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Farjami A, Salatin S, Jafari S, Mahmoudian M, Jelvehgari M. The Factors Determining the Skin Penetration and Cellular Uptake of Nanocarriers: New Hope for Clinical Development. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:4315-4329. [PMID: 34779364 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210810091745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The skin provides a protective barrier against toxic environments and also offers a valuable route for topical drug delivery. The stratum corneum (SC) is the outermost layer of the skin and serves as the major barrier to chemical transfer through the skin. The human skin barrier is particularly difficult to overcome because of the complex composition and structure of the SC. Nanoparticulate carriers have gained widespread attention in topical drug delivery due to their tunable and versatile properties. The present review summarizes the main factors involved in skin penetration of nanocarriers containing the drug. Employment of nanotechnology in topical delivery has grown progressively during recent years; however, it is important to monitor the skin penetration of nanocarriers prior to their use to avoid possible toxic effects. Nanocarriers can act as a means to increase skin permeation of drugs by supporting direct interaction with the SC and increasing the period of permanence on the skin. Skin penetration is influenced by the physicochemical characteristics of nanocarriers such as composition, size, shape, surface chemistry, as well as skin features. Considering that the target of topical systems based on nanocarriers is the penetration of therapeutic agents in the skin layers, so a detailed understanding of the factors influencing skin permeability of nanocarriers is essential for safe and efficient therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Farjami
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Salatin
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Jafari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mitra Jelvehgari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Skin decontamination procedures against potential hazards substances exposure. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 344:109481. [PMID: 34051209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Decontamination of unprotected skin areas is crucial to prevent excessive penetration of chemical contaminants after criminal or accidental release. A review of literature studies was performed to identify the available decontamination methods adopted to treat skin contamination after chemical, radiological and metal exposures. In this bibliographic review, an overview of the old and recent works on decontamination procedures followed in case of potential hazards substances contaminations with a comparison between these systems are provided. Almost all data from our 95 selected studies conducted in vitro and in vivo revealed that a rapid skin decontamination process is the most efficient way to reduce the risk of intoxication. The commonly-used or recommended conventional procedures are simple rinsing with water only or soapy water. However, this approach has some limitations because an easy removal by flushing may not be sufficient to decontaminate all chemical deposited on the skin, and skin absorption can be enhanced by the wash-in effect. Other liquid solutions or systems as adsorbent powders, mobilizing agents, chelation therapy are also applied as decontaminants, but till nowadays does not exist a decontamination method which can be adopted in all situations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more efficient and successful decontaminating formulations.
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Julander A, Midander K, Garcia-Garcia S, Vihlborg P, Graff P. A Case Study of Brass Foundry Workers' Estimated Lead (Pb) Body Burden from Different Exposure Routes. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 64:970-981. [PMID: 32566942 PMCID: PMC7668239 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The most pronounced occupational exposure routes for lead (Pb) are inhalation and gastrointestinal uptake mainly through hand-to-mouth behaviour. Skin absorption has been demonstrated for organic Pb compounds, but less is known about inorganic Pb species. Several legislative bodies in Europe are currently proposing lowering biological exposure limit values and air exposure limits due to new evidence on cardiovascular effects at very low blood Pb levels. In light of this, all exposure routes in occupational settings should be revisited to evaluate how to lower the overall exposure to Pb. Methods The aim of the study was to investigate the possible exposure routes in workers operating computer numerical control-machines in a brass foundry and specifically to understand if metal cutting fluids (MCFs) used by the workers could lead to skin absorption of Pb. The different bronze alloys at the facility may contain up to 20% Pb. After obtaining written informed consent from the workers (n = 7), blood, skin wipes, and personal air samples were collected. In addition, MCFs used on the day of exposure measurements were collected for in vitro skin absorption studies using stillborn piglet skin mounted in static Franz diffusion cells (n = 48). All samples were analysed for Pb content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results Pb air concentration (<0.1–3.4 µg m−3) was well below the Swedish occupational exposure limit value. Blood Pb was in the range of <0.72–33 µg dl−1, and Pb on skin surfaces, after performing normal work tasks during 2 h, was in the range of 0.2–48 µg cm−2. Using the MCFs in diffusion cells showed that skin absorption had occurred at very low doses, and that up to 10% of the Pb content was present in the skin after 24 h exposure. Using these results in the US EPA adult lead model, we could estimate a contribution to blood Pb from the three exposure routes; where hand-to-mouth behaviour yielded the highest contribution (16 µg Pb dl−1 blood), followed by skin absorption (3.3–6.3 µg Pb dl−1 blood) and inhalation (2.0 µg Pb dl−1 blood). Conclusions This case study shows that MCF may lead to skin absorption of inorganic Pb and contribute to a systemic dose (quasi-steady state). Furthermore, even though good hand hygienic measures were in place, the workers’ skin exposure to Pb is in all likelihood an important contributor in elevating blood Pb levels. Skin exposure should thus be monitored routinely in workers at facilities handling Pb, to help reducing unnecessary occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Julander
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Midander
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Garcia-Garcia
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Vihlborg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Pål Graff
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Majorstuen, Oslo, Norway
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Hopf NB, Champmartin C, Schenk L, Berthet A, Chedik L, Du Plessis JL, Franken A, Frasch F, Gaskin S, Johanson G, Julander A, Kasting G, Kilo S, Larese Filon F, Marquet F, Midander K, Reale E, Bunge AL. Reflections on the OECD guidelines for in vitro skin absorption studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104752. [PMID: 32791089 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At the 8th conference of Occupational and Environmental Exposure of the Skin to Chemicals (OEESC) (16-18 September 2019) in Dublin, Ireland, several researchers performing skin permeation assays convened to discuss in vitro skin permeability experiments. We, along with other colleagues, all of us hands-on skin permeation researchers, present here the results from our discussions on the available OECD guidelines. The discussions were especially focused on three OECD skin absorption documents, including a recent revision of one: i) OECD Guidance Document 28 (GD28) for the conduct of skin absorption studies (OECD, 2004), ii) Test Guideline 428 (TGD428) for measuring skin absorption of chemical in vitro (OECD, 2004), and iii) OECD Guidance Notes 156 (GN156) on dermal absorption issued in 2011 (OECD, 2011). GN156 (OECD, 2019) is currently under review but not finalized. A mutual concern was that these guidance documents do not comprehensively address methodological issues or the performance of the test, which might be partially due to the years needed to finalize and update OECD documents with new skin research evidence. Here, we summarize the numerous factors that can influence skin permeation and its measurement, and where guidance on several of these are omitted and often not discussed in published articles. We propose several improvements of these guidelines, which would contribute in harmonizing future in vitro skin permeation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Hopf
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante), Department for Occupational and Environmental Health (DSTE), Exposure Science Unit, Switzerland.
| | - C Champmartin
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), France.
| | - L Schenk
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Sweden.
| | - A Berthet
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante), Department for Occupational and Environmental Health (DSTE), Exposure Science Unit, Switzerland.
| | - L Chedik
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), France.
| | - J L Du Plessis
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI) North-West University, South Africa.
| | - A Franken
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI) North-West University, South Africa.
| | - F Frasch
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI) North-West University, South Africa.
| | - S Gaskin
- University of Adelaide, School of Public Health, Health and Medical Sciences, Australia.
| | - G Johanson
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Sweden.
| | - A Julander
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Sweden.
| | - G Kasting
- University of Cincinnati, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, USA.
| | - S Kilo
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Germany.
| | - F Larese Filon
- University of Trieste, Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Italy.
| | - F Marquet
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), France.
| | - K Midander
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Sweden.
| | - E Reale
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante), Department for Occupational and Environmental Health (DSTE), Exposure Science Unit, Switzerland.
| | - A L Bunge
- Colorado School of Mines, Chemical and Biological Engineering, USA.
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Afiune LAF, Ushirobira CY, Barbosa DPP, de Souza PEN, Leles MIG, Cunha-Filho M, Gelfuso GM, Soler MAG, Gratieri T. Novel iron oxide nanocarriers loading finasteride or dutasteride: Enhanced skin penetration for topical treatment of alopecia. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119709. [PMID: 32739394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, iron oxide nanoparticles, in the form of maghemite core coated with lauric acid (ION), were synthesized and loaded with finasteride (FIN) or dutasteride (DUT) as a novel drug delivery system for the topical treatment of alopecia. Additionally, developed formulations (FIN-ION and DUT-ION) were completely elaborated with components involved in the follicle metabolism, i.e., lauric acid, which acts as a 5α-reductase inhibitor, and iron which deficiency has been related to hair loss aggravation. Stability assessment conducted over the course of 90 days showed they are highly stable, with pH 7.4, constant EE% (>99%), and practically unchanged particle size and zeta potential. Besides drug distribution, the actual number of iron oxide nanoparticles, through a newly developed method using ferromagnetic resonance, was determined in each skin layer following permeation experiments. Despite the same donor concentration of colloids, nanoparticle distribution in the skin varied according to the loaded molecule. While DUT did not interfere with the nanoparticle natural tendency to accumulate within the hair follicle shafts, FIN presence hampered nanosystem interaction with the skin. Still, both formulations provided a higher skin drug penetration, compared to each respective control solution. Additionally, iron nanocarriers present a desirable visual characteristic, as the dark color aspect might instantly help disguise scarce hair follicle areas. These findings suggest the nanoformulations are highly promising for alopecia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana A F Afiune
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Nanofilms and Nano Devices Laboratory, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Camila Y Ushirobira
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Débora P P Barbosa
- Nanofilms and Nano Devices Laboratory, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Paulo E N de Souza
- Laboratory of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria I G Leles
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goias, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria A G Soler
- Nanofilms and Nano Devices Laboratory, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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Din MI, Nabi AG, Hussain Z, Arshad M, Intisar A, Sharif A, Ahmed E, Mehmood HA, Mirza ML. Innovative Seizure of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Water Purification: A Critical Review of Potential Risks. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 49:534-541. [PMID: 30739482 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1564647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Water contamination is a worldwide critical issue for the present society to avoid competition and maintain an environmentally friendly scenario. Removal of various pollutants including inorganic and organic compounds from water is a big challenge nowadays. Worldwide attention to promote polluted water and technologies related to its treatment has been adversely increased. The utilization of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) for this purpose has gained much attention due to its exceptional properties imparted by reduced size and effective surface area. Moreover, metal/metal oxide NPs-based innovation for improved expulsion productivity is an ingenious area for research and development but the use of such NPs presents some serious risks. Herein, the advanced requisition of NPs for polluted water treatment is highlighted along with the difficulties related to them and their toxic impacts when used as water purifiers. Additionally, the plausible fate of metal/metal oxide NPs incorporated in the water for purification and salient future challenges are deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amna Ghulam Nabi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Zaib Hussain
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Azeem Intisar
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Sharif
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Ejaz Ahmed
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
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Kettelarij J, Midander K, Lidén C, Bottai M, Julander A. Neglected exposure route: cobalt on skin and its associations with urinary cobalt levels. Occup Environ Med 2018; 75:837-842. [PMID: 30173144 PMCID: PMC6227794 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cobalt (Co) exposure is associated with adverse health effects including skin sensitisation, asthma and interstitial lung fibrosis. Exposure to Co in industrial settings is often assessed using air samples or biomonitoring in urine. Skin exposure is rarely measured. Aim of this study was to quantify and compare the importance of Co skin exposure and respiratory exposure in determining urinary Co concentrations. METHODS Co skin exposure was measured in 76 hard metal workers by acid wipe sampling before and at the end of work shifts. Spot urine was collected during a 24-hour period from the start of a shift. Respiratory exposure was measured by personal inhalable dust sampling during a shift in 30 workers. Co was analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS Quantile regression modelling showed that a doubling of Co on skin before or at the end of shift increased the median urinary concentration of Co by 70% (p<0.001) or 32% (p<0.001), respectively. A doubling of Co in air increased median urinary Co by 38% (p<0.001). Co skin exposures were still significantly associated with urinary Co after excluding a group of workers with high respiratory exposure (33%, p=0.021 and 17%, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate an association between Co skin exposure and urinary Co concentrations. This should be considered when using urinary Co as a biomarker of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolinde Kettelarij
- Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Midander
- Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carola Lidén
- Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matteo Bottai
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anneli Julander
- Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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