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyi Shi
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Woźniak M, Nowak-Perlak M. Hypericin-Based Photodynamic Therapy Displays Higher Selectivity and Phototoxicity towards Melanoma and Squamous Cell Cancer Compared to Normal Keratinocytes In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16897. [PMID: 38069219 PMCID: PMC10707231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the potential of hypericin, a naturally occurring photosensi-tizer, for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in skin cancer, investigating its phototoxic effects and mechanisms of action in cancer cells compared to normal skin keratinocytes, squamous cell cancer (SCC-25) cells and melanoma (MUG-Mel2) cells. Hypericin was applied at concentrations ranging from 0.1-40 μM to HaCaT, SCC-25, and MUG-Mel2 cells. After 24 h of incubation, the cells were exposed to orange light at 3.6 J/cm2 or 7.2 J/cm2. Phototoxicity was assessed using MTT and SRB tests. Cellular uptake was measured by flow cytometry. Apoptosis-positive cells were estimated through TUNEL for apoptotic bodies' visualization. Hypericin exhibited a higher phototoxic reaction in cancer cells compared to normal keratinocytes after irradiation. Cancer cells demonstrated increased and selective uptake of hypericin. Apoptosis was observed in SCC-25 and MUG-Mel2 cells following PDT. Our findings suggest that hypericin-based PDT is a promising and less invasive approach for treating skin cancer. The higher phototoxic reaction, selective uptake by cancer cells, and observed proapoptotic properties support the promising role of hypericin-based PDT in skin cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Woźniak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Qiu C, Zhang JZ, Wu B, Xu CC, Pang HH, Tu QC, Lu YQ, Guo QY, Xia F, Wang JG. Advanced application of nanotechnology in active constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicines. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:456. [PMID: 38017573 PMCID: PMC10685519 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) have been used for centuries for the treatment and management of various diseases. However, their effective delivery to targeted sites may be a major challenge due to their poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and potential toxicity. Nanocarriers, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and organic/inorganic nanohybrids based on active constituents from TCMs have been extensively studied as a promising strategy to improve the delivery of active constituents from TCMs to achieve a higher therapeutic effect with fewer side effects compared to conventional formulations. This review summarizes the recent advances in nanocarrier-based delivery systems for various types of active constituents of TCMs, including terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and quinones, from different natural sources. This review covers the design and preparation of nanocarriers, their characterization, and in vitro/vivo evaluations. Additionally, this review highlights the challenges and opportunities in the field and suggests future directions for research. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems have shown great potential in improving the therapeutic efficacy of TCMs, and this review may serve as a comprehensive resource to researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jun Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Sixth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Cheng Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Huan Huan Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qing Chao Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yu Qian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qiu Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Fei Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ji Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
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de Araújo PR, Sato MR, Luiz MT, Chorilli M. Validation of an Innovative Chromatographic Method for Hypericin Quantification in Nanostructured Lipid Carriers. J AOAC Int 2023; 106:1438-1442. [PMID: 37672013 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypericin (HYP) is a natural compound widely used as a food supplement. The encapsulation of HYP into nanosystems, such as nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), is a promising strategy for delivering this lipophilic molecule and protecting it from degradation. OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop and validate an analytical method to quantify the encapsulation efficiency of HYP in NLC. METHOD A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guide Q2 (R1). NLC was prepared through the ultrasonication method, and HYP encapsulation efficiency was evaluated using the validated method. RESULTS Separation was achieved using an isocratic mobile phase composed of acetonitrile, methanol, and ammonium acetate buffer (10 mM, pH 5.0) (54:36:10, v/v/v) and a reverse stationary phase. The specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness of the method were assessed and confirmed during the validation. Furthermore, the validated method was able to determine the encapsulation efficiency of HYP in NLC. CONCLUSIONS The HPLC method was validated, and the results indicated the ability of NLC to deliver HYP compounds for further application as a food supplement. HIGHLIGHTS HYP is used as a food supplement and for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The developed method was specific, linear, precise, accurate, and robust. NLCs showed a high ability to encapsulate HYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rocha de Araújo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rillo Sato
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Tavares Luiz
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sun Z, Li Y, Zhong R, Li R. Hypericum sampsonii Hance: a review of its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological activity, and safety. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1247675. [PMID: 37795026 PMCID: PMC10546196 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1247675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Hypericum sampsonii Hance, also known as Yuanbao Cao in Chinese, is a traditional medicinal herb from the Guttiferae family and has been widely used in China to treat various conditions, including dysentery, enteritis, mastitis, scrofula, and contusion. Aim of the review: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological activity and safety of H. sampsonii and to highlight its potential for medical application and drug development. Materials and methods: We searched several databases, i.e., Web of Science, SciFinder, PubMed, CBM, CNKI, Google Scholar, etc., for relevant information on H. sampsonii. Additionally, we also consulted some books on Chinese medicine. Results: To date, 227 secondary metabolites have been isolated from H. sampsonii, including polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), benzophenones, xanthones, flavonoids, naphthodianthrones, anthraquinones and aromatic compounds. These metabolites exhibit various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-depressant, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects. PPAPs are considered the main active metabolites with rich biological activities. Despite being known as rich source of PPAPs, the full extent of H. sampsonii biological activities, including their potential as PDE4 inhibitors, remained unclear. Since, previous studies have mainly been based on structural identification of metabolites in H. sampsonii, and efficacy evaluations of these metabolites based on clinical applications of H. sampsonii lack sufficient data. However, current evidence suggest that PPAPs are the most likely material basis for efficacy. From the limited information available so far, there is no evidence of potential safety issues and the safety data are limited. Conclusion: Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and safety of H. sampsonii, a valuable medicinal plant in China with various pharmacological activities. Based on pharmacological studies, H. sampsonii shows potential for treating gastrointestinal and gynecological disorders as well as traumatic injuries, which aligns with traditional medicinal use due to the presence of PPAPs, benzophenones, xanthones, and flavonoids. Therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate the pharmacological effects and elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms. In addition, pharmacological mechanisms and safety evaluation of PPAPs on animal models need to be clarified. Yet, further comprehensive studies are required to elucidate the phytochemical constituents, pharmacological mechanisms, structure-activity relationships, safety evaluation, and quality standards of this plant. Takentogether, this review highlights the potential of H. sampsonii for medical application and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghua Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Yanzhen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruimin Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Ran Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
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Zhang B, Liu P, Sheng H, Guo Y, Han Y, Suo L, Yuan Q. New Insight into the Potential Protective Function of Sulforaphene against ROS-Mediated Oxidative Stress Damage In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13129. [PMID: 37685936 PMCID: PMC10487408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphene (SFE) is a kind of isothiocyanate isolated from radish seeds that can prevent free-radical-induced diseases. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of SFE on oxidative-stress-induced damage and its molecular mechanism in vitro and in vivo. The results of cell experiments show that SFE can alleviate D-gal-induced cytotoxicity, promote cell cycle transformation by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis, and show a protective effect on cells with H2O2-induced oxidative damage. Furthermore, the results of mice experiments show that SFE can alleviate D-galactose-induced kidney damage by inhibiting ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and 4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HNE) production; protect the kidney against oxidative stress-induced damage by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and upregulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway; and inhibit the activity of pro-inflammatory factors by downregulating the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammatory response. In conclusion, this research shows that SFE has antioxidant effects, providing a new perspective for studying the anti-aging properties of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (B.Z.); (P.L.); (H.S.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (L.S.)
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(+)/(-)-Yanhusamides A-C, three pairs of unprecedented benzylisoquinoline-pyrrole hetero-dimeric alkaloid enantiomers from Corydalis yanhusuo. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:754-764. [PMID: 36873186 PMCID: PMC9979263 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemical investigation on the aqueous extract of Corydalis yanhusuo tubers led to the isolation and structural elucidation of three pairs of trace enantiomeric hetero-dimeric alkaloids, (+)/(-)-yanhusamides A-C (1-3), featuring an unprecedented 3,8-diazatricylco[5.2.2.02,6]undecane-8,10-diene bridged system. Their structures were exhaustively characterized by X-ray diffraction, comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis, and computational methods. Guided by the hypothetical biosynthetic pathway for 1-3, a gram-scale biomimetic synthesis of (±)-1 was achieved in 3 steps using photoenolization/Diels-Alder (PEDA) [4+2] cycloaddition. Compounds 1‒3 exhibited potent inhibition of NO production induced by LPS in RAW264.7 macrophages. The in vivo assay showed that oral administration of 30 mg/kg of (±)-1 attenuated the severity of rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). Additionally, (±)-1 induced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in the acetic acid-induced mice writhing assay.
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Babotă M, Frumuzachi O, Mocan A, Tămaș M, Dias MI, Pinela J, Stojković D, Soković M, Bădărău AS, Crișan G, Barros L, Păltinean R. Unravelling Phytochemical and Bioactive Potential of Three Hypericum Species from Romanian Spontaneous Flora: H. alpigenum, H. perforatum and H. rochelii. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2773. [PMID: 36297796 PMCID: PMC9608712 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L., also known as St. John’s Wort, is recognized worldwide as a valuable medicinal herb; however, other Hypericum species were intensively studied for their bioactive potential. To fill the research gap that exists in the scientific literature, a comparative evaluation between H. alpigenum Kit., H. perforatum L. and H. rochelii Griseb. & Schenk was conducted in the present study. Two types of herbal preparations obtained from the aerial parts of these species were analyzed: extracts obtained through maceration and extracts obtained through magnetic-stirring-assisted extraction. LC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis revealed the presence of phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols and flavonoid derivatives as the main constituents of the above-mentioned species. Moreover, all extracts were tested for their antioxidant, enzyme-inhibitory and antimicrobial potential. Our work emphasizes for the first time a detailed description of H. rochelii phenolic fractions, including their phytochemical and bioactive characterization. In comparison with the other two studied species, H. rochelii was found as a rich source of phenolic acids and myricetin derivatives, showing important antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antibacterial activity. The study offers new perspectives regarding the chemical and bioactive profile of the less-studied species H. alpigenum and H. rochelii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Babotă
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oleg Frumuzachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Advanced Horticulture Research of Transylvania, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mircea Tămaș
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Inês Dias
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - José Pinela
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Dejan Stojković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Soković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alexandru Sabin Bădărău
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, 30, Fântânele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gianina Crișan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ramona Păltinean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Alahmad A, Alghoraibi I, Zein R, Kraft S, Dräger G, Walter JG, Scheper T. Identification of Major Constituents of Hypericum perforatum L. Extracts in Syria by Development of a Rapid, Simple, and Reproducible HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF MS Analysis and Their Antioxidant Activities. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13475-13493. [PMID: 35559140 PMCID: PMC9088799 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum Linn (St. John's wort) is a popular and widespread medicine in Syria, which is used for a wide range of conditions, including gastrointestinal diseases, heart disease, skin diseases, and psychological disorders. This widespread use prompted us to identify the main compounds of this plant from Syria that are responsible for its medicinal properties, especially since its components differ between countries according to the nature of the soil, climate, and altitude. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report in which St. John's wort, a plant native to Syria, is extracted using different solvents and its most important compounds are identified. In this study, the dried above-ground parts, i.e., leaves, stem, petals, and flowers, were extracted using different solvents (water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone) and extraction protocols. By increasing the polarity of the solvent, higher yields were obtained, indicating that mainly hydrophobic compounds were extracted. Therefore, we conclude that extraction using the tea method or using a mixture of water and organic solvents resulted in higher yields compared with pure organic solvents or continuous boiling with water for long periods. The obtained extracts were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), coupled with UV-visible spectrophotometry at a full spectrum (200-800 nm). The HPLC spectra of the extracts were almost identical at three wavelengths (260 nm for phloroglucinols (hyperforin and derivates), 590 nm for naphthodianthrones (hypericins), and 350 nm for other flavonols, flavones, and caffeoylquinic acids), with differences observed only in the intensity of the peaks. This indicates that the same compounds were obtained using different solvents, but in different amounts. Five standards (chlorogenic acid, quercetin, quercitrin hydrate, hyperoside, and hypericin) were used, and a comparison with retention times and ultraviolet (UV) spectra reported in the literature was performed to identify 10 compounds in these extracts: hyperforin, adhyperforin, hypericin, rutin, quercetin, quercitrin, quercitrin hydrate, hyperoside, biapigenin, and chlorogenic acid. Although the European Pharmacopoeia still describes ultraviolet spectroscopy as a method for determining the quantity of Hyperici herba, interference from other metabolites can occur. Combined HPLC-DAD and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) in the positive mode have therefore also been used to confirm the presence of these compounds in the extracts by correlating known masses with the identified masses or through characteristic fragmentation patterns. Total phenolic contents of the extracts were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, and antioxidant activity was evaluated as free radical scavenging capacity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The results indicate that the aqueous extracts prepared by the tea method gave the highest total phenols, while the pure organic solvents gave very low phenols. Also, the extracts that contain the largest amount of phenols gave lower IC50 values or higher antioxidant activity than that of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalrahim Alahmad
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University
of Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- ;
| | - Ibrahim Alghoraibi
- Department
of Basic and Supporting Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab International University, 20872 Damascus, Syria
- Physics
Department, Faculty of Science, Damascus
University, 20872 Damascus, Syria
| | - Raghad Zein
- Physics
Department, Faculty of Science, Damascus
University, 20872 Damascus, Syria
| | - Sergej Kraft
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University
of Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerald Dräger
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University
of Hannover, Schneiderberg
1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johanna-Gabriela Walter
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University
of Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University
of Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Dermal Drug Delivery of Phytochemicals with Phenolic Structure via Lipid-Based Nanotechnologies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090837. [PMID: 34577536 PMCID: PMC8471500 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are a large, heterogeneous group of secondary metabolites found in various plants and herbal substances. From the perspective of dermatology, the most important benefits for human health are their pharmacological effects on oxidation processes, inflammation, vascular pathology, immune response, precancerous and oncological lesions or formations, and microbial growth. Because the nature of phenolic compounds is designed to fit the phytochemical needs of plants and not the biopharmaceutical requirements for a specific route of delivery (dermal or other), their utilization in cutaneous formulations sets challenges to drug development. These are encountered often due to insufficient water solubility, high molecular weight and low permeation and/or high reactivity (inherent for the set of representatives) and subsequent chemical/photochemical instability and ionizability. The inclusion of phenolic phytochemicals in lipid-based nanocarriers (such as nanoemulsions, liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles) is so far recognized as a strategic physico-chemical approach to improve their in situ stability and introduction to the skin barriers, with a view to enhance bioavailability and therapeutic potency. This current review is focused on recent advances and achievements in this area.
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High purity separation of hypericin from Hypericum perforatum L. extract with macroporous resin column coupling preparative liquid chromatography. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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