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Rufyikiri AS, Martinez R, Addo PW, Wu BS, Yousefi M, Malo D, Orsat V, Vidal SM, Fritz JH, MacPherson S, Lefsrud M. Germicidal efficacy of continuous and pulsed ultraviolet-C radiation on pathogen models and SARS-CoV-2. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:339-354. [PMID: 38308169 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation's germicidal efficacy depends on several parameters, including wavelength, radiant exposure, microbial physiology, biological matrices, and surfaces. In this work, several ultraviolet radiation sources (a low-pressure mercury lamp, a KrCl excimer, and four UV LEDs) emitting continuous or pulsed irradiation were compared. The greatest log reductions in E. coli cells and B. subtilis endospores were 4.1 ± 0.2 (18 mJ cm-2) and 4.5 ± 0.1 (42 mJ cm-2) with continuous 222 nm, respectively. The highest MS2 log reduction observed was 2.7 ± 0.1 (277 nm at 3809 mJ cm-2). Log reductions of SARS-CoV-2 with continuous 222 nm and 277 nm were ≥ 3.4 ± 0.7, with 13.3 mJ cm-2 and 60 mJ cm-2, respectively. There was no statistical difference between continuous and pulsed irradiation (0.83-16.7% [222 nm and 277 nm] or 0.83-20% [280 nm] duty rates) on E. coli inactivation. Pulsed 260 nm radiation (0.5% duty rate) at 260 nm yielded significantly greater log reduction for both bacteria than continuous 260 nm radiation. There was no statistical difference in SARS-CoV-2 inactivation between continuous and pulsed 222 nm UV-C radiation and pulsed 277 nm radiation demonstrated greater germicidal efficacy than continuous 277 nm radiation. Greater radiant exposure for all radiation sources was required to inactivate MS2 bacteriophage. Findings demonstrate that pulsed irradiation could be more useful than continuous UV radiation in human-occupied spaces, but threshold limit values should be respected. Pathogen-specific sensitivities, experimental setup, and quantification methods for determining germicidal efficacy remain important factors when optimizing ultraviolet radiation for surface decontamination or other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Rufyikiri
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Rebecca Martinez
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Philip W Addo
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Bo-Sen Wu
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Mitra Yousefi
- Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine and McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Life Sciences Complex, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Danielle Malo
- Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine and McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Life Sciences Complex, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Valérie Orsat
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Silvia M Vidal
- Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine and McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Life Sciences Complex, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 Rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine and McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Life Sciences Complex, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 Rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sarah MacPherson
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Mark Lefsrud
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Color-Specific Recovery to Extreme High-Light Stress in Plants. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080812. [PMID: 34440556 PMCID: PMC8398727 DOI: 10.3390/life11080812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants pigments, such as chlorophyll and carotenoids, absorb light within specific wavelength ranges, impacting their response to environmental light changes. Although the color-specific response of plants to natural levels of light is well described, extreme high-light stress is still being discussed as a general response, without considering the impact of wavelengths in particular response processes. In this study, we explored how the plant proteome coordinated the response and recovery to extreme light conditions (21,000 µmol m-2 s-1) under different wavelengths. Changes at the protein and mRNA levels were measured, together with the photosynthetic parameters of plants under extreme high-light conditions. The changes in abundance of four proteins involved in photoinhibition, and in the biosynthesis/assembly of PSII (PsbS, PsbH, PsbR, and Psb28) in both light treatments were measured. The blue-light treatment presented a three-fold higher non-photochemical quenching and did not change the level of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) or the photosystem II (PSII) complex components when compared to the control, but significantly increased psbS transcripts. The red-light treatment caused a higher abundance of PSII and OEC proteins but kept the level of psbS transcripts the same as the control. Interestingly, the blue light stimulated a more efficient energy dissipation mechanism when compared to the red light. In addition, extreme high-light stress mechanisms activated by blue light involve the role of OEC through increasing PsbS transcript levels. In the proteomics spatial analysis, we report disparate activation of multiple stress pathways under three differently damaged zones as the enriched function of light stress only found in the medium-damaged zone of the red LED treatment. The results indicate that the impact of extreme high-light stress on the proteomic level is wavelength-dependent.
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Warner R, Wu BS, MacPherson S, Lefsrud M. A Review of Strawberry Photobiology and Fruit Flavonoids in Controlled Environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:611893. [PMID: 33633764 PMCID: PMC7902047 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.611893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid technology development in controlled environment (CE) plant production has been applied to a large variety of plants. In recent years, strawberries have become a popular fruit for CE production because of their high economic and nutritional values. With the widespread use of light-emitting diode (LED) technology in the produce industry, growers can manipulate strawberry growth and development by providing specific light spectra. Manipulating light intensity and spectral composition can modify strawberry secondary metabolism and highly impact fruit quality and antioxidant properties. While the impact of visible light on secondary metabolite profiles for other greenhouse crops is well documented, more insight into the impact of different light spectra, from UV radiation to the visible light spectrum, on strawberry plants is required. This will allow growers to maximize yield and rapidly adapt to consumer preferences. In this review, a compilation of studies investigating the effect of light properties on strawberry fruit flavonoids is provided, and a comparative analysis of how light spectra influences strawberry's photobiology and secondary metabolism is presented. The effects of pre-harvest and post-harvest light treatments with UV radiation and visible light are considered. Future studies and implications for LED lighting configurations in strawberry fruit production for researchers and growers are discussed.
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Song J, Li D, Shan Z, Kurskaya O, Sharshov K, Gao T, Bi H. Photocytotoxicity of white light-emitting diode irradiation on human lens epithelium and retinal pigment epithelium via the JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 213:112058. [PMID: 33147556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
WLEDs have lately been the preferred lighting device based on properties such as energy saving, high efficiency, longevity, and environmental protection. However, studies on the safety of white light-emitting diode (WLED) are limited. In our previous study, we found that WLED light (4000 K ± 500 K color temperature, 250 lx, and 20 min exposure) is photocytotoxic to three mammalian cell lines by causing cell lipid peroxidation. To further investigate the potential photocytotoxicity of WLEDs on the human body, we used two human eye cell lines SRA01/04 and D407 as target cells for evaluating its potential phototoxicity on the human eye in the present study based on cell viability, apoptosis, and intracellular oxidative stress assays, as well as the activation levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related apoptosis pathways, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase (p38), using mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway assays. The results showed that WLED light has photocytotoxicities on SRA01/04 and D407 cells, which were both in a time-, irradiance-, and color temperature-dependent manner and strongest at the conditions of 2 h irradiation time, 60 W/m2 irradiance, and 4000 K color temperature. Moreover, the photocytotoxicity of red light-emitting diode (LED) light was the strongest in the three tested monochromatic light compositions of WLED. Mechanism studies show that the potential phototoxicity of WLED on human lens epithelium and retinal pigment epithelium may be caused by its induced oxidative stress damage via the JNK and p38 MAPKs pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Architectural Physics and Environmental Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 81008, China
| | - Daoyong Li
- College of Architecture and Art, North China University of Technology, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Zhongshu Shan
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining 810007, China
| | - Olga Kurskaya
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630000, Russia
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630000, Russia
| | - Tingting Gao
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Hongtao Bi
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 81008, China.
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