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Xu R, Yu H, Dong H, Ye Y, Xie S. Preparation and properties of modified starch-based low viscosity and high consolidation foam dust suppressant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131238. [PMID: 36958167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at the high-concentration dust pollution in open-pit coal mines, a foam dust suppressant with low viscosity and consolidated coal dust is developed. In order to reduce the limited effect of binder viscosity on the foaming ability and wettability of foam, tapioca starch is oxidized with Cu2+/H2O2 System in this study to reduce the molecular weight of the polymer and prepare materials with high consolidation and low viscosity. The dust suppression performance of the sample is measured, and the microscopic adsorption mechanism of the dust suppressant is investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that the oxidized starch adhesive solution consists of 20 g tapioca starch, 0.88 ml hydrogen peroxide, 2.4 g sodium hydroxide, and 0.48 g copper sulfate, which need to be diluted to 10 times the original volume, and 1 g of surfactant (sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate/alkyl Glycoside=1:4) is added to prepare a new foam dust suppressant. The viscosity is 2.6 mPa·s, the foaming multiple is 6.25, the contact angle is 13.73° at the first second, the hardness reaches 70.75 HA, and a dust suppression rate of 98.17% for PM10. The dust suppressant can effectively suppress coal dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxiao Xu
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Haiming Yu
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Hui Dong
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Yuxi Ye
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Sen Xie
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
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Anlimah F, Gopaldasani V, MacPhail C, Davies B. A systematic review of the effectiveness of dust control measures adopted to reduce workplace exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:54407-54428. [PMID: 36964805 PMCID: PMC10121514 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26321-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent increase in silicosis cases in several countries casts doubt on dust control practices and their effectiveness in preventing respirable crystalline silica (RCS) exposure. Apart from silicosis, RCS may lead to other illnesses, health-related quality of life losses for workers and their families, and economic losses for companies. Thus, this systematic literature review examined the effectiveness of interventions employed to prevent exposure to RCS and increase the use of dust control measures. The review used keywords related to dust control interventions to search seven databases. Search results were screened and extracted for synthesis. The narrative synthesis showed the extent of research investment in China. In several designs and combinations, the interventions utilized water, surfactant, foam, and air currents to reduce dust exposure. These interventions offer varying degrees of dust control effectiveness against RCS and respirable dust. Although evidence indicates that interventions significantly decrease dust concentration levels, the control measures in place may not effectively prevent workplace overexposure to RCS. The review found that education and training interventions are employed to improve dust controls and respiratory protective equipment (RPE) use. Also, marketing strategies promote the use of RPE. These interventions can increase the frequency of use of RPE and the adoption of best practice dust control measures. Interventions increase knowledge, awareness, and attitudes about RPE usage and generate positive perceptions while reducing misconceptions. However, the benefits obtained from an intervention may diminish after its implementation, indicating that the interventions may not continually motivate workers to adopt control measures or use RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Anlimah
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, Centre for Occupational Public and Environmental Research in Safety and Health (COPERSH), University of Wollongong, Building 29, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Vinod Gopaldasani
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, Centre for Occupational Public and Environmental Research in Safety and Health (COPERSH), University of Wollongong, Building 29, Room 124, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Catherine MacPhail
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Building 29, Room 242, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Brian Davies
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, Centre for Occupational Public and Environmental Research in Safety and Health (COPERSH), University of Wollongong, Building 29, Room 116, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
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3
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Ding X, Wang D, Luo Z, Xu G, Wang T, Cheng F. Investigation of agglomerating and wetting behaviour during coal dust suppression via the synergistic application of hydrocarbon and short-chain-fluorocarbon surfactants in the presence of electrolytes. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Evaluation of the coal dust suppression efficiency of different surfactants: A factorial experiment. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang H, Wei X, Du Y, Wang D. Effect of water-soluble polymers on the performance of dust-suppression foams: Wettability, surface viscosity and stability. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Effect of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide on the solution and foam properties of sodium alcohol ether sulfate. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Yorio PL, Laney AS, Halldin CN, Blackley DJ, Moore SM, Wizner K, Radonovich LJ, Greenawald LA. Interstitial Lung Diseases in the U.S. Mining Industry: Using MSHA Data to Examine Trends and the Prevention Effects of Compliance with Health Regulations, 1996-2015. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2018; 38:1962-1971. [PMID: 29649352 PMCID: PMC6238148 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Given the recent increase in dust-induced lung disease among U.S. coal miners and the respiratory hazards encountered across the U.S. mining industry, it is important to enhance an understanding of lung disease trends and the organizational contexts that precede these events. In addition to exploring overall trends reported to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), the current study uses MSHA's enforcement database to examine whether or not compliance with health regulations resulted in fewer mine-level counts of these diseases over time. The findings suggest that interstitial lung diseases were more prevalent in coal mines compared to other mining commodities, in Appalachian coal mines compared to the rest of the United States, and in underground compared to surface coal mines. Mines that followed a relevant subset of MSHA's health regulations were less likely to report a lung disease over time. The findings are discussed from a lung disease prevention strategy perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L. Yorio
- National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A. Scott Laney
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cara N. Halldin
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - David J. Blackley
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Susan M. Moore
- National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kerri Wizner
- National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lewis J. Radonovich
- National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lee A. Greenawald
- National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Reed WR, Beck TW, Zheng Y, Klima S, Driscoll J. Foam property tests to evaluate the potential for longwall shield dust control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 70:35-41. [PMID: 29416179 DOI: 10.19150/me.7977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tests were conducted to determine properties of four foam agents for their potential use in longwall mining dust control. Foam has been tried in underground mining in the past for dust control and is currently being reconsidered for use in underground coal longwall operations in order to help those operations comply with the Mine Safety and Health Administration's lower coal mine respirable dust standard of 1.5 mg/m3. Foams were generated using two different methods. One method used compressed air and water pressure to generate foam, while the other method used low-pressure air generated by a blower and water pressure using a foam generator developed by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Foam property tests, consisting of a foam expansion ratio test and a water drainage test, were conducted to classify foams. Compressed-air-generated foams tended to have low expansion ratios, from 10 to 19, with high water drainage. Blower-air-generated foams had higher foam expansion ratios, from 30 to 60, with lower water drainage. Foams produced within these ranges of expansion ratios are stable and potentially suitable for dust control. The test results eliminated two foam agents for future testing because they had poor expansion ratios. The remaining two foam agents seem to have properties adequate for dust control. These material property tests can be used to classify foams for their potential use in longwall mining dust control.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Reed
- W.R. Reed, T.W. Beck, Y. Zheng, S. Klima, members SME, and J. Driscoll are research mining engineer, research engineer, associate service fellow, mining engineer and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T W Beck
- W.R. Reed, T.W. Beck, Y. Zheng, S. Klima, members SME, and J. Driscoll are research mining engineer, research engineer, associate service fellow, mining engineer and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Y Zheng
- W.R. Reed, T.W. Beck, Y. Zheng, S. Klima, members SME, and J. Driscoll are research mining engineer, research engineer, associate service fellow, mining engineer and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S Klima
- W.R. Reed, T.W. Beck, Y. Zheng, S. Klima, members SME, and J. Driscoll are research mining engineer, research engineer, associate service fellow, mining engineer and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Driscoll
- W.R. Reed, T.W. Beck, Y. Zheng, S. Klima, members SME, and J. Driscoll are research mining engineer, research engineer, associate service fellow, mining engineer and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Effects of Geometric Parameters on Air Suction Characteristics of a New Jet-Type Foam Generator for Mine Dust Suppression. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-017-2978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lu X, Zhu H, Wang D. Investigation on the new design of foaming device used for dust suppression in underground coal mines. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang H, Guo W, Zheng C, Wang D, Zhan H. Effect of Temperature on Foaming Ability and Foam Stability of Typical Surfactants Used for Foaming Agent. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-017-1953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Jiang H, Du C, Dong J. Investigation of rock cutting dust formation and suppression using water jets during mining. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Experimental investigation of the innovative foaming device using gas as the sole power for firefighting. PROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/prs.11834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Shen F, Liu H, Yuan J, Han B, Cui K, Ding Y, Fan X, Cao H, Yao S, Suo X, Sun Z, Yun X, Hua Z, Chen J. Cost-Effectiveness of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis Prevention Based on Its Predicted Incidence within the Datong Coal Mine Group in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130958. [PMID: 26098706 PMCID: PMC4476760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to estimate the economic losses currently caused by coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) and, on the basis of these measurements, confirm the economic benefit of preventive measures. Our cohort study included 1,847 patients with CWP and 43,742 coal workers without CWP who were registered in the employment records of the Datong Coal Mine Group. We calculated the cumulative incidence rate of pneumoconiosis using the life-table method. We used the dose-response relationship between cumulative incidence density and cumulative dust exposure to predict the future trend in the incidence of CWP. We calculate the economic loss caused by CWP and economic effectiveness of CWP prevention by a step-wise model. The cumulative incidence rates of CWP in the tunneling, mining, combining, and helping cohorts were 58.7%, 28.1%, 21.7%, and 4.0%, respectively. The cumulative incidence rates increased gradually with increasing cumulative dust exposure (CDE). We predicted 4,300 new CWP cases, assuming the dust concentrations remained at the levels of 2011. If advanced dustproof equipment was adopted, 537 fewer people would be diagnosed with CWP. In all, losses of 1.207 billion Renminbi (RMB, official currency of China) would be prevented and 4,698.8 healthy life years would be gained. Investments in advanced dustproof equipment would be total 843 million RMB, according to our study; the ratio of investment to restored economic losses was 1:1.43. Controlling workplace dust concentrations is critical to reduce the onset of pneumoconiosis and to achieve economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhai Shen
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110013, P.R. China
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110013, P.R. China
| | - Juxiang Yuan
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China
| | - Bing Han
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110013, P.R. China
| | - Kai Cui
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110013, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ding
- Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment Hospital of Datong Coal Mine Group, Datong, Shanxi, 037003, P.R. China
| | - Xueyun Fan
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Cao
- Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment Hospital of Datong Coal Mine Group, Datong, Shanxi, 037003, P.R. China
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China
| | - Xia Suo
- Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment Hospital of Datong Coal Mine Group, Datong, Shanxi, 037003, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqian Sun
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Yun
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China
| | - Zhengbing Hua
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110013, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Ren XW, Wang FZ, Guo Q, Zuo ZB, Fang QS. Application of Foam-gel Technique to Control CO Exposure Generated During Spontaneous Combustion of Coal in Coal Mines. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12:D239-D245. [PMID: 26259722 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1072633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In China, 47.3% of state-owned coal mines are located in coal seams that are prone to spontaneous combustion. The spontaneous combustion of coal is the main cause of the generation of a large amount of carbon monoxide, which can cause serious health issues to miners. A new technique using foam-gel formation was developed to effectively control the spontaneous combustion of coal. The gel can capture more than 90% of the water in the grout and at the same time the foam can cover dangerous areas in the goaf by stacking and cooling of foam in all directions. In this study, a mechanism of foam-gel formation was introduced and the optimal proportions of additives were defined based on experiments of different foaming properties, gelling time and water loss rate as the main index parameters. The results of a field application in a coal mine promise that this new technique would effectively prevent coal oxidation in the goaf and reduce the generation of carbon monoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing W Ren
- a Faculty of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology , Xuzhou , China
| | - Feng Z Wang
- a Faculty of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology , Xuzhou , China
| | - Qing Guo
- a Faculty of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology , Xuzhou , China
| | - Zhao B Zuo
- a Faculty of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology , Xuzhou , China
| | - Qi S Fang
- b Faculty of Mining Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology , Xuzhou , China
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Lu X, Wang D, Shen W, Cao K. A New Design of Double-Stage Parallel Adding Equipment Used for Dust Suppression in Underground Coal Mines. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-014-1404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Shen F, Yuan J, Sun Z, Hua Z, Qin T, Yao S, Fan X, Chen W, Liu H, Chen J. Risk identification and prediction of coal workers' pneumoconiosis in Kailuan Colliery Group in China: a historical cohort study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82181. [PMID: 24376519 PMCID: PMC3871577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior to 1970, coal mining technology and prevention measures in China were poor. Mechanized coal mining equipment and advanced protection measures were continuously installed in the mines after 1970. All these improvements may have resulted in a change in the incidence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP). Therefore, it is important to identify the characteristics of CWP today and trends for the incidence of CWP in the future. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 17,023 coal workers from the Kailuan Colliery Group were studied. A life-table method was used to calculate the cumulative incidence rate of CWP and predict the number of new CWP patients in the future. The probability of developing CWP was estimated by a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network for each coal worker without CWP. The results showed that the cumulative incidence rates of CWP for tunneling, mining, combining, and helping workers were 31.8%, 27.5%, 24.2%, and 2.6%, respectively, during the same observation period of 40 years. It was estimated that there would be 844 new CWP cases among 16,185 coal workers without CWP within their life expectancy. There would be 273.1, 273.1, 227.6, and 69.9 new CWP patients in the next <10, 10-, 20-, and 30- years respectively in the study cohort within their life expectancy. It was identified that coal workers whose risk probabilities were over 0.2 were at high risk for CWP, and whose risk probabilities were under 0.1 were at low risk. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The present and future incidence trends of CWP remain high among coal workers. We suggest that coal workers at high risk of CWP undergo a physical examination for pneumoconiosis every year, and the coal workers at low risk of CWP be examined every 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhai Shen
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Juxiang Yuan
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqian Sun
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Zhengbing Hua
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Tianbang Qin
- Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment Hospital of Kailuan Colliery Group, Tangshan, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xueyun Fan
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Chen
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
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