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Expansion of the Cosmetics Europe skin sensitisation database with new substances and PPRA data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 131:105169. [PMID: 35447229 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of skin sensitisation is a key requirement in all regulated sectors, with the European Union's regulation of cosmetic ingredients being most challenging, since it requires quantitative skin sensitisation assessment based on new approach methodologies (NAMs). To address this challenge, an in-depth and harmonised understanding of NAMs is fundamental to inform the assessment. Therefore, we compiled a database of NAMs, and in vivo (human and local lymph node assay) reference data. Here, we expanded this database with 41 substances highly relevant for cosmetic industry. These structurally different substances were tested in six NAMs (Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay, KeratinoSens™, human Cell Line Activation Test, U-SENS™, SENS-IS, Peroxidase Peptide Reactivity Assay). Our analysis revealed that the substances could be tested without technical limitations, but were generally overpredicted when compared to reference results. Reasons for this reduced predictivity were explored through pairwise NAM comparisons and association of overprediction with hydrophobicity. We conclude that more detailed understanding of how NAMs apply to a wider range of substances is needed. This would support a flexible and informed choice of NAMs to be optimally applied in the context of a next generation risk assessment framework, ultimately contributing to the characterisation and reduction of uncertainty.
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Api AM, Basketter D, Bridges J, Cadby P, Ellis G, Gilmour N, Greim H, Griem P, Kern P, Khaiat A, O'Brien J, Rustemeyer T, Ryan C, Safford B, Smith B, Vey M, White IR. Updating exposure assessment for skin sensitization quantitative risk assessment for fragrance materials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 118:104805. [PMID: 33075411 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2008, a proposal for assessing the risk of induction of skin sensitization to fragrance materials Quantitative Risk Assessment 1 (QRA1) was published. This was implemented for setting maximum limits for fragrance materials in consumer products. However, there was no formal validation or empirical verification after implementation. Additionally, concerns remained that QRA1 did not incorporate aggregate exposure from multiple product use and included assumptions, e.g. safety assessment factors (SAFs), that had not been critically reviewed. Accordingly, a review was undertaken, including detailed re-evaluation of each SAF together with development of an approach for estimating aggregate exposure of the skin to a potential fragrance allergen. This revision of QRA1, termed QRA2, provides an improved method for establishing safe levels for sensitizing fragrance materials in multiple products to limit the risk of induction of contact allergy. The use of alternative non-animal methods is not within the scope of this paper. Ultimately, only longitudinal clinical studies can verify the utility of QRA2 as a tool for the prevention of contact allergy to fragrance materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA.
| | | | - James Bridges
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Graham Ellis
- Firmenich SA, 1 Route des Jeunes, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Gilmour
- Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Helmut Greim
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | | | - Petra Kern
- NV Procter & Gamble Services Company SA, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Alain Khaiat
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, Cosmetics Consultant, Singapore
| | | | | | - Cindy Ryan
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA
| | - Bob Safford
- Consultant, B-Safe Toxicology Consulting, Rushden, UK
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Innovations in Food and Chemical Safety Programme, Singapore Institute of Food & Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, Singapore; School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Matthias Vey
- International Fragrance Association, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ian R White
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, London, UK
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Shane HL, Lukomska E, Stefaniak AB, Anderson SE. Divergent hypersensitivity responses following topical application of the quaternary ammonium compound, didecyldimethylammonium bromide. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 14:204-214. [PMID: 29124973 PMCID: PMC6391722 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2017.1397826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) is a fourth generation dialkyl-quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) that is used in numerous products for its antimicrobial properties. While many QACs have been associated with allergic disease, the toxicity and sensitization of DDAB have not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the irritancy and sensitization potential of DDAB following dermal application in a murine model. DDAB induced significant irritancy (0.0625-2%), evaluated by ear swelling in female BALB/c mice. Initial evaluation of the sensitization potential was conducted using the local lymph node assay (LLNA) at concentrations ranging from 0.0625% to 2%. A concentration-dependent increase in lymphocyte proliferation was observed with a calculated EC3 value of 0.057%. Immune cell phenotyping along with local and systemic IgE levels were evaluated following 4 and 14 days of dermal application. Phenotypic analyses revealed significant and dose-responsive increases in the absolute number of B-cells, CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, and dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes (DLNs) following 4 and 14 days of dermal exposure with significant increases in the number of activated B-cells and dendritic cells. However, increased activation of CD4+ T-cell and CD8+ T-cells was only observed following four days of DDAB exposure. Exposure to DDAB also induced increased production of IgE as evaluated by phenotypic analysis of DLN B-cells (IgE+ B-cells) and measurement of total serum IgE levels following 14 days but not four days of dermal application. Significant increases in gene expression were observed in the DLN (Il-4, Il-10, and ox40l) and ear (tslp) following 4 and 14 days of DDAB exposure. These results demonstrate the potential for development of irritation and hypersensitivity responses to DDAB following dermal exposure and raise concerns about the effects of exposure duration on hypersensitivity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L Shane
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- b Respiratory Health Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
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Basketter D, Safford B. Skin sensitization quantitative risk assessment: A review of underlying assumptions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 74:105-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yazar K, Lundov M, Faurschou A, Matura M, Boman A, Johansen J, Lidén C. Methylisothiazolinone in rinse-off products causes allergic contact dermatitis: a repeated open-application study. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:115-22. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Yazar
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Box 210 SE-17177 Stockholm Sweden
| | - M.D. Lundov
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - A. Faurschou
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - M. Matura
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Stockholm County Council; Stockholm Sweden
| | - A. Boman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Box 210 SE-17177 Stockholm Sweden
| | - J.D. Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - C. Lidén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Box 210 SE-17177 Stockholm Sweden
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Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of hexamethylene tetramine (E 239) as a food additive. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Anderson SE, Tapp L, Durgam S, Meade BJ, Jackson LG, Cohen DE. The identification of a sensitizing component used in the manufacturing of an ink ribbon. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:193-200. [PMID: 22375946 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.654364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin diseases including dermatitis constitute ≈ 30% of all occupational illnesses, with a high incidence in the printing industry. An outbreak of contact dermatitis among employees at an ink ribbon manufacturing plant was investigated by scientists from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Employees in the process areas of the plant were exposed to numerous chemicals and many had experienced skin rashes, especially after the introduction of a new ink ribbon product. To identify the causative agent(s) of the occupational dermatitis, the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) was used to identify the potential of the chemicals used in the manufacture of the ink ribbon to induce allergic contact dermatitis. Follow-up patch testing with the suspected allergens was conducted on exposed employees. Polyvinyl butyral, a chemical component used in the manufacture of the ink ribbon in question and other products, tested positive in the LLNA, with an EC3 of 3.6%, which identifies it as a potential sensitizer; however, no employees tested positive to this chemical during skin patch testing. This finding has implications beyond those described in this report because of occupational exposure to polyvinyl butyral outside of the printing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Anderson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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Peiser M, Tralau T, Heidler J, Api AM, Arts JHE, Basketter DA, English J, Diepgen TL, Fuhlbrigge RC, Gaspari AA, Johansen JD, Karlberg AT, Kimber I, Lepoittevin JP, Liebsch M, Maibach HI, Martin SF, Merk HF, Platzek T, Rustemeyer T, Schnuch A, Vandebriel RJ, White IR, Luch A. Allergic contact dermatitis: epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, in vitro methods and regulatory aspects. Current knowledge assembled at an international workshop at BfR, Germany. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 69:763-81. [PMID: 21997384 PMCID: PMC3276771 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Contact allergies are complex diseases, and one of the important challenges for public health and immunology. The German ‘Federal Institute for Risk Assessment’ hosted an ‘International Workshop on Contact Dermatitis’. The scope of the workshop was to discuss new discoveries and developments in the field of contact dermatitis. This included the epidemiology and molecular biology of contact allergy, as well as the development of new in vitro methods. Furthermore, it considered regulatory aspects aiming to reduce exposure to contact sensitisers. An estimated 15–20% of the general population suffers from contact allergy. Workplace exposure, age, sex, use of consumer products and genetic predispositions were identified as the most important risk factors. Research highlights included: advances in understanding of immune responses to contact sensitisers, the importance of autoxidation or enzyme-mediated oxidation for the activation of chemicals, the mechanisms through which hapten-protein conjugates are formed and the development of novel in vitro strategies for the identification of skin-sensitising chemicals. Dendritic cell cultures and structure-activity relationships are being developed to identify potential contact allergens. However, the local lymph node assay (LLNA) presently remains the validated method of choice for hazard identification and characterisation. At the workshop the use of the LLNA for regulatory purposes and for quantitative risk assessment was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Peiser
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Tralau
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Heidler
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. M. Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Hackensack, NJ USA
| | | | | | - J. English
- Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - T. L. Diepgen
- Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - A. A. Gaspari
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - J. D. Johansen
- Department of Derma-allergology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. T. Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I. Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - M. Liebsch
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - H. I. Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - S. F. Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H. F. Merk
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospitals Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - T. Platzek
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Rustemeyer
- VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Schnuch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R. J. Vandebriel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - I. R. White
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - A. Luch
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Arts JHE, de Jong WH, van Triel JJ, Schijf MA, de Klerk A, van Loveren H, Kuper CF. The Respiratory Local Lymph Node Assay as a Tool to Study Respiratory Sensitizers. Toxicol Sci 2008; 106:423-34. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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