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Italiano PF, Krummenacher M, Lucas M. Severe allergic systemic reaction to personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e254803. [PMID: 37433690 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-254803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Our case describes a hospital worker who suffered a severe reaction to personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic. After researching the excipient list of her PPE and completing a literature review, we postulated that isocyanates used in the production of the polyurethane band of the N95 mask was the cause for her reaction. In the absence of standardised testing, we tested this hypothesis by replicating her reaction to PPE by using a commercially available isocyanate patch, identifying diphenylmethane-4, 4-diisocyanate as the culprit agent.We recommended caution in the use of polyurethane containing N95 masks- for people reporting allergic reaction- and testing for sensitivity for polyurethane. The patient was able to tolerate non-polyurethane containing standard surgical masks, providing an option for PPE in some clinical circumstances. Since avoiding N95 masks, she has not had any further reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Krummenacher
- Immunology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michaela Lucas
- Immunology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Reeb-Whitaker C, LaSee CR, Bonauto DK. Surveillance of work-related asthma including the emergence of a cannabis-associated case series in Washington State. J Asthma 2021; 59:1537-1547. [PMID: 34288786 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2021.1955379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted surveillance for work-related asthma (WRA) in Washington State to identify the industry sectors and asthma exposures most commonly affecting injured workers and in need of prevention activities. METHODS Using workers' compensation data as the primary data source, valid cases were classified as work-aggravated asthma (WAA) or new onset asthma that includes occupational asthma (OA) and reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS). The source of exposure that caused the worker's asthma, their industry and occupation were determined. RESULTS There were 784 valid work-related asthma cases identified for the period 2009-2016, WAA (n = 529) was most common followed by occupational asthma (n = 127) and RADS (n = 12). The Health Care and Social Assistance industry had the highest number of cases (n = 170) with 82% classified as WAA. The highest overall proportions of new onset asthma are occurring in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting (33% of work related asthma cases), Manufacturing (31%) and Construction (30%). The leading substances associated with new onset asthma across all industries include hop plant dust, wood and cedar dust, mineral and inorganic dust, mold, and cleaning materials. We describe ten cases of cannabis-associated asthma including seven from workers in the legalized cannabis industry, four of whom had OA. CONCLUSION State-based work-related asthma surveillance is critical in identifying the workers and exposures associated with this occupational disease, including the detection of a case-series in the cannabis industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Reeb-Whitaker
- Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - Claire R LaSee
- Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - David K Bonauto
- Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Olympia, WA, USA
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3
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Ojo TO, Onayade AA, Afolabi OT, Ijadunola MY, Esan OT, Akinyemi PA, Awe OO. Work Practices and Health Problems of Spray Painters Exposed to Organic Solvents in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. J Health Pollut 2020; 10:201208. [PMID: 33324505 PMCID: PMC7731485 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Automobile spray painters in Nigeria are exposed to organic solvents due to the hazardous nature of their work. Inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) may intensify exposure to high levels of chemical hazards with resultant health problems. OBJECTIVES The present study assessed PPE use and work practices and compared work-related health problems of spray painters and controls in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 spray painters and 120 controls (electronic technicians). Data on socio-demographics, work practices, knowledge about organic solvent-related hazards and self-reported health symptoms were obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire. Clinical examinations were performed for all respondents and the composition of organic solvents in paints and paint products were derived from material safety data sheets. RESULTS All respondents were male, and the mean age was 32.7±13.8 years for painters and 33.9±15.5 years for controls. Few (7.5%) painters perceived their use of PPE to be adequate. All spray painters worked in enclosed workshops and N-butyl acetate was the most commonly used organic solvent. Spray painters reported excessive tear production, recurrent cough, and short-term memory loss more frequently than controls (P<0.05). In addition, 89% of painters noticed paint-stained sputum immediately after spray painting. The prevalence ratio of respiratory symptoms was higher in spray painters than controls (prevalence ratio=21.0, CI=2.9-153.6). On clinical examination, more spray painters had corneal opacity and dry skin when compared with controls (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Spray painters in the study area worked amidst chemical hazards and had poor use of PPE. Exposure to organic solvents may be responsible for the higher prevalence of self-reported health problems among spray painters. Interventions to enforce the use of PPE and improve the knowledge of organic solvent-related hazards among spray painters are essential. PARTICIPANT CONSENT Obtained. ETHICS APPROVAL Ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from the Health Research and Ethics Committee of the Institute of Public Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Nigeria (HREC No: IPHOAU/12/463). COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Olumuyiwa Ojo
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Olusegun Temitope Afolabi
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Oluwaseun Taiwo Esan
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Patrick Ayodeji Akinyemi
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun Olaniyi Awe
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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Cook‐Shimanek M, McGrath A, Pacheco KA. Isocyanate induced allergic contact dermatitis in a university undergraduate student: An occupational dermatitis case report, review of laboratory safety regulations, and implications for campus research. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:726-732. [PMID: 32515098 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A 19-year-old female college undergraduate developed an intensely swollen, erythematous and pruritic rash on the face and hands while working in an optical fabrication lab producing photosensitive polymers. She had no respiratory symptoms. The rash was consistent with contact dermatitis and there was no clinical evidence of respiratory involvement with normal spirometry. A review of the safety data sheets of chemicals used in the laboratory revealed several known sensitizers, including 6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), dibutyl phthalate, and 2,4,6-tribromophenyl acrylate. Patch testing confirmed the patient's sensitization to HDI. A subsequent worksite visit identified several hazardous chemicals that were used without appropriate hazard communication, training, standard operating procedures, or personal protective equipment. Simple exposure controls were recommended and instituted, and the patient was able to return to work in the laboratory without the recurrence of symptoms. This case demonstrates the importance of hazard identification, communication, and safety training in academic laboratories, for students and workers. A medical evaluation can identify hazards as well as lead to improvements in exposure controls and safe return to research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Cook‐Shimanek
- Division of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, Colorado School of Public HealthUniversity of ColoradoAurora Colorado
| | - Alison McGrath
- Department of Environmental Health and SafetyUniversity of ColoradoDenver Colorado
| | - Karin A. Pacheco
- Division of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, Colorado School of Public HealthUniversity of ColoradoAurora Colorado
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Department of MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenver Colorado
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Ceballos DM, Craig J, Fu X, Jia C, Chambers D, Chu MT, Fernandez AT, Fruh V, Petropoulos ZE, Allen JG, Vallarino J, Thornburg L, Webster TF. Biological and environmental exposure monitoring of volatile organic compounds among nail technicians in the Greater Boston area. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:539-550. [PMID: 31112343 PMCID: PMC6565444 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nail technicians are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from nail products, but no studies have previously measured VOC biomarkers for these workers. This study of 10 nail technicians aimed to identify VOCs in nail salons and explore relationships between air concentrations and biomarkers. Personal and area air samples were collected using thermal desorption tubes during a work shift and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for 71 VOCs. Whole blood samples were collected pre-shift and post-shift, and analyzed using GC/MS for 43 VOCs. Ventilation rates were determined using continuous CO2 measurements. Predominant air VOC levels were ethyl methacrylate (median 240 µg/m3 ), methyl methacrylate (median 205 µg/m3 ), toluene (median 100 µg/m3 ), and ethyl acetate (median 639 µg/m3 ). Blood levels were significantly higher post-shift than pre-shift for toluene (median pre-shift 0.158 µg/L and post-shift 0.360 µg/L) and ethyl acetate (median pre-shift <0.158 µg/L and post-shift 0.510 µg/L); methacrylates were not measured in blood because of their instability. Based on VOCs measured in these seven nail salons, we estimated that emissions from Greater Boston area nail salons may contribute to ambient VOCs. Ventilation rates did not always meet the ASHRAE guideline for nail salons. There is a need for changes in nail product formulation and better ventilation to reduce VOC occupational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Ceballos
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
- Correspondence to: Tel: +1 (617) 358 1911,
| | - Jessica Craig
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Xianqiang Fu
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 3825 DeSoto Avenue, Robison Hall 337, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Chunrong Jia
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 3825 DeSoto Avenue, Robison Hall 337, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - David Chambers
- Volatile Organic Compounds Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Building 103, Room 3105, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - MyDzung T. Chu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Alai T. Fernandez
- Volatile Organic Compounds Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Building 103, Room 3105, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Victoria Fruh
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Zoe E. Petropoulos
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Joseph G. Allen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jose Vallarino
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Lydia Thornburg
- Volatile Organic Compounds Laboratory, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Building 103, Room 3105, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Thomas F. Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4 Floor West, Boston, MA 02118
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Kreis K, Aumann-Suslin I, Lüdeke A, Wegewitz U, Zeidler J, Graf von der Schulenburg JM. Costs of isocyanate-related occupational diseases: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:446-466. [PMID: 31100044 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1609005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although isocyanates are increasingly used in manufacturing and workplace exposure to isocyanates is widely recognized as one of the most frequent causes for occupational lung and skin diseases, little is known about the economic burden on the affected individual and the society. This study provides an overview on costs of occupational diseases related to isocyanates. We performed a systematic literature search of studies in the electronic databases of the German Institute of Medical Documentation and Information, and the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. We extracted the key characteristics of the studies and performed a study quality assessment. We identified eight studies on the costs of illness, of which five focused on occupational lung diseases and three on occupational skin diseases. Further, eight studies calculated loss of income/compensation payments. Out of the 16 identified articles, only two reported costs directly attributable to isocyanate-induced diseases (asthma). Studies were hardly comparable because they differed substantially in their methodological approaches. Moreover, the quality assessment of the studies revealed substantial limitations. While a wide range of isocyanate-related costs was identified, consequences of isocyanate-related occupational diseases were considerable in terms of societal costs and loss of income. In most studies, indirect costs were the main cost driver. There is a need for high-quality cost of illness studies on isocyanate-induced diseases stratified by degree of severity and sex. Such studies provide valuable information to develop preventive strategies and set priorities for measures to lower the burden of professional health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Kreis
- a Center for Health Economics Research Hannover (CHERH) , Leibniz University Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Ines Aumann-Suslin
- a Center for Health Economics Research Hannover (CHERH) , Leibniz University Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Andreas Lüdeke
- b Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Uta Wegewitz
- c Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Jan Zeidler
- a Center for Health Economics Research Hannover (CHERH) , Leibniz University Hannover , Hannover , Germany
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LaSee CR, Reeb-Whitaker CK. Work-related asthma surveillance in Washington State: time trends, industry rates, and workers' compensation costs, 2002-2016. J Asthma 2019; 57:421-430. [PMID: 30701998 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2019.1571084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Washington State's work-related asthma (WRA) surveillance program utilizes workers' compensation (WC) data as its primary data source and has spanned a 15-year time period. This study analyses trends for WRA claim incidence rates compared to all WC claim incidence rates. WRA claim incidence rates and WC costs are analyzed by industry. Methods: Potential WRA cases were identified through the WC system and through direct provider report and classified by industry, age, and year of illness onset. WRA claim rates by industry and year were calculated using total work hours reported by employers covered by the WC system. Claim costs for accepted claims were compared by industry and year. Results: WRA claim incidence rates decreased 8.9% (95% CI: -10.6, -7.2) annually for the time period 2002-2016. The decline in WRA claim incidence rate is slightly faster than the incidence rate for all WC claims which had its steepest decrease from 2007 to 2010 at an estimated annual 8.4% decrease (95% CI: -11.8, -5.0). WRA claim rates were highest for workers in Public Administration, Manufacturing, and the Agricultural, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting industries. Median claim costs for WRA did not change significantly by year (p = 0.2, range $595-$1442) and the distribution of WRA WC claim costs by industry were highest in Manufacturing (21.3%) and Construction (16.4%) industries. Conclusion: WRA claim incidence rates are declining in Washington State. The cause for the decline is unclear. Workers across all industries in Washington remain at risk for WRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire R LaSee
- Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP), Olympia, Washington, USA
| | - Carolyn K Reeb-Whitaker
- Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP), Olympia, Washington, USA
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8
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Schaal NC, Brazile WJ, Finnie KL, Tiger JP. Effects of Known Determinants on Methylene Bisphenyl Isocyanate (MDI) Concentration During Spray-On Truck Bed-Lining Processes. Ann Work Expo Health 2018; 61:872-882. [PMID: 28810682 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occupational exposure to methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI) presents serious worker health concerns as it may lead to short- and long-term health effects such as asthma, airway irritation, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and irritation of skin and mucous membranes. While studies of worker isocyanate exposures during vehicle painting activities are widespread, few studies have investigated the spray-on truck bed-liner (STBL) industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of several ventilation system variables and process characteristics in controlling MDI concentrations in the STBL industry. Methods A total of 47 personal air samples were collected for MDI during 18 site visits at nine STBL companies in Colorado and Wyoming. Ventilation system and process characteristics that were assessed included: ventilation system face velocity, airflow, air changes per minute (AC/M), capture velocity, percent of MDI in bed-liner product, application temperature, application pressure, paint booth temperature, paint booth relative humidity, paint booth volume, and quantity of bed-liner product applied. Results Pearson correlation revealed percentage of MDI in bed-liner product (r = 0.557, n = 14, P < 0.05) and process temperature (r = 0.677, n = 14, P < 0.05) had high positive correlation with MDI concentration. Ventilation system face velocity (r = -0.578, n = 14, P < 0.05) and AC/M (r = -0.657, n = 14, P < 0.05) had high negative correlation with MDI concentration while airflow (r = -0.475, n = 14, P < 0.05) and capture velocity (r = -0.415, n = 14, P = 0.07) had moderate negative correlation with MDI concentration. Multiple linear regression revealed process temperature and capture velocity made a statistically significant and unique contribution in estimating MDI concentration (F (2, 11) = 10.99, P < 0.05) with an adjusted R2 of 0.61, explaining 61% of the variability in MDI concentration. Conclusions This investigation contributed to an understudied STBL industry by targeting determinants germane to MDI exposures during STBL application processes. Increasing ventilation performance for AC/M, airflow, face velocity, and capture velocity while also decreasing bed-liner application temperature and bed-liner product MDI content may have the greatest effect on reducing worker MDI exposures during STBL activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Schaal
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics Department, Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences Division, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Colorado State University, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Health Section, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - William J Brazile
- Colorado State University, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Health Section, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Katie L Finnie
- Colorado State University, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Health Section, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.,Boeing, Health and Safety, Boeing 737 Program, 616 Perimeter Rd W, Renton, WA 98057, USA
| | - James P Tiger
- Colorado State University, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Health Section, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.,Chatham County Public Health Department, Division of Environmental Health, 80 East Street, Pittsboro, NC 27312, USA
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9
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Critical transition of epoxy resin from brittleness to toughness by incorporating CO2-sourced cyclic carbonate. J CO2 UTIL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Hon CY, Peters CE, Jardine KJ, Arrandale VH. Historical occupational isocyanate exposure levels in two Canadian provinces. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2017; 14:1-8. [PMID: 27468809 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1207777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanates such as toluene 2, 4-diisocyanate (TDI), methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI), and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) are known sensitizers and exposure to these chemicals can result in isocyanate-induced asthma-the leading cause of occupational asthma. A newly created exposure database was available containing occupational isocyanate measurements spanning 1981-1996 from Ontario and British Columbia (BC)-two of the largest provinces in Canada. The aim was to describe the historical measurements relative to exposure thresholds, ascertain differences in the data between provinces, and identify time trends. Descriptive statistics of the observations were summarized and stratified by isocyanate species and province. Chi-square tests and Student's t-test were performed to determine differences between provinces. To investigate time trends in the odds of a measurement exceeding the limit of detection (LOD) and time-weighted average (TWA), mixed effects logistic regression models were constructed. In total, 6,984 isocyanate measurements were analyzed, the majority of which were below the LOD (79%). Overall, 8.3% of samples were in excess of the 2014 TLV-TWA of 0.005 ppm. Comparing the two provinces, the proportion of samples exceeding the LOD and TLV-TWA was greater in BC for all isocyanate species. Differences in time trends were also observed between provinces-the odds of a sample exceeding the TLV-TWA decreased over time in the case of MDI (Ontario only), TDI (both Ontario and BC), and other isocyanates (BC only). Our finding that a majority of the exposure measurements was below the LOD is similar to that reported by others. Differences between provinces may be due the fact that isocyanates are classified as a designated substance in Ontario and must adhere to specific exposure control regulations. Limitations of the database, such as finite number of variables and measurements available until 1996 only, presents challenges for more in-depth analysis and generalization of results. An argument is made that a Canadian occupational exposure database be maintained to facilitate risk assessments as well as for occupational epidemiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yip Hon
- a School of Occupational and Public Health , Ryerson University , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Cheryl E Peters
- b CAREX Canada , Simon Fraser University , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
- c Department of Health Sciences , Carleton University , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Katherine J Jardine
- d Occupational Cancer Research Centre , Cancer Care Ontario , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Victoria H Arrandale
- d Occupational Cancer Research Centre , Cancer Care Ontario , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
- e Dalla Lana School of Public Heath , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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11
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Ke J, Li X, Wang F, Jiang S, Kang M, Wang J, Li Q, Wang Z. Non-isocyanate polyurethane/epoxy hybrid materials with different and controlled architectures prepared from a CO2-sourced monomer and epoxy via an environmentally-friendly route. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of polyurethane/epoxy hybrid materials with different and controlled architectures were prepared by a non-isocyanate route. The properties and architectures of materials were regulated by adjusting the ratio and type of amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexi Ke
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Maoqing Kang
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
- National Engineering Research Center for Coal-Based Synthesis
| | - Qifeng Li
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Coal-Based Synthesis
- Changzhi
- China
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Lefkowitz D, Pechter E, Fitzsimmons K, Lumia M, Stephens AC, Davis L, Flattery J, Weinberg J, Harrison RJ, Reilly MJ, Filios MS, White GE, Rosenman KD. Isocyanates and work-related asthma: Findings from California, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Jersey, 1993-2008. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:1138-49. [PMID: 26351141 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isocyanates remain a leading cause of work-related asthma (WRA). METHODS Two independent data systems were analyzed for the period 1993-2008: (1) State-based WRA case surveillance data on persons with isocyanate-induced WRA from four states, and (2) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) isocyanate air sampling results. RESULTS We identified 368 cases of isocyanate-induced WRA from 32 industries and 678 OSHA isocyanate air samples with detectable levels from 31 industries. Seventeen industries were unique to one or the other dataset. CONCLUSION Isocyanate-induced WRA continues to occur in a wide variety of industries. Two data systems uncovered industries with isocyanate exposures and/or illness. Improved control measures and standards, including medical surveillance, are needed. More emphasis is needed on task-specific guidance, spill clean-up procedures, skin and respiratory protection, and targeted medical monitoring to mitigate the hazards of isocyanate use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lefkowitz
- Environmental & Occupational Health Surveillance Program; New Jersey Department of Health; Trenton New Jersey
| | - Elise Pechter
- Occupational Health Surveillance Program; Massachusetts Department of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen Fitzsimmons
- Occupational Health Surveillance Program; Massachusetts Department of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Margaret Lumia
- Environmental & Occupational Health Surveillance Program; New Jersey Department of Health; Trenton New Jersey
| | - Alicia C. Stephens
- Environmental & Occupational Health Surveillance Program; New Jersey Department of Health; Trenton New Jersey
| | - Letitia Davis
- Occupational Health Surveillance Program; Massachusetts Department of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Flattery
- Occupational Health Branch; California Department of Public Health; Richmond California
| | - Justine Weinberg
- Public Health Institute; Contractor to California Department of Public Health; Richmond California
| | - Robert J. Harrison
- Occupational Health Branch; California Department of Public Health; Richmond California
| | - Mary Jo Reilly
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | - Margaret S. Filios
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Gretchen E. White
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health; Department of Epidemiology; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth D. Rosenman
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
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Is the analysis of histamine and/or interleukin-4 release after isocyanate challenge useful in the identification of patients with IgE-mediated isocyanate asthma? J Immunol Methods 2015; 422:35-50. [PMID: 25865264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Isocyanates are a well-known and frequent cause of occupational asthma. The implementation of specific inhalation challenges (SICs) is the gold standard in asthma diagnosis supporting occupational case history, lung function testing, specific skin prick tests and the detection of specific IgE. However, the diagnosis is not always definitive. An interesting new approach, analyses of individual genetic susceptibilities, requires discrimination between a positive SIC reaction arising from IgE-mediated immune responses and one from other pathophysiological mechanisms. Hence, additional refinement tools would be helpful in defining sub-classes of occupational asthma and diagnosis. We used total IgE levels, specific IgE and SIC results for sub-classification of 27 symptomatic isocyanate workers studied. Some mutations in glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are suspected either to enhance or to decrease the individual risk in the development of isocyanate asthma. Our patient groups were assessed for the point mutations GSTP1*I105V and GSTP1*A114V as well as deletions (null mutations) of GSTM1 and GSTT1. There seems to be a higher risk in developing IgE-mediated reactions when GSTM1 is deleted, while GSTT1 deletions were found more frequently in the SIC positive group. Blood samples taken before SIC, 30-60 min and 24h after SIC, were analyzed for histamine and IL-4, classical markers for the IgE-mediated antigen-specific activation of basophils or mast cells. We suggest that the utility of histamine measurements might provide an additional useful marker reflecting isocyanate-induced cellular reactions (although the sampling times require optimization). The promising measurement of IL-4 is not feasible at present due to the lack of a reliable, validated assay.
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Anderson NJ, Fan ZJ, Reeb-Whitaker C, Bonauto DK, Rauser E. Distribution of asthma by occupation: Washington State behavioral risk factor surveillance system data, 2006-2009. J Asthma 2014; 51:1035-42. [PMID: 24995660 PMCID: PMC4266043 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2014.939282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective Objective: To estimate the prevalence of asthma in workers by occupation in Washington State. Methods: Data from the 2006–2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and the BRFSS Asthma Call-Back Survey (ACBS) in Washington State (WA) were analyzed. Using state-added and coded Industry and Occupation questions, we calculated prevalence ratios (PRs) for 19 occupational groups. Results: Of the 41 935 respondents who were currently employed during 2006–2009, the prevalence of current asthma was 8.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.8–8.5%] When compared with the reference group of executive, administration and managerial occupations, three occupational groups had significantly (p < 0.05) higher PRs of current asthma: “Teachers, all levels, and Counselors’ (PR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1. 6%); ‘Administrative Support, including Clerical” (PR 1. 5, 95% CI 1.2–1.9%); and “Other Health Services” (PR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–1.9). Half of the 2511 ACBS respondent workers (55.1%) indicated that they believed exposure at work had caused or worsened their asthma, but only 10.7% had ever spoken with a health care professional about their asthma being work related. Conclusions: Some occupations have a higher prevalence of current asthma than other occupations. The systematic collection of industry and occupation data can help identify worker populations with a high burden of asthma and can be used to target disease prevention efforts as well as to aid clinician recognition and treatment. Workers indicated that work-related asthma exposures are not discussed with their health care provider and this communication gap has implications for asthma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi J Anderson
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries , Olympia, Washington , USA
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