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Kartalović B, Vujić D, Ilić D, Brkić B. Development and validation of a portable membrane inlet mass spectrometry method for the measurement of monoaromatic hydrocarbons in water from a river canal. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:5591-5598. [PMID: 39101316 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00963k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
This work reports the validation of an analytical method for the determination of monoaromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) using a portable membrane inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS) with a quadrupole mass analyser. In this study of BTX in river canal water that is used for irrigation, we present a detailed analytical method for rapid, self-contained, field-transportable screening and quantitative analysis for environmental monitoring. The validation study showed that in the analytical range of 10-250 μg L-1, the correlation coefficient for all the analytes was greater than 0.99, the accuracy was in the range of 95.32-104.30%, the precision was less than 10%, and the selectivity was satisfactory. The LOD and LOQ values for benzene, toluene, and xylene were 4.88, 7.43, and 7.46 μg L-1 and 16.27, 24.77, and 27.85 μg L-1, respectively. The method was benchmarked against a lab-based GC-MS method, which confirmed its accuracy for the target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brankica Kartalović
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21 101 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Djordje Vujić
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21 101 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Daria Ilić
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21 101 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Boris Brkić
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21 101 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Spencer M, Wilson T, Agnew R. Assessing the potential of portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a rapid, onsite screening tool in the assessment of cadmium surface decontamination effectiveness. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2024; 21:89-96. [PMID: 38090769 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2023.2292034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Portable X-ray fluorescence has successfully been used to effectively evaluate occupational exposure to airborne and surface metal contaminants nondestructively. Traditional methods of assessing metal surface contamination involve the costly, time-consuming collection and laboratory analysis of wipe samples, making portable X-ray fluorescence an attractive alternative method for screening worksites by reducing delays in risk assessment decision-making. Existing research into this use of portable X-ray fluorescence has primarily been centered on the analysis of airborne and surface lead contamination. The extant literature is sparse on the use of portable X-ray fluorescence with other metals for surface contamination with respect to occupational exposure. The present study evaluated the use of portable X-ray fluorescence in the screening of cadmium surface contamination to determine if the effectiveness of decontamination measures can be ascertained by this technique. Wipe samples were collected and screened with portable X-ray fluorescence before being sent to the laboratory for definitive analysis to assess the correlation between portable X-ray fluorescence readings in percent mass with laboratory results in μg/ft2. Portable X-ray fluorescence readings demonstrated a strong linear correlation with laboratory results, as indicated by the R2 value of 0.993. Therefore, this technique may be further developed and deployed as a screening tool for wipe samples used for evaluating contamination and decontamination of metal-contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Spencer
- Fire Protection & Safety Engineering Technology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Tim Wilson
- Fire Protection & Safety Engineering Technology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Robert Agnew
- Fire Protection & Safety Engineering Technology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Duff D, Lennard C, Li Y, Doyle C, Edge KJ, Holland I, Lothridge K, Johnstone P, Beylerian P, Spikmans V. Portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the in-field screening of organic pollutants in soil and water at pollution incidents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:93088-93102. [PMID: 37501027 PMCID: PMC10447289 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28648-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution incidents generate an emergency response from regulatory agencies to ensure that the impact on the environment is minimised. Knowing what pollutants are present provides important intelligence to assist in determining how to respond to the incident. However, responders are limited in their in-field capabilities to identify the pollutants present. This research has developed an in-field, qualitative analytical approach to detect and identify organic pollutants that are commonly detected by regulatory environmental laboratories. A rapid, in-field extraction method was used for water and soil matrices. A coiled microextraction (CME) device was utilised for the introduction of the extracted samples into a portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for analysis. The total combined extraction and analysis time was approximately 6.5 min per sample. Results demonstrated that the in-field extraction and analysis methods can screen for fifty-nine target organic contaminants, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons, monoaromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, phthalates, organophosphorus pesticides, and organochlorine pesticides. The method was also capable of tentatively identifying unknown compounds using library searches, significantly expanding the scope of the methods for the provision of intelligence at pollution incidents of an unknown nature, although a laboratory-based method was able to provide more information due to the higher sensitivity achievable. The methods were evaluated using authentic casework samples and were found to be fit-for-purpose for providing rapid in-field intelligence at pollution incidents. The fact that the in-field methods target the same compounds as the laboratory-based methods provides the added benefit that the in-field results can assist in sample triaging upon submission to the laboratory for quantitation and confirmatory analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Duff
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Chris Lennard
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Yarong Li
- Department of Planning and Environment, Environment Protection Science Branch, Building 1, 480 Weeroona Road, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia
| | - Christopher Doyle
- Department of Planning and Environment, Environment Protection Science Branch, Building 1, 480 Weeroona Road, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia
| | - Katelyn J Edge
- New South Wales Environment Protection Authority, Incident Management and Environmental Health Branch, Locked Bag 5022, Parramatta, NSW, 2124, Australia
| | - Ian Holland
- New South Wales Environment Protection Authority, Incident Management and Environmental Health Branch, Locked Bag 5022, Parramatta, NSW, 2124, Australia
| | - Kevin Lothridge
- Global Forensic and Justice Center @ Florida International University, 8285 Bryan Dairy Road. Suite 125, Largo, FL, 33777, USA
| | - Paul Johnstone
- Operations Capability Directorate, Fire & Rescue NSW, 1 Amarina avenue, Greenacre, NSW, 2190, Australia
| | - Paul Beylerian
- Operations Capability Directorate, Fire & Rescue NSW, 1 Amarina avenue, Greenacre, NSW, 2190, Australia
| | - Val Spikmans
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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Comparative Study of PM10 Concentrations and Their Elemental Composition Using Two Different Techniques during Winter—Spring Field Observation in Polish Village. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15134769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the concentrations and elemental composition of PM10 in the village of Kotórz Mały (Poland), to analyse their seasonal variability, to determine the sources of pollutant emissions and to compare the consistency of the results obtained using different methods. Sampling and weather condition measurements were carried out in the winter (January–February) and spring (April) of 2019. Two combinations of different techniques were used to examine PM10 concentrations and their chemical composition: gravimetric method + atomic absorption spectrometry (GM+AAS) and continuous particle monitor + energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (CPM+EDXRF). In winter, the average concentrations of PM10 measured by the GM and CPM were similar (GM 44.3 µg/m3; CPM 34.0 µg/m3), while in spring they were clearly different (GM 49.5 µg/m3; CPM 29.8 µg/m3). Both AAS and EDXRF proved that in both seasons, Ca, K and Fe had the highest shares in the PM10 mass. In the case of the lowest shares, the indications of the two methods were slightly different. Factor analysis indicated that air quality in the receptor was determined by soil erosion, coal and burning biomass, and the combustion of fuels in car engines; in the spring, air quality was also affected by gardening activities.
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Hansen J, Schaal N, Juarez T, Woodlee C. Nitrous Oxide Exposure Among Dental Personnel and Comparison of Active and Passive Sampling Techniques. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 63:337-348. [PMID: 30855661 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study measured dental personnel's exposure to nitrous oxide during dental procedures to compare exposures to occupational exposure limits, exposures between similar exposure groups, and results between passive and active sampling methods. Forty-one paired samples were collected using the Thermo Scientific™ Miran SapphIRe portable analyzer and the Advanced Chemical Sensor™ N-10 Passive Badge. Results were compared to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists nitrous oxide 250 parts per million by volume (p.p.m.v) excursion limit and 50 p.p.m.v 8-h threshold limit values. Similar exposure groups were determined by job title for dentists and dental assistants across six dental clinics. An independent t-test was used to determine if there was a mean difference between exposures for similar exposure groups. A Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess level of agreement between the two methods. Results over the 250 p.p.m.v excursion limit were identified in 21 of 41 (51%) paired procedures. Two passive 8-h threshold limit value-time weighted averages were over the 50 p.p.m.v occupational exposure limit, one for each similar exposure group. There was no significant difference between similar exposure group concentrations using either sampling method (Miran, P = 0.071; passive badge, P = 0.106). However, the sampling results revealed dentists had higher exposures than assistants 81-86% of the time. The Bland-Altman analysis revealed the direct reading instrument and passive sampling methods differed by >25%. However, unexpectedly, the passive sampling method generally produced higher nitrous oxide results compared to the direct reading instrument sampling method. This study suggests nitrous oxide remains a serious exposure concern for both short-term high-intensity exposures and longer term 8-h exposures. Greater nitrous oxide exposures among dentists compared to dental assistants allow for prioritizing control measures between similar exposure groups. Both sampling methods provide valuable worker exposure information, with the direct reading instrument monitoring providing a larger range for short-term exposures and passive sampling providing a less invasive monitoring option.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hansen
- Indian Health Service, Office of Environmental Health and Engineering, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Schaal
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Theodore Juarez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Industrial Hygiene Department, Naval Medical Center-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Charles Woodlee
- Indian Health Service, Office of Environmental Health and Engineering, Rockville, MD, USA
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Spikmans V. The evolution of environmental forensics: From laboratory to field analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wfs2.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Val Spikmans
- Western Sydney University School of Science and Health Penrith NSW Australia
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Gorce JP, Roff M. Immediate screening of lead exposure in the workplace using portable X-ray fluorescence. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:102-111. [PMID: 26713915 PMCID: PMC4706026 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1091959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (PXRF) equipped with a miniaturised X-ray tube producing a small 8 mm diameter X-ray beam required the validation of two new sampling protocols for the immediate screening of occupational lead exposure. First, lead in dust and fumes, collected by Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) inhalable samplers on 25 mm diameter membrane filters, is quantified using PXRF. To account for irregular dust deposition, the filters are rotated manually by quarter turns. Multiple PXRF readings are collected from the central region and from two locations in the outer region. The inner region is distinguishable from the outer region, but the two outer region locations are indistinguishable. High correlations (R(2) > 0.99) are found between the PXRF results and historical results obtained using a reference method based on a laboratory wavelength-dispersive sequential XRF instrument (WDXRF) for lead loadings between 1-161 μg. The PXRF results from the outer regions of the filters show a bias of -13% with respect to the WDXRF. Once this bias is allowed for, 95% of all PXRF results lie within -28% and +38% of the WDXRF results. Neither instrument accounts for potential dust accumulation on the walls of the IOM sampler. Therefore, methods based on their use can only be considered semi-quantitative. Second, a protocol combining direct PXRF measurements on workplace surfaces with surface wipes is designed for immediate on-site quantification of removable surface lead residues. The quantification of such residues by this method is compared with subsequent off-site wet chemistry analysis of the surface wipes. The two methods show a good correlation (R(2) ∼ 0.88). The ratio of the amount of removable residues determined by PXRF and wipe sampling is close to one with range 0.26-3.94. It is demonstrated that PXRF can be used as an effective tool for the immediate screening of occupational lead exposure. Although this article focused on lead, PXRF can identify simultaneously a number of other metals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Roff
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Buxton, United Kingdom
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Lee T, Harper M, Kashon M, Lee LA, Healy CB, Coggins MA, Susi P, O'Brien A. Silica Measurement with High Flow Rate Respirable Size Selective Samplers: A Field Study. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 60:334-47. [PMID: 26608952 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High and low flow rate respirable size selective samplers including the CIP10-R (10 l min(-1)), FSP10 (11.2 l min(-1)), GK2.69 (4.4 l min(-1)), 10-mm nylon (1.7 l min(-1)), and Higgins-Dewell type (2.2 l min(-1)) were compared via side-by-side sampling in workplaces for respirable crystalline silica measurement. Sampling was conducted at eight different occupational sites in the USA and five different stonemasonry sites in Ireland. A total of 536 (268 pairs) personal samples and 55 area samples were collected. Gravimetric analysis was used to determine respirable dust mass and X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine quartz mass. Ratios of respirable dust mass concentration, quartz mass concentration, respirable dust mass, and quartz mass from high and low flow rate samplers were compared. In general, samplers did not show significant differences greater than 30% in respirable dust mass concentration and quartz mass concentration when outliers (ratio <0.3 or >3.0) were removed from the analysis. The frequency of samples above the limit of detection and limit of quantification of quartz was significantly higher for the CIP10-R and FSP10 samplers compared to low flow rate samplers, while the GK2.69 cyclone did not show significant difference from low flow rate samplers. High flow rate samplers collected significantly more respirable dust and quartz than low flow rate samplers as expected indicating that utilizing high flow rate samplers might improve precision in quartz measurement. Although the samplers did not show significant differences in respirable dust and quartz concentrations, other practical attributes might make them more or less suitable for personal sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekhee Lee
- 1.Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA;
| | - Martin Harper
- 1.Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Michael Kashon
- 2.Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Larry A Lee
- 1.Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Catherine B Healy
- 3.School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marie A Coggins
- 3.School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Pam Susi
- 4.Exposure Assessment Program, CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Noll JD, Janisko S. Evaluation of a wearable monitor for measuring real-time diesel particulate matter concentrations in several underground mines. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2013; 10:716-722. [PMID: 24195538 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2013.821575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The standard method for determining diesel particulate matter (DPM) exposures in underground metal/nonmetal mines provides the average exposure concentration for an entire working shift, and it can take weeks to obtain results. This approach is problematic because, although it reports that an overexposure has occurred, it fails to provide critical information about cause or prevention. Conversely, real-time measurement would provide miners with timely information to identify the major factors contributing to overexposures and would allow engineering controls to be deployed immediately. Due to these potential benefits, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) developed a wearable instrument that measures real-time elemental carbon (EC) concentrations (EC is a DPM surrogate) via laser extinction. This instrument was later constructed into a commercial version (Airtec). This article evaluates the Airtec's performance in several underground metal/nonmetal mines by comparing it to the standard method for determining DPM exposures (NIOSH method 5040). The instrument was found to meet the NIOSH accuracy criteria and to show no statistical difference from NIOSH method 5040 results. In addition, the instrument's measurements were found to be unaffected by dust and humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Noll
- a U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh Research Laboratory , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania
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Lee T, Harper M, Slaven JE, Lee K, Rando RJ, Maples EH. Wood dust sampling: field evaluation of personal samplers when large particles are present. THE ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2011; 55:180-91. [PMID: 21036895 PMCID: PMC3037778 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meq075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent recommendations for wood dust sampling include sampling according to the inhalable convention of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 7708 (1995) Air quality--particle size fraction definitions for health-related sampling. However, a specific sampling device is not mandated, and while several samplers have laboratory performance approaching theoretical for an 'inhalable' sampler, the best choice of sampler for wood dust is not clear. A side-by-side field study was considered the most practical test of samplers as laboratory performance tests consider overall performance based on a wider range of particle sizes than are commonly encountered in the wood products industry. Seven companies in the wood products industry of the Southeast USA (MS, KY, AL, and WV) participated in this study. The products included hardwood flooring, engineered hardwood flooring, door skins, shutter blinds, kitchen cabinets, plywood, and veneer. The samplers selected were 37-mm closed-face cassette with ACCU-CAP™, Button, CIP10-I, GSP, and Institute of Occupational Medicine. Approximately 30 of each possible pairwise combination of samplers were collected as personal sample sets. Paired samplers of the same type were used to calculate environmental variance that was then used to determine the number of pairs of samples necessary to detect any difference at a specified level of confidence. Total valid sample number was 888 (444 valid pairs). The mass concentration of wood dust ranged from 0.02 to 195 mg m(-3). Geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) and arithmetic mean (standard deviation) of wood dust were 0.98 mg m(-3) (3.06) and 2.12 mg m(-3) (7.74), respectively. One percent of the samples exceeded 15 mg m(-3), 6% exceeded 5 mg m(-3), and 48% exceeded 1 mg m(-3). The number of collected pairs is generally appropriate to detect a 35% difference when outliers (negative mass loadings) are removed. Statistical evaluation of the nonsimilar sampler pair results produced a finding of no significant difference between any pairing of sampler type. A practical consideration for sampling in the USA is that the ACCU-CAP™ is similar to the sampler currently used by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration for purposes of demonstrating compliance with its permissible exposure limit for wood dust, which is the same as for Particles Not Otherwise Regulated, also known as inert dust or nuisance dust (Method PV2121).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekhee Lee
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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