1
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Soni C, Prywes N, Hall M, Nair MA, Savage DF, Schepartz A, Chatterjee A. A Translation-Independent Directed Evolution Strategy to Engineer Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1211-1220. [PMID: 38947215 PMCID: PMC11212135 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Using directed evolution, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) have been engineered to incorporate numerous noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs). Until now, the selection of such novel aaRS mutants has relied on the expression of a selectable reporter protein. However, such translation-dependent selections are incompatible with exotic monomers that are suboptimal substrates for the ribosome. A two-step solution is needed to overcome this limitation: (A) engineering an aaRS to charge the exotic monomer, without ribosomal translation; (B) subsequent engineering of the ribosome to accept the resulting acyl-tRNA for translation. Here, we report a platform for aaRS engineering that directly selects tRNA-acylation without ribosomal translation (START). In START, each distinct aaRS mutant is correlated to a cognate tRNA containing a unique sequence barcode. Acylation by an active aaRS mutant protects the corresponding barcode-containing tRNAs from oxidative treatment designed to damage the 3'-terminus of the uncharged tRNAs. Sequencing of these surviving barcode-containing tRNAs is then used to reveal the identity of the aaRS mutants that acylated the correlated tRNA sequences. The efficacy of START was demonstrated by identifying novel mutants of the Methanomethylophilus alvus pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase from a naïve library that enables incorporation of ncAAs into proteins in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan Soni
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Noam Prywes
- Innovative
Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew Hall
- Department
of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Malavika A. Nair
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - David F. Savage
- Innovative
Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- California
Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg
Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- ARC Institute, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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2
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Davidsen K, Sullivan LB. A robust method for measuring aminoacylation through tRNA-Seq. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.31.551363. [PMID: 37577502 PMCID: PMC10418082 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Current methods to quantify the fraction of aminoacylated tRNAs, also known as the tRNA charge, are limited by issues with either low throughput, precision, and/or accuracy. Here, we present an optimized charge tRNA-Seq method that combines previous developments with newly described approaches to establish a protocol for precise and accurate tRNA charge measurements. We verify that this protocol provides robust quantification of tRNA aminoacylation and we provide an end-to-end method that scales to hundreds of samples including software for data processing. Additionally, we show that this method supports measurements of relative tRNA expression levels and can be used to infer tRNA modifications through reverse transcription misincorporations, thereby supporting multipurpose applications in tRNA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Davidsen
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, United States
| | - Lucas B Sullivan
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, United States
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3
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Padhiar NH, Katneni U, Komar AA, Motorin Y, Kimchi-Sarfaty C. Advances in methods for tRNA sequencing and quantification. Trends Genet 2024; 40:276-290. [PMID: 38123442 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade tRNA sequencing (tRNA-seq) has attracted considerable attention as an important tool for the development of novel approaches to quantify highly modified tRNA species and to propel tRNA research aimed at understanding the cellular physiology and disease and development of tRNA-based therapeutics. Many methods are available to quantify tRNA abundance while accounting for modifications and tRNA charging/acylation. Advances in both library preparation methods and bioinformatic workflows have enabled developments in next-generation sequencing (NGS) workflows. Other approaches forgo NGS applications in favor of hybridization-based approaches. In this review we provide a brief comparative overview of various tRNA quantification approaches, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of these methods, which together facilitate reliable tRNA quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigam H Padhiar
- Hemostasis Branch 1, Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Upendra Katneni
- Hemostasis Branch 1, Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Anton A Komar
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yuri Motorin
- CNRS-Université de Lorraine, UAR 2008, IBSLor UMR 7365 IMoPA, Nancy, France.
| | - Chava Kimchi-Sarfaty
- Hemostasis Branch 1, Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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4
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Coller J, Ignatova Z. tRNA therapeutics for genetic diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:108-125. [PMID: 38049504 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) have a crucial role in protein synthesis, and in recent years, their therapeutic potential for the treatment of genetic diseases - primarily those associated with a mutation altering mRNA translation - has gained significant attention. Engineering tRNAs to readthrough nonsense mutation-associated premature termination of mRNA translation can restore protein synthesis and function. In addition, supplementation of natural tRNAs can counteract effects of missense mutations in proteins crucial for tRNA biogenesis and function in translation. This Review will present advances in the development of tRNA therapeutics with high activity and safety in vivo and discuss different formulation approaches for single or chronic treatment modalities. The field of tRNA therapeutics is still in its early stages, and a series of challenges related to tRNA efficacy and stability in vivo, delivery systems with tissue-specific tropism, and safe and efficient manufacturing need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Coller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Zoya Ignatova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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5
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Lucas MC, Pryszcz LP, Medina R, Milenkovic I, Camacho N, Marchand V, Motorin Y, Ribas de Pouplana L, Novoa EM. Quantitative analysis of tRNA abundance and modifications by nanopore RNA sequencing. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:72-86. [PMID: 37024678 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) play a central role in protein translation. Studying them has been difficult in part because a simple method to simultaneously quantify their abundance and chemical modifications is lacking. Here we introduce Nano-tRNAseq, a nanopore-based approach to sequence native tRNA populations that provides quantitative estimates of both tRNA abundances and modification dynamics in a single experiment. We show that default nanopore sequencing settings discard the vast majority of tRNA reads, leading to poor sequencing yields and biased representations of tRNA abundances based on their transcript length. Re-processing of raw nanopore current intensity signals leads to a 12-fold increase in the number of recovered tRNA reads and enables recapitulation of accurate tRNA abundances. We then apply Nano-tRNAseq to Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNA populations, revealing crosstalks and interdependencies between different tRNA modification types within the same molecule and changes in tRNA populations in response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morghan C Lucas
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leszek P Pryszcz
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebeca Medina
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivan Milenkovic
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Camacho
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginie Marchand
- CNRS-Université de Lorraine, UAR2008 IBSLor/UMR7365 IMoPA, Nancy, France
| | - Yuri Motorin
- CNRS-Université de Lorraine, UAR2008 IBSLor/UMR7365 IMoPA, Nancy, France
| | - Lluís Ribas de Pouplana
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Maria Novoa
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Nakano Y, Gamper H, McGuigan H, Maharjan S, Sun Z, Krishnan K, Yigit E, Li NS, Piccirilli JA, Kleiner R, Nichols N, Hou YM. Genome-Wide Profiling of tRNA Using an Unexplored Reverse Transcriptase with High Processivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.09.569604. [PMID: 38106225 PMCID: PMC10723452 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.09.569604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the dynamic changes of cellular tRNA pools is challenging, due to the extensive post-transcriptional modifications of individual species. The most critical component in tRNAseq is a processive reverse transcriptase (RT) that can read through each modification with high efficiency. Here we show that the recently developed group-II intron RT Induro has the processivity and efficiency necessary to profile tRNA dynamics. Using our Induro-tRNAseq, simpler and more comprehensive than the best methods to date, we show that Induro progressively increases readthrough of tRNA over time and that the mechanism of increase is selective removal of RT stops, without altering the misincorporation frequency. We provide a parallel dataset of the misincorporation profile of Induro relative to the related TGIRT RT to facilitate the prediction of non-annotated modifications. We report an unexpected modification profile among human proline isoacceptors, absent from mouse and lower eukaryotes, that indicates new biology of decoding proline codons.
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7
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Yu P, Zhou S, Gao Y, Liang Y, Guo W, Wang DO, Ding S, Lin S, Wang J, Cun Y. Dynamic Landscapes of tRNA Transcriptomes and Translatomes in Diverse Mouse Tissues. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 21:834-849. [PMID: 35952936 PMCID: PMC10787195 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the function of tRNAs in the translational process is well established, it remains controversial whether tRNA abundance is tightly associated with translational efficiency (TE) in mammals. Moreover, how critically the expression of tRNAs contributes to the establishment of tissue-specific proteomes in mammals has not been well addressed. Here, we measured both tRNA expression using demethylase-tRNA sequencing (DM-tRNA-seq) and TE of mRNAs using ribosome-tagging sequencing (RiboTag-seq) in the brain, heart, and testis of mice. Remarkable variation in the expression of tRNA isodecoders was observed among different tissues. When the statistical effect of isodecoder-grouping on reducing variations is considered through permutating the anticodons, we observed an expected reduction in the variation of anticodon expression across all samples, an unexpected smaller variation of anticodon usage bias, and an unexpected larger variation of tRNA isotype expression at amino acid level. Regardless of whether or not they share the same anticodons, the isodecoders encoding the same amino acids are co-expressed across different tissues. Based on the expression of tRNAs and the TE of mRNAs, we find that the tRNA adaptation index (tAI) and TE are significantly correlated in the same tissues but not between tissues; and tRNA expression and the amino acid composition of translating peptides are positively correlated in the same tissues but not between tissues. We therefore hypothesize that the tissue-specific expression of tRNAs might be due to post-transcriptional mechanisms. This study provides a resource for tRNA and translation studies, as well as novel insights into the dynamics of tRNAs and their roles in translational regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Siting Zhou
- Department of Medical Informatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Medical Informatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenbing Guo
- Department of Medical Informatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dan Ohtan Wang
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shuaiwen Ding
- Department of Medical Informatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Jinkai Wang
- Department of Medical Informatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Yixian Cun
- Department of Medical Informatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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8
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Scheepbouwer C, Aparicio-Puerta E, Gomez-Martin C, Verschueren H, van Eijndhoven M, Wedekind LE, Giannoukakos S, Hijmering N, Gasparotto L, van der Galien HT, van Rijn RS, Aronica E, Kibbelaar R, Heine VM, Wesseling P, Noske DP, Vandertop WP, de Jong D, Pegtel DM, Hackenberg M, Wurdinger T, Gerber A, Koppers-Lalic D. ALL-tRNAseq enables robust tRNA profiling in tissue samples. Genes Dev 2023; 37:243-257. [PMID: 36810209 PMCID: PMC10111867 DOI: 10.1101/gad.350233.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are small adaptor RNAs essential for mRNA translation. Alterations in the cellular tRNA population can directly affect mRNA decoding rates and translational efficiency during cancer development and progression. To evaluate changes in the composition of the tRNA pool, multiple sequencing approaches have been developed to overcome reverse transcription blocks caused by the stable structures of these molecules and their numerous base modifications. However, it remains unclear whether current sequencing protocols faithfully capture tRNAs existing in cells or tissues. This is specifically challenging for clinical tissue samples that often present variable RNA qualities. For this reason, we developed ALL-tRNAseq, which combines the highly processive MarathonRT and RNA demethylation for the robust assessment of tRNA expression, together with a randomized adapter ligation strategy prior to reverse transcription to assess tRNA fragmentation levels in both cell lines and tissues. Incorporation of tRNA fragments not only informed on sample integrity but also significantly improved tRNA profiling of tissue samples. Our data showed that our profiling strategy effectively improves classification of oncogenic signatures in glioblastoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma tissues, particularly for samples presenting higher levels of RNA fragmentation, further highlighting the utility of ALL-tRNAseq for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Scheepbouwer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
- Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cristina Gomez-Martin
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heleen Verschueren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique van Eijndhoven
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laurine E Wedekind
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stavros Giannoukakos
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Nathalie Hijmering
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Gasparotto
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde T van der Galien
- Department of Hematology, Medical Center Leeuwarden, 8934 AD Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
- HemoBase Population Registry Consortium, 8934 AD Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Roos S van Rijn
- Department of Hematology, Medical Center Leeuwarden, 8934 AD Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
- HemoBase Population Registry Consortium, 8934 AD Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robby Kibbelaar
- HemoBase Population Registry Consortium, 8934 AD Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Friesland, 8917 EN Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory for Childhood Cancer Pathology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David P Noske
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Peter Vandertop
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne de Jong
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Michiel Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Hackenberg
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Tom Wurdinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Gerber
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danijela Koppers-Lalic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
- Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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9
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Gornik SG, Flores V, Reinhardt F, Erber L, Salas-Leiva DE, Douvropoulou O, Lassadi I, Einarsson E, Mörl M, Git A, Stadler PF, Pain A, Waller RF. Mitochondrial Genomes in Perkinsus Decode Conserved Frameshifts in All Genes. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6701636. [PMID: 36108082 PMCID: PMC9550989 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial genomes of apicomplexans, dinoflagellates, and chrompodellids that collectively make up the Myzozoa, encode only three proteins (Cytochrome b [COB], Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 [COX1], Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 [COX3]), contain fragmented ribosomal RNAs, and display extensive recombination, RNA trans-splicing, and RNA-editing. The early-diverging Perkinsozoa is the final major myzozoan lineage whose mitochondrial genomes remained poorly characterized. Previous reports of Perkinsus genes indicated independent acquisition of non-canonical features, namely the occurrence of multiple frameshifts. To determine both ancestral myzozoan and novel perkinsozoan mitochondrial genome features, we sequenced and assembled mitochondrial genomes of four Perkinsus species. These data show a simple ancestral genome with the common reduced coding capacity but disposition for rearrangement. We identified 75 frameshifts across the four species that occur as distinct types and that are highly conserved in gene location. A decoding mechanism apparently employs unused codons at the frameshift sites that advance translation either +1 or +2 frames to the next used codon. The locations of frameshifts are seemingly positioned to regulate protein folding of the nascent protein as it emerges from the ribosome. The cox3 gene is distinct in containing only one frameshift and showing strong selection against residues that are otherwise frequently encoded at the frameshift positions in cox1 and cob. All genes lack cysteine codons implying a reduction to 19 amino acids in these genomes. Furthermore, mitochondrion-encoded rRNA fragment complements are incomplete in Perkinsus spp. but some are found in the nuclear DNA suggesting import into the organelle. Perkinsus demonstrates further remarkable trajectories of organelle genome evolution including pervasive integration of frameshift translation into genome expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Flores
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Reinhardt
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lieselotte Erber
- Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dayana E Salas-Leiva
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Douvropoulou
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imen Lassadi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Elin Einarsson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Mörl
- Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Git
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany,Discrete Biomathematics, Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Theoretical Biochemistry Group, Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, Alsergrund, Vienna 1090, Austria,Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 North 20, West 10 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
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10
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Li J, Tang M, Qi H. Codon-Reduced Protein Synthesis With Manipulating tRNA Components in Cell-Free System. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:891808. [PMID: 35646841 PMCID: PMC9136035 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.891808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulating transfer RNAs (tRNAs) for emancipating sense codons to simplify genetic codons in a cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system can offer more flexibility and controllability. Here, we provide an overview of the tRNA complement protein synthesis system construction in the tRNA-depleted Protein synthesis Using purified Recombinant Elements (PURE) system or S30 extract. These designed polypeptide coding sequences reduce the genetic codon and contain only a single tRNA corresponding to a single amino acid in this presented system. Strategies for removing tRNAs from cell lysates and synthesizing tRNAs in vivo/vitro are summarized and discussed in detail. Furthermore, we point out the trend toward a minimized genetic codon for reducing codon redundancy by manipulating tRNAs in the different proteins. It is hoped that the tRNA complement protein synthesis system can facilitate the construction of minimal cells and expand the biomedical application scope of synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengtong Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Qi,
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11
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Lee AK, Aifantis I, Thandapani P. Emerging roles for tRNAs in hematopoiesis and hematological malignancies. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:466-477. [PMID: 35490133 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
tRNAs are central players in decoding the genetic code linking codons in mRNAs with cognate amino acids during protein synthesis. Recent discoveries have placed tRNAs as key regulators of gene expression during hematopoiesis, especially in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance and immune development. These functions have been shown to be influenced by dynamic changes in tRNA expression, post-transcriptional base modifications, tRNA-interacting proteins, and tRNA fragmentation; these events underlie the complexity of tRNA-mediated regulatory events in hematopoiesis. In this review, we discuss these recent findings and highlight how deregulation of tRNA biogenesis can contribute to hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Palaniraja Thandapani
- Department of Pathology and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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12
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Zhang W, Foo M, Eren AM, Pan T. tRNA modification dynamics from individual organisms to metaepitranscriptomics of microbiomes. Mol Cell 2022; 82:891-906. [PMID: 35032425 PMCID: PMC8897278 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
tRNA is the most extensively modified RNA in cells. On average, a bacterial tRNA contains 8 modifications per molecule and a eukaryotic tRNA contains 13 modifications per molecule. Recent studies reveal that tRNA modifications are highly dynamic and respond extensively to environmental conditions. Functions of tRNA modification dynamics include enhanced, on-demand decoding of specific codons in response genes and regulation of tRNA fragment biogenesis. This review summarizes recent advances in the studies of tRNA modification dynamics in biological processes, tRNA modification erasers, and human-associated bacteria. Furthermore, we use the term "metaepitranscriptomics" to describe the potential and approach of tRNA modification studies in natural biological communities such as microbiomes. tRNA is highly modified in cells, and tRNA modifications respond extensively to environmental conditions to enhance translation of specific genes and produce tRNA fragments on demand. We review recent advances in tRNA sequencing methods, tRNA modification dynamics in biological processes, and tRNA modification studies in natural communities such as the microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marcus Foo
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - A. Murat Eren
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;,Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Tao Pan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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13
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Olzog VJ, Freist LI, Goldmann R, Fallmann J, Weinberg CE. Application of RtcB ligase to monitor self-cleaving ribozyme activity by RNA-seq. Biol Chem 2022; 403:705-715. [PMID: 35025187 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Self-cleaving ribozymes are catalytic RNAs and can be found in all domains of life. They catalyze a site-specific cleavage that results in a 5' fragment with a 2',3' cyclic phosphate (2',3' cP) and a 3' fragment with a 5' hydroxyl (5' OH) end. Recently, several strategies to enrich self-cleaving ribozymes by targeted biochemical methods have been introduced by us and others. Here, we develop an alternative strategy in which 5' OH RNAs are specifically ligated by RtcB ligase, which first guanylates the 3' phosphate of the adapter and then ligates it directly to RNAs with 5' OH ends. Our results demonstrate that adapter ligation to highly structured ribozyme fragments is much more efficient using the thermostable RtcB ligase from Pyrococcus horikoshii than the broadly applied Escherichia coli enzyme. Moreover, we investigated DNA, RNA and modified RNA adapters for their suitability in RtcB ligation reactions. We used the optimized RtcB-mediated ligation to produce RNA-seq libraries and captured a spiked 3' twister ribozyme fragment from E. coli total RNA. This RNA-seq-based method is applicable to detect ribozyme fragments as well as other cellular RNAs with 5' OH termini from total RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Janett Olzog
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lena I Freist
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robin Goldmann
- Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics Group, and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Fallmann
- Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics Group, and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina E Weinberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Olzog VJ, Gärtner C, Stadler PF, Fallmann J, Weinberg CE. cyPhyRNA-seq: a genome-scale RNA-seq method to detect active self-cleaving ribozymes by capturing RNAs with 2',3' cyclic phosphates and 5' hydroxyl ends. RNA Biol 2021; 18:818-831. [PMID: 34906034 PMCID: PMC8782182 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1999105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-cleaving ribozymes are catalytically active RNAs that cleave themselves into a 5′-fragment with a 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate and a 3′-fragment with a 5′-hydroxyl. They are widely applied for the construction of synthetic RNA devices and RNA-based therapeutics. However, the targeted discovery of self-cleaving ribozymes remains a major challenge. We developed a transcriptome-wide method, called cyPhyRNA-seq, to screen for ribozyme cleavage fragments in total RNA extract. This approach employs the specific ligation-based capture of ribozyme 5′-fragments using a variant of the Arabidopsis thaliana tRNA ligase we engineered. To capture ribozyme 3′-fragments, they are enriched from total RNA by enzymatic treatments. We optimized and enhanced the individual steps of cyPhyRNA-seq in vitro and in spike-in experiments. Then, we applied cyPhyRNA-seq to total RNA isolated from the bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris and detected self-cleavage of the three predicted type II hammerhead ribozymes, whose activity had not been examined to date. cyPhyRNA-seq can be used for the global analysis of active self-cleaving ribozymes with the advantage to capture both ribozyme cleavage fragments from total RNA. Especially in organisms harbouring many self-cleaving RNAs, cyPhyRNA-seq facilitates the investigation of cleavage activity. Moreover, this method has the potential to be used to discover novel self-cleaving ribozymes in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Janett Olzog
- Department of Life Science, Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christiane Gärtner
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter F Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Vienna, Austria.,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad National de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Colombia.,Santa Fe Institute, University of Vienna, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jörg Fallmann
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Hoffmann A, Erber L, Betat H, Stadler PF, Mörl M, Fallmann J. Changes of the tRNA Modification Pattern during the Development of Dictyostelium discoideum. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:32. [PMID: 34071416 PMCID: PMC8163159 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dictyostelium discoideum is a social amoeba, which on starvation develops from a single-cell state to a multicellular fruiting body. This developmental process is accompanied by massive changes in gene expression, which also affect non-coding RNAs. Here, we investigate how tRNAs as key regulators of the translation process are affected by this transition. To this end, we used LOTTE-seq to sequence the tRNA pool of D. discoideum at different developmental time points and analyzed both tRNA composition and tRNA modification patterns. We developed a workflow for the specific detection of modifications from reverse transcriptase signatures in chemically untreated RNA-seq data at single-nucleotide resolution. It avoids the comparison of treated and untreated RNA-seq data using reverse transcription arrest patterns at nucleotides in the neighborhood of a putative modification site as internal control. We find that nucleotide modification sites in D. discoideum tRNAs largely conform to the modification patterns observed throughout the eukaroytes. However, there are also previously undescribed modification sites. We observe substantial dynamic changes of both expression levels and modification patterns of certain tRNA types during fruiting body development. Beyond the specific application to D. discoideum our results demonstrate that the developmental variability of tRNA expression and modification can be traced efficiently with LOTTE-seq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hoffmann
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany; (A.H.); (P.F.S.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Leipzig University and University Hospital Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lieselotte Erber
- Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.E.); (H.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Heike Betat
- Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.E.); (H.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Peter F. Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany; (A.H.); (P.F.S.)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Competence Center for Scalable Data Services and Solutions, and Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Inselstraße 22, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321 Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd., Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Mario Mörl
- Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.E.); (H.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Jörg Fallmann
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany; (A.H.); (P.F.S.)
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16
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Zhang Z, Zhang J, Diao L, Han L. Small non-coding RNAs in human cancer: function, clinical utility, and characterization. Oncogene 2021; 40:1570-1577. [PMID: 33452456 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) play critical roles in multiple regulatory processes, including transcription, post-transcription, and translation. Emerging evidence reveals the critical roles of sncRNAs in cancer development and their potential role as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets. In this paper, we review recent research on four sncRNA species with functional significance in cancer: small nucleolar RNAs, transfer RNA, small nuclear RNAs, and piwi-interacting RNAs. We introduce their functional roles in tumorigenesis and discuss the potential utility of sncRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We further summarize approaches to characterize sncRNAs in a high-throughput manner, including the specific library construction and computational framework. Our review provides a perspective of the functions, clinical utility, and characterization of sncRNAs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lixia Diao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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17
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Non-Redundant tRNA Reference Sequences for Deep Sequencing Analysis of tRNA Abundance and Epitranscriptomic RNA Modifications. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12010081. [PMID: 33435213 PMCID: PMC7827920 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of RNA by deep-sequencing approaches has found widespread application in modern biology. In addition to measurements of RNA abundance under various physiological conditions, such techniques are now widely used for mapping and quantification of RNA modifications. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are among the frequent targets of such investigation, since they contain multiple modified residues. However, the major challenge in tRNA examination is related to a large number of duplicated and point-mutated genes encoding those RNA molecules. Moreover, the existence of multiple isoacceptors/isodecoders complicates both the analysis and read mapping. Existing databases for tRNA sequencing provide near exhaustive listings of tRNA genes, but the use of such highly redundant reference sequences in RNA-seq analyses leads to a large number of ambiguously mapped sequencing reads. Here we describe a relatively simple computational strategy for semi-automatic collapsing of highly redundant tRNA datasets into a non-redundant collection of reference tRNA sequences. The relevance of the approach was validated by analysis of experimentally obtained tRNA-sequencing datasets for different prokaryotic and eukaryotic model organisms. The data demonstrate that non-redundant tRNA reference sequences allow improving unambiguous mapping of deep sequencing data.
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18
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Avcilar-Kucukgoze I, Kashina A. Hijacking tRNAs From Translation: Regulatory Functions of tRNAs in Mammalian Cell Physiology. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:610617. [PMID: 33392265 PMCID: PMC7773854 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.610617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer tRNAs (tRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are highly conserved in all kingdoms of life. Originally discovered as the molecules that deliver amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis, tRNAs have been believed for a long time to play exclusive role in translation. However, recent studies have identified key roles for tRNAs and tRNA-derived small RNAs in multiple other processes, including regulation of transcription and translation, posttranslational modifications, stress response, and disease. These emerging roles suggest that tRNAs may be central players in the complex machinery of biological regulatory pathways. Here we overview these non-canonical roles of tRNA in normal physiology and disease, focusing largely on eukaryotic and mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Avcilar-Kucukgoze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anna Kashina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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19
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Erber L, Hoffmann A, Fallmann J, Hagedorn M, Hammann C, Stadler PF, Betat H, Prohaska S, Mörl M. Unusual Occurrence of Two Bona-Fide CCA-Adding Enzymes in Dictyostelium discoideum. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155210. [PMID: 32717856 PMCID: PMC7432833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dictyostelium discoideum, the model organism for the evolutionary supergroup of Amoebozoa, is a social amoeba that, upon starvation, undergoes transition from a unicellular to a multicellular organism. In its genome, we identified two genes encoding for tRNA nucleotidyltransferases. Such pairs of tRNA nucleotidyltransferases usually represent collaborating partial activities catalyzing CC- and A-addition to the tRNA 3'-end, respectively. In D. discoideum, however, both enzymes exhibit identical activities, representing bona-fide CCA-adding enzymes. Detailed characterization of the corresponding activities revealed that both enzymes seem to be essential and are regulated inversely during different developmental stages of D. discoideum. Intriguingly, this is the first description of two functionally equivalent CCA-adding enzymes using the same set of tRNAs and showing a similar distribution within the cell. This situation seems to be a common feature in Dictyostelia, as other members of this phylum carry similar pairs of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase genes in their genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte Erber
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.E.); (H.B.)
| | - Anne Hoffmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (A.H.); (J.F.); (P.F.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Jörg Fallmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (A.H.); (J.F.); (P.F.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Monica Hagedorn
- Ribogenetics Biochemistry Lab, Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany; (M.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Christian Hammann
- Ribogenetics Biochemistry Lab, Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany; (M.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Peter F. Stadler
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (A.H.); (J.F.); (P.F.S.); (S.P.)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Competence Center for Scalable Data Services and Solutions, and Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad National de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, Colombia
- Santa Fe Institute for Complex Systems, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry of the University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heike Betat
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.E.); (H.B.)
| | - Sonja Prohaska
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (A.H.); (J.F.); (P.F.S.); (S.P.)
- Computational EvoDevo Group, Department of Computer Science, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Mörl
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.E.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-9736-911; Fax: +49-341-9736-919
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