1
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Farcas MT, McKinney W, Mandler WK, Knepp AK, Battelli L, Friend SA, Stefaniak AB, Service S, Kashon M, LeBouf RF, Thomas TA, Matheson J, Qian Y. Pulmonary evaluation of whole-body inhalation exposure of polycarbonate (PC) filament 3D printer emissions in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2024; 87:325-341. [PMID: 38314584 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2311170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
During fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing with polycarbonate (PC) filament, a release of ultrafine particles (UFPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) occurs. This study aimed to determine PC filament printing emission-induced toxicity in rats via whole-body inhalation exposure. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to a single concentration (0.529 mg/m3, 40 nm mean diameter) of the 3D PC filament emissions in a time-course via whole body inhalation for 1, 4, 8, 15, and 30 days (4 hr/day, 4 days/week), and sacrificed 24 hr after the last exposure. Following exposures, rats were assessed for pulmonary and systemic responses. To determine pulmonary injury, total protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, surfactant proteins A and D, total as well as lavage fluid differential cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were examined, as well as histopathological analysis of lung and nasal passages was performed. To determine systemic injury, hematological differentials, and blood biomarkers of muscle, metabolic, renal, and hepatic functions were also measured. Results showed that inhalation exposure induced no marked pulmonary or systemic toxicity in rats. In conclusion, inhalation exposure of rats to a low concentration of PC filament emissions produced no significant pulmonary or systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana T Farcas
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Walter McKinney
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - W Kyle Mandler
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lori Battelli
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sherri A Friend
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Samantha Service
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael Kashon
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan F LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Treye A Thomas
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joanna Matheson
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yong Qian
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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2
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Ranpara A, Stefaniak AB, Fernandez E, Bowers LN, Arnold ED, LeBouf RF. Influence of puff topographies on e-liquid heating temperature, emission characteristics and modeled lung deposition of Puff Bar ™. Aerosol Sci Technol 2023; 57:450-466. [PMID: 37969359 PMCID: PMC10641718 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2190786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Puff Bar™, one of the latest designs of e-cigarettes, heats a mixture of liquid using a battery-powered coil at certain temperatures to emit aerosol. This study presents a mass-based characterization of emissions from seven flavors of Puff Bar™ devices by aerosolizing with three puff topographies [(puff volume: 55 < 65 < 75-mL) within 4-seconds at 30-seconds interval]. We evaluated the effects of puff topographies on heating temperatures; characterized particles using a cascade impactor; and measured volatile carbonyl compounds (VCCs). Modeled dosimetry and calculated mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) were used to estimate regional, total respiratory deposition of the inhaled aerosol and exhaled fractions that could pose secondhand exposure risk. Temperatures of Puff Bar™ e-liquids increased with increasing puff volumes: 55mL (116.6 °C), 65 mL (128.3 °C), and 75mL (168.9 °C). Flavor types significantly influenced MMADs, total mass of particles, and VCCs (μg/puff: 2.15-2.30) in Puff Bar™ emissions (p < 0.05). Increasing puff volume (mL:55 < 65 < 75) significantly increased total mass (mg/puff: 4.6 < 5.6 < 6.2) of particles without substantially changing MMADs (~1μm:1.02~0.99~0.98). Aerosol emissions were estimated to deposit in the pulmonary region of e-cigarette user (41-44%), which could have toxicological importance. More than 2/3 (67-77%) of inhaled particles were estimated to be exhaled by users, which could affect bystanders. The VCCs measured contained carcinogens-formaldehyde (29.6%) and acetaldehyde (16.4%)-as well as respiratory irritants: acetone (23.9%), isovaleraldehyde (14.5%), and acrolein (4.9%). As Puff Bar™ emissions contain respirable particles and harmful chemicals, efforts should be made to minimize exposures, especially in indoor settings where people (including vulnerable populations) spend most of their life-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Ranpara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Health Science Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fernandez
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren N. Bowers
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Arnold
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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3
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Ranpara A, LeBouf RF, Nurkiewicz TR, Yi J, Cumpston JL, Stefaniak AB. Multi-instrument assessment of fine and ultrafine titanium dioxide aerosols. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2023; 86:1-22. [PMID: 36444639 PMCID: PMC10663951 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2150730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of fine (diameter: 100 nanometers-2.5 micrometers) and ultrafine (UF: < 100 nanometers) titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles is instrument dependent. Differences in measurements exist between toxicological and field investigations for the same exposure metric such as mass, number, or surface area because of variations in instruments used, operating parameters, or particle-size measurement ranges. Without appropriate comparison, instrument measurements create a disconnect between toxicological and field investigations for a given exposure metric. Our objective was to compare a variety of instruments including multiple metrics including mass, number, and surface area (SA) concentrations for assessing different concentrations of separately aerosolized fine and UF TiO2 particles. The instruments studied were (1) DustTrak™ DRX, (2) personal DataRAMs™ (PDR), (3) GRIMMTM, and (4) diffusion charger (DC). Two devices of each field-study instrument (DRX, PDR, GRIMM, and DC) were used to measure various metrics while adjusting for gravimetric mass concentrations of fine and UF TiO2 particles in controlled chamber tests. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to apportion the variance to inter-instrument (between different instrument-types), inter-device (within instrument), and intra-device components. Performance of each instrument-device was calculated using root mean squared error compared to reference methods: close-faced cassette and gravimetric analysis for mass and scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) real-time monitoring for number and SA concentrations. Generally, inter-instrument variability accounted for the greatest (62.6% or more) source of variance for mass, and SA-based concentrations of fine and UF TiO2 particles. However, higher intra-device variability (53.7%) was observed for number concentrations measurements with fine particles compared to inter-instrument variability (40.8%). Inter-device variance range(0.5-5.5%) was similar for all exposure metrics. DRX performed better in measuring mass closer to gravimetric than PDRs for fine and UF TiO2. Number concentrations measured by GRIMMs and SA measurements by DCs were considerably (40.8-86.9%) different from the reference (SMPS) method for comparable size ranges of fine and UF TiO2. This information may serve to aid in interpreting assessments in risk models, epidemiologic studies, and development of occupational exposure limits, relating to health effect endpoints identified in toxicological studies considering similar instruments evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Ranpara
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Timothy R. Nurkiewicz
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jinghai Yi
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jared L. Cumpston
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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4
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Kodali V, Kim KS, Roberts JR, Bowers L, Wolfarth MG, Hubczak J, Xin X, Eye T, Friend S, Stefaniak AB, Leonard SS, Jakubinek M, Erdely A. Influence of Impurities from Manufacturing Process on the Toxicity Profile of Boron Nitride Nanotubes. Small 2022; 18:e2203259. [PMID: 36373669 PMCID: PMC9975644 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) has been the subject of conflicting reports, likely due to differences in the residuals and impurities that can make up to 30-60% of the material produced based on the manufacturing processes and purification employed. Four BNNTs manufactured by induction thermal plasma process with a gradient of BNNT purity levels achieved through sequential gas purification, water and solvent washing, allowed assessing the influence of these residuals/impurities on the toxicity profile of BNNTs. Extensive characterization including infrared and X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, size, charge, surface area, and density captured the alteration in physicochemical properties as the material went through sequential purification. The material from each step is screened using acellular and in vitro assays for evaluating general toxicity, mechanisms of toxicity, and macrophage function. As the material increased in purity, there are more high-aspect-ratio particulates and a corresponding distinct increase in cytotoxicity, nuclear factor-κB transcription, and inflammasome activation. There is no alteration in macrophage function after BNNT exposure with all purity grades. The cytotoxicity and mechanism of screening clustered with the purity grade of BNNTs, illustrating that greater purity of BNNT corresponds to greater toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Kodali
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Keun Su Kim
- Division of Emerging Technologies, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jenny R Roberts
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Lauren Bowers
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Michael G Wolfarth
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - John Hubczak
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Xing Xin
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Tracy Eye
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Sherri Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Stephen S Leonard
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Michael Jakubinek
- Division of Emerging Technologies, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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5
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Bowers LN, Stefaniak AB, Knepp AK, LeBouf RF, Martin SB, Ranpara AC, Burns DA, Virji MA. Potential for Exposure to Particles and Gases throughout Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing Processes. Buildings (Basel) 2022; 12:10.3390/buildings12081222. [PMID: 37961074 PMCID: PMC10641710 DOI: 10.3390/buildings12081222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Vat photopolymerization (VP), a type of additive manufacturing process that cures resin to build objects, can emit potentially hazardous particles and gases. We evaluated two VP technologies, stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP), in three separate environmental chambers to understand task-based impacts on indoor air quality. Airborne particles, total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), and/or specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were monitored during each task to evaluate their exposure potential. Regardless of duration, all tasks released particles and organic gases, though concentrations varied between SLA and DLP processes and among tasks. Maximum particle concentrations reached 1200 #/cm3 and some aerosols contained potentially hazardous elements such as barium, chromium, and manganese. TVOC concentrations were highest for the isopropyl alcohol (IPA) rinsing, soaking, and drying post-processing tasks (up to 36.8 mg/m3), lowest for the resin pouring pre-printing, printing, and resin recovery post-printing tasks (up to 0.1 mg/m3), and intermediate for the curing post-processing task (up to 3 mg/m3). Individual VOCs included, among others, the potential occupational carcinogen acetaldehyde and the immune sensitizer 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (pouring, printing, recovery, and curing tasks). Careful consideration of all tasks is important for the development of strategies to minimize indoor air pollution and exposure potential from VP processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N. Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | | | - Alycia K. Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Stephen B. Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Anand C. Ranpara
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Dru A. Burns
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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6
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du Plessis J, du Preez S, Stefaniak AB. Identification of effective control technologies for additive manufacturing. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2022; 25:211-249. [PMID: 35758103 PMCID: PMC9420827 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2092569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) refers to several types of processes that join materials to build objects, often layer-by-layer, from a computer-aided design file. Many AM processes release potentially hazardous particles and gases during printing and associated tasks. There is limited understanding of the efficacy of controls including elimination, substitution, administrative, and personal protective technologies to reduce or remove emissions, which is an impediment to implementation of risk mitigation strategies. The Medline, Embase, Environmental Science Collection, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science databases and other resources were used to identify 42 articles that met the inclusion criteria for this review. Key findings were as follows: 1) engineering controls for material extrusion-type fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3-D printers and material jetting printers that included local exhaust ventilation generally exhibited higher efficacy to decrease particle and gas levels compared with isolation alone, and 2) engineering controls for particle emissions from FFF 3-D printers displayed higher efficacy for ultrafine particles compared with fine particles and in test chambers compared with real-world settings. Critical knowledge gaps identified included a need for data: 1) on efficacy of controls for all AM process types, 2) better understanding approaches to control particles over a range of sizes and gas-phase emissions, 3) obtained using a standardized collection approach to facilitate inter-comparison of study results, 4) approaches that go beyond the inhalation exposure pathway to include controls to minimize dermal exposures, and 5) to evaluate not just the engineering tier, but also the prevention-through-design and other tiers of the hierarchy of controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan du Plessis
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Sonette du Preez
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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7
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Bowers LN, Ranpara AC, Roach KA, Knepp AK, Arnold ED, Stefaniak AB, Virji MA. Comparison of product safety data sheet ingredient lists with skin irritants and sensitizers present in a convenience sample of light-curing resins used in additive manufacturing. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105198. [PMID: 35659913 PMCID: PMC9351547 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Material jetting and vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing (AM) processes use liquid resins to build objects. These resins can contain skin irritants and/or sensitizers but product safety data sheets (SDSs) might not declare all ingredients. We characterized elemental and organic skin irritants and sensitizers present in 39 commercial products; evaluated the influence of resin manufacturer, system, color, and AM process type on the presence of irritants and sensitizers; and compared product SDSs to results. Among all products, analyses identified 23 irritant elements, 54 irritant organic substances, 22 sensitizing elements, and 23 sensitizing organic substances; SDSs listed 3, 9, 4, and 6 of these ingredients, respectively. Per product, the number and total mass (an indicator of potential dermal loading) of ingredients varied: five to 17 irritant elements (8.32-4756.65 mg/kg), one to 17 irritant organics (3273 to 356,000 mg/kg), four to 17 sensitizing elements (8.27-4755.63 mg/kg), and one to seven sensitizing organics (15-382,170 mg/kg). Median numbers and concentrations of irritants and sensitizers were significantly influenced by resin system and AM process type. The presence of undeclared irritants and sensitizers in these resins supports the need for more complete information on product SDSs for comprehensive dermal risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Anand C Ranpara
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Katherine A Roach
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Arnold
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - M Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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8
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Farcas MT, McKinney W, Coyle J, Orandle M, Mandler WK, Stefaniak AB, Bowers L, Battelli L, Richardson D, Hammer MA, Friend SA, Service S, Kashon M, Qi C, Hammond DR, Thomas TA, Matheson J, Qian Y. Evaluation of Pulmonary Effects of 3-D Printer Emissions From Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Using an Air-Liquid Interface Model of Primary Normal Human-Derived Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Int J Toxicol 2022; 41:312-328. [PMID: 35586871 DOI: 10.1177/10915818221093605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the inhalation toxicity of the emissions from 3-D printing with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament using an air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro model. Primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEs) were exposed to ABS filament emissions in an ALI for 4 hours. The mean and mode diameters of ABS emitted particles in the medium were 175 ± 24 and 153 ± 15 nm, respectively. The average particle deposition per surface area of the epithelium was 2.29 × 107 ± 1.47 × 107 particle/cm2, equivalent to an estimated average particle mass of 0.144 ± 0.042 μg/cm2. Results showed exposure of NHBEs to ABS emissions did not significantly affect epithelium integrity, ciliation, mucus production, nor induce cytotoxicity. At 24 hours after the exposure, significant increases in the pro-inflammatory markers IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A, VEGF, MCP-1, and MIP-1α were noted in the basolateral cell culture medium of ABS-exposed cells compared to non-exposed chamber control cells. Results obtained from this study correspond with those from our previous in vivo studies, indicating that the increase in inflammatory mediators occur without associated membrane damage. The combination of the exposure chamber and the ALI-based model is promising for assessing 3-D printer emission-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana T Farcas
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Walter McKinney
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jayme Coyle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marlene Orandle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - W Kyle Mandler
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lauren Bowers
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lori Battelli
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Diana Richardson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mary A Hammer
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sherri A Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Samantha Service
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Chaolong Qi
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Duane R Hammond
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Treye A Thomas
- Respiratory Health Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Joanna Matheson
- Respiratory Health Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yong Qian
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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9
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O’Connell RC, Dodd TM, Clingerman SM, Fluharty KL, Coyle J, Stueckle TA, Porter DW, Bowers L, Stefaniak AB, Knepp AK, Derk R, Wolfarth M, Mercer RR, Boots TE, Sriram K, Hubbs AF. Developing a Solution for Nasal and Olfactory Transport of Nanomaterials. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:329-343. [PMID: 35416103 PMCID: PMC9872725 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221089209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
With advances in nanotechnology, engineered nanomaterial applications are a rapidly growing sector of the economy. Some nanomaterials can reach the brain through nose-to-brain transport. This transport creates concern for potential neurotoxicity of insoluble nanomaterials and a need for toxicity screening tests that detect nose-to-brain transport. Such tests can involve intranasal instillation of aqueous suspensions of nanomaterials in dispersion media that limit particle agglomeration. Unfortunately, protein and some elements in existing dispersion media are suboptimal for potential nose-to-brain transport of nanomaterials because olfactory transport has size- and ion-composition requirements. Therefore, we designed a protein-free dispersion media containing phospholipids and amino acids in an isotonic balanced electrolyte solution, a solution for nasal and olfactory transport (SNOT). SNOT disperses hexagonal boron nitride nanomaterials with a peak particle diameter below 100 nm. In addition, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in an established dispersion medium, when diluted with SNOT, maintain dispersion with reduced albumin concentration. Using stereomicroscopy and microscopic examination of plastic sections, dextran dyes dispersed in SNOT are demonstrated in the neuroepithelium of the nose and olfactory bulb of B6;129P2-Omptm3Mom/MomJ mice after intranasal instillation in SNOT. These findings support the potential for SNOT to disperse nanomaterials in a manner permitting nose-to-brain transport for neurotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. O’Connell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA,West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Tiana M. Dodd
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Kara L. Fluharty
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jayme Coyle
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Todd A. Stueckle
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Dale W. Porter
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren Bowers
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Alycia K. Knepp
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Raymond Derk
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Wolfarth
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Robert R. Mercer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Theresa E. Boots
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Krishnan Sriram
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ann F. Hubbs
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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10
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Stefaniak AB, Ranpara AC, Virji MA, LeBouf RF. Influence of E-Liquid Humectants, Nicotine, and Flavorings on Aerosol Particle Size Distribution and Implications for Modeling Respiratory Deposition. Front Public Health 2022; 10:782068. [PMID: 35372219 PMCID: PMC8968757 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.782068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette, or vaping, products are used to heat an e-liquid to form an aerosol (liquid droplets suspended in gas) that the user inhales; a portion of this aerosol deposits in their respiratory tract and the remainder is exhaled, thereby potentially creating opportunity for secondhand exposure to bystanders (e.g., in homes, automobiles, and workplaces). Particle size, a critical factor in respiratory deposition (and therefore potential for secondhand exposure), could be influenced by e-liquid composition. Hence, the purposes of this study were to (1) test the influence of laboratory-prepared e-liquid composition [ratio of propylene glycol (PG) to vegetable glycerin (VG) humectants, nicotine, and flavorings] on particle size distribution and (2) model respiratory dosimetry. All e-liquids were aerosolized using a second-generation reference e-cigarette. We measured particle size distribution based on mass using a low-flow cascade impactor (LFCI) and size distribution based on number using real-time mobility sizers. Mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) of aerosol from e-liquids that contained only humectants were significantly larger compared with e-liquids that contained flavorings or nicotine (p = 0.005). Humectant ratio significantly influenced MMADs; all aerosols from e-liquids prepared with 70:30 PG:VG were significantly larger compared with e-liquids prepared with 30:70 PG:VG (p = 0.017). In contrast to the LFCI approach, the high dilution and sampling flow rate of a fast mobility particle sizer strongly influenced particle size measurements (i.e., all calculated MMAD values were < 75 nm). Dosimetry modeling using LFCI data indicated that a portion of inhaled particles will deposit throughout the respiratory tract, though statistical differences in aerosol MMADs among e-liquid formulations did not translate into large differences in deposition estimates. A portion of inhaled aerosol will be exhaled and could be a source for secondhand exposure. Use of laboratory-prepared e-liquids and a reference e-cigarette to standardize aerosol generation and a LFCI to measure particle size distribution without dilution represents an improved method to characterize physical properties of volatile aerosol particles and permitted determination of MMAD values more representative of e-cigarette aerosol in situ, which in turn, can help to improve dose modeling for users and bystanders.
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11
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LeBouf RF, Ranpara A, Ham J, Aldridge M, Fernandez E, Williams K, Burns DA, Stefaniak AB. Chemical Emissions From Heated Vitamin E Acetate—Insights to Respiratory Risks From Electronic Cigarette Liquid Oil Diluents Used in the Aerosolization of Δ9-THC-Containing Products. Front Public Health 2022; 9:765168. [PMID: 35127617 PMCID: PMC8814346 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.765168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As of February 18, 2020, the e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI) outbreak caused the hospitalization of a total of 2,807 patients and claimed 68 lives in the United States. Though investigations have reported a strong association with vitamin E acetate (VEA), evidence from reported EVALI cases is not sufficient to rule out the contribution of other chemicals of concern, including chemicals in either THC or non-THC products. This study characterized chemicals evolved when diluent oils were heated to temperatures that mimic e-cigarette, or vaping, products (EVPs) to investigate production of potentially toxic chemicals that might have caused lung injury. VEA, vitamin E, coconut, and medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil were each diluted with ethanol and then tested for constituents and impurities using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Undiluted oils were heated at 25°C (control), 150°C, and 250°C in an inert chamber to mimic a range of temperatures indicative of aerosolization from EVPs. Volatilized chemicals were collected using thermal desorption tubes, analyzed using a GC/MS, and identified. Presence of identified chemicals was confirmed using retention time and ion spectra matching with analytic standards. Direct analysis of oils, as received, revealed that VEA and vitamin E were the main constituents of their oils, and coconut and MCT oils were nearly identical having two main constituents: glycerol tricaprylate and 2-(decanoyloxy) propane-1,3-diyl dioctanoate. More chemicals were measured and with greater intensities when diluent oils were heated at 250°C compared to 150°C and 25°C. Vitamin E and coconut/MCT oils produced different chemical emissions. The presence of some identified chemicals is of potential health consequence because many are known respiratory irritants and acute respiratory toxins. Exposure to a mixture of hazardous chemicals may be relevant to the development or exacerbation of EVALI, especially when in concert with physical damage caused by lung deposition of aerosols produced by aerosolizing diluent oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F. LeBouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
- *Correspondence: Ryan F. LeBouf
| | - Anand Ranpara
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Jason Ham
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Michael Aldridge
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Elizabeth Fernandez
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Kenneth Williams
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Dru A. Burns
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
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12
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Stefaniak AB, Bowers LN, Cottrell G, Erdem E, Knepp AK, Martin SB, Pretty J, Duling MG, Arnold ED, Wilson Z, Krider B, Fortner AR, LeBouf RF, Virji MA, Sirinterlikci A. Towards sustainable additive manufacturing: The need for awareness of particle and vapor releases during polymer recycling, making filament, and fused filament fabrication 3-D printing. Resour Conserv Recycl 2022; 176:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105911. [PMID: 35982992 PMCID: PMC9380603 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fused filament fabrication three-dimensional (FFF 3-D) printing is thought to be environmentally sustainable; however, significant amounts of waste can be generated from this technology. One way to improve its sustainability is via distributed recycling of plastics in homes, schools, and libraries to create feedstock filament for printing. Risks from exposures incurred during recycling and reuse of plastics has not been incorporated into life cycle assessments. This study characterized contaminant releases from virgin (unextruded) and recycled plastics from filament production through FFF 3-D printing. Waste polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastics were recycled to create filament; virgin PLA, ABS, high and low density polyethylenes, high impact polystyrene, and polypropylene pellets were also extruded into filament. The release of particles and chemicals into school classrooms was evaluated using standard industrial hygiene methodologies. All tasks released particles that contained hazardous metals (e.g., manganese) and with size capable of depositing in the gas exchange region of the lung, i.e., granulation of waste PLA and ABS (667 to 714 nm) and filament making (608 to 711 nm) and FFF 3-D printing (616 to 731 nm) with waste and virgin plastics. All tasks released vapors, including respiratory irritants and potential carcinogens (benzene and formaldehyde), mucus membrane irritants (acetone, xylenes, ethylbenzene, and methyl methacrylate), and asthmagens (styrene, multiple carbonyl compounds). These data are useful for incorporating risks of exposure to hazardous contaminants in future life cycle evaluations to demonstrate the sustainability and circular economy potential of FFF 3-D printing in distributed spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
- Corresponding author at: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States. (A.B. Stefaniak)
| | - Lauren N. Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Gabe Cottrell
- Robert Morris University, School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Moon Township, PA, 15108, United States
| | - Ergin Erdem
- Robert Morris University, School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Moon Township, PA, 15108, United States
| | - Alycia K. Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Stephen B. Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Jack Pretty
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Cincinnati, OH, 45213, United States
| | - Matthew G. Duling
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Elizabeth D. Arnold
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Zachary Wilson
- Robert Morris University, School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Moon Township, PA, 15108, United States
| | - Benjamin Krider
- Robert Morris University, School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Moon Township, PA, 15108, United States
| | - Alyson R. Fortner
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Arif Sirinterlikci
- Robert Morris University, School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Moon Township, PA, 15108, United States
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13
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Ranpara A, Stefaniak AB, Fernandez E, LeBouf RF. Effect of Puffing Behavior on Particle Size Distributions and Respiratory Depositions From Pod-Style Electronic Cigarette, or Vaping, Products. Front Public Health 2021; 9:750402. [PMID: 34926374 PMCID: PMC8671759 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.750402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current fourth generation ("pod-style") electronic cigarette, or vaping, products (EVPs) heat a liquid ("e-liquid") contained in a reservoir ("pod") using a battery-powered coil to deliver aerosol into the lungs. A portion of inhaled EVP aerosol is estimated as exhaled, which can present a potential secondhand exposure risk to bystanders. The effects of modifiable factors using either a prefilled disposable or refillable pod-style EVPs on aerosol particle size distribution (PSD) and its respiratory deposition are poorly understood. In this study, the influence of up to six puff profiles (55-, 65-, and 75-ml puff volumes per 6.5 and 7.5 W EVP power settings) on PSD was evaluated using a popular pod-style EVP (JUUL® brand) and a cascade impactor. JUUL® brand EVPs were used to aerosolize the manufacturers' e-liquids in their disposable pods and laboratory prepared "reference e-liquid" (without flavorings or nicotine) in refillable pods. The modeled dosimetry and calculated aerosol mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) were used to estimate regional respiratory deposition. From these results, exhaled fraction of EVP aerosols was calculated as a surrogate of the secondhand exposure potential. Overall, MMADs did not differ among puff profiles, except for 55- and 75-ml volumes at 7.5 W (p < 0.05). For the reference e-liquid, MMADs ranged from 1.02 to 1.23 μm and dosimetry calculations predicted that particles would deposit in the head region (36-41%), in the trachea-bronchial (TB) region (19-21%), and in the pulmonary region (40-43%). For commercial JUUL® e-liquids, MMADs ranged from 0.92 to 1.67 μm and modeling predicted that more particles would deposit in the head region (35-52%) and in the pulmonary region (30-42%). Overall, 30-40% of the particles aerosolized by a pod-style EVP were estimated to deposit in the pulmonary region and 50-70% of the inhaled EVP aerosols could be exhaled; the latter could present an inhalational hazard to bystanders in indoor occupational settings. More research is needed to understand the influence of other modifiable factors on PSD and exposure potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
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14
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Ranpara A, Stefaniak AB, Williams K, Fernandez E, LeBouf RF. Modeled Respiratory Tract Deposition of Aerosolized Oil Diluents Used in Δ 9-THC-Based Electronic Cigarette Liquid Products. Front Public Health 2021; 9:744166. [PMID: 34805068 PMCID: PMC8599147 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.744166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette, or vaping, products (EVP) heat liquids ("e-liquids") that contain substances (licit or illicit) and deliver aerosolized particles into the lungs. Commercially available oils such as Vitamin-E-acetate (VEA), Vitamin E oil, coconut, and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) were often the constituents of e-liquids associated with an e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). The objective of this study was to evaluate the mass-based physical characteristics of the aerosolized e-liquids prepared using these oil diluents. These characteristics were particle size distributions for modeling regional respiratory deposition and puff-based total aerosol mass for estimating the number of particles delivered to the respiratory tract. Four types of e-liquids were prepared by adding terpenes to oil diluents individually: VEA, Vitamin E oil, coconut oil, and MCT. A smoking machine was used to aerosolize each e-liquid at a predetermined puff topography (volume of 55 ml for 3 s with 30-s intervals between puffs). A cascade impactor was used to collect the size-segregated aerosol for calculating the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD). The respiratory deposition of EVP aerosols on inhalation was estimated using the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry model. From these results, the exhaled fraction of EVP aerosols was calculated as a surrogate of secondhand exposure potential. The MMAD of VEA (0.61 μm) was statistically different compared to MCT (0.38 μm) and coconut oil (0.47 μm) but not to Vitamin E oil (0.58 μm); p < 0.05. Wider aerosol size distribution was observed for VEA (GSD 2.35) and MCT (GSD 2.08) compared with coconut oil (GSD 1.53) and Vitamin E oil (GSD 1.55). Irrespective of the statistical differences between MMADs, dosimetry modeling resulted in the similar regional and lobular deposition of particles for all e-liquids in the respiratory tract. The highest (~0.08 or more) fractional deposition was predicted in the pulmonary region, which is consistent as the site of injury among EVALI cases. Secondhand exposure calculations indicated that a substantial amount of EVP aerosols could be exhaled, which has potential implications for bystanders. The number of EVALI cases has declined with the removal of VEA; however, further research is required to investigate the commonly available commercial ingredients used in e-liquid preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Ranpara
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Kenneth Williams
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Elizabeth Fernandez
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ryan F LeBouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
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15
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Stefaniak AB, Bowers LN, Cottrell G, Erdem E, Knepp AK, Martin S, Pretty J, Duling MG, Arnold ED, Wilson Z, Krider B, LeBouf RF, Virji MA, Sirinterlikci A. Use of 3-Dimensional Printers in Educational Settings: The Need for Awareness of the Effects of Printer Temperature and Filament Type on Contaminant Releases. ACS Chem Health Saf 2021; 28:444-456. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.1c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Lauren N. Bowers
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Gabe Cottrell
- School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, Pennsylvania 15108, United States
| | - Ergin Erdem
- School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, Pennsylvania 15108, United States
| | - Alycia K. Knepp
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Stephen Martin
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Jack Pretty
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Matthew G. Duling
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Elizabeth D. Arnold
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Zachary Wilson
- School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, Pennsylvania 15108, United States
| | - Benjamin Krider
- School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, Pennsylvania 15108, United States
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Arif Sirinterlikci
- School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, Pennsylvania 15108, United States
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16
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Stefaniak AB, Bowers LN, Martin SB, Hammond DR, Ham JE, Wells JR, Fortner AR, Knepp AK, Preez SD, Pretty JR, Roberts JL, du Plessis JL, Schmidt A, Duling MG, Bader A, Virji MA. Large-Format Additive Manufacturing and Machining Using High-Melt-Temperature Polymers. Part I: Real-Time Particulate and Gas-Phase Emissions. ACS Chem Health Saf 2021; 28:190-200. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.0c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Lauren N. Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Stephen B. Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Duane R. Hammond
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Jason E. Ham
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - J. R. Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Alyson R. Fortner
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Alycia K. Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Sonette du Preez
- North-West University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Jack R. Pretty
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Roberts
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Johan L. du Plessis
- North-West University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Austin Schmidt
- Additive Engineering Solutions, Akron, Ohio 44305, United States
| | - Matthew G. Duling
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Andrew Bader
- Additive Engineering Solutions, Akron, Ohio 44305, United States
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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17
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Stefaniak AB, Bowers LN, Martin SB, Hammond DR, Ham JE, Wells JR, Fortner AR, Knepp AK, du Preez S, Pretty JR, Roberts JL, du Plessis JL, Schmidt A, Duling MG, Bader A, Virji MA. Large-Format Additive Manufacturing and Machining Using High-Melt-Temperature Polymers. Part II: Characterization of Particles and Gases. ACS Chem Health Saf 2021; 28:268-278. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.0c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Lauren N. Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Stephen B. Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Duane R. Hammond
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Jason E. Ham
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - J. R. Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Alyson R. Fortner
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Alycia K. Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Sonette du Preez
- North-West University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Jack R. Pretty
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Roberts
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Johan L. du Plessis
- North-West University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Austin Schmidt
- Additive Engineering Solutions, Akron, Ohio 44305, United States
| | - Matthew G. Duling
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Andrew Bader
- Additive Engineering Solutions, Akron, Ohio 44305, United States
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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18
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Stefaniak AB, Wade EE, Lawrence RB, Arnold ED, Virji MA. Particle transfer and adherence to human skin compared with cotton glove and pre-moistened polyvinyl alcohol exposure sampling substrates. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2021; 56:585-598. [PMID: 33720803 PMCID: PMC8276042 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1899524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of skin exposure to particles using interception (e.g., cotton gloves) and removal (e.g., wiping) sampling techniques could be inaccurate because these substrates do not have the same topography and adhesion characteristics as skin. The objective of this study was to compare particle transfer and adherence to cotton gloves, cotton gloves with artificial sebum, and a pre-moistened polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) material with bare human skin (fingertip, palm). Experiments were performed with aluminum oxide powder under standardized conditions for three types of surfaces touched, applied loads, contact times, and powder mass levels. In the final mixed model, the fixed effects of substrate, surface type, applied load, and powder mass and their significant two-way interaction terms explained 71% (transfer) and 74% (adherence) of the observed total variance in measurements. For particle mass transfer, compared with bare skin, bias was -77% (cotton glove with sebum) to +197% (PVA material) and for adherence bias ranged from -40% (cotton glove) to +428% (PVA material), which indicated under- and over-sampling by these substrates, respectively. Dermal exposure assessment would benefit from sampling substrates that better reflect human skin characteristics and more accurately estimate exposures. Mischaracterization of dermal exposure has important implications for exposure and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Eleanor E Wade
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Robert B Lawrence
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Arnold
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - M Abbas Virji
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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19
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Olgun NS, Morris AM, Stefaniak AB, Bowers LN, Knepp AK, Duling MG, Mercer RR, Kashon ML, Fedan JS, Leonard SS. Biological effects of inhaled hydraulic fracturing sand dust. III. Cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory responses in cultured murine macrophage cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 408:115281. [PMID: 33065155 PMCID: PMC7952011 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cultured murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were used to investigate the effects of fracking sand dust (FSD) for its pro-inflammatory activity, in order to gain insight into the potential toxicity to workers associated with inhalation of FSD during hydraulic fracturing. While the role of respirable crystalline silica in the development of silicosis is well documented, nothing is known about the toxicity of inhaled FSD. The FSD (FSD 8) used in these studies was from an unconventional gas well drilling site. FSD 8was prepared as a 10 mg/ml stock solution in sterile PBS, vortexed for 15 s, and allowed to sit at room temperature for 30 min before applying the suspension to RAW 264.7cells. Compared to PBS controls, cellular viability was significantly decreased after a 24 h exposure to FSD. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the production of IL-6, TNFα, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were up-regulated as a result of the exposure, whereas the hydroxyl radical (.OH) was only detected in an acellular system. Immunofluorescent staining of cells against TNFα revealed that FSD 8 caused cellular blebbing, and engulfment of FSD 8 by macrophages was observed with enhanced dark-field microscopy. The observed changes in cellular viability, cellular morphology, free radical generation and cytokine production all confirm that FSD 8 is cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells and warrants future studies into the specific pathways and mechanisms by which these toxicities occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Olgun
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America.
| | - Anna M Morris
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Lauren N Bowers
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Matthew G Duling
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Robert R Mercer
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Michael L Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S Fedan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Stephen S Leonard
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
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20
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Farcas MT, McKinney W, Qi C, Mandler KW, Battelli L, Friend SA, Stefaniak AB, Jackson M, Orandle M, Winn A, Kashon M, LeBouf RF, Russ KA, Hammond DR, Burns D, Ranpara A, Thomas TA, Matheson J, Qian Y. Pulmonary and systemic toxicity in rats following inhalation exposure of 3-D printer emissions from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:403-418. [PMID: 33076715 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1834034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fused filament fabrication 3-D printing with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament emits ultrafine particulates (UFPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the toxicological implications of the emissions generated during 3-D printing have not been fully elucidated. AIM AND METHODS The goal of this study was to investigate the in vivo toxicity of ABS-emissions from a commercial desktop 3-D printer. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to a single concentration of ABS-emissions or air for 4 hours/day, 4 days/week for five exposure durations (1, 4, 8, 15, and 30 days). At 24 hours after the last exposure, rats were assessed for pulmonary injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress as well as systemic toxicity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3-D printing generated particulate with average particle mass concentration of 240 ± 90 µg/m³, with an average geometric mean particle mobility diameter of 85 nm (geometric standard deviation = 1.6). The number of macrophages increased significantly at day 15. In bronchoalveolar lavage, IFN-γ and IL-10 were significantly higher at days 1 and 4, with IL-10 levels reaching a peak at day 15 in ABS-exposed rats. Neither pulmonary oxidative stress responses nor histopathological changes of the lungs and nasal passages were found among the treatments. There was an increase in platelets and monocytes in the circulation at day 15. Several serum biomarkers of hepatic and kidney functions were significantly higher at day 1. CONCLUSIONS At the current experimental conditions applied, it was concluded that the emissions from ABS filament caused minimal transient pulmonary and systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana T Farcas
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Walter McKinney
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Chaolong Qi
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kyle W Mandler
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lori Battelli
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sherri A Friend
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Mark Jackson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marlene Orandle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ava Winn
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael Kashon
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan F LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kristen A Russ
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Duane R Hammond
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dru Burns
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Anand Ranpara
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Treye A Thomas
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joanna Matheson
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yong Qian
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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21
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Meija J, Bushell M, Couillard M, Beck S, Bonevich J, Cui K, Foster J, Will J, Fox D, Cho W, Heidelmann M, Park BC, Park YC, Ren L, Xu L, Stefaniak AB, Knepp AK, Theissmann R, Purwin H, Wang Z, de Val N, Johnston LJ. Particle Size Distributions for Cellulose Nanocrystals Measured by Transmission Electron Microscopy: An Interlaboratory Comparison. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13434-13442. [PMID: 32865398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Particle size is a key parameter that must be measured to ensure reproducible production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and to achieve reliable performance metrics for specific CNC applications. Nevertheless, size measurements for CNCs are challenging due to their broad size distribution, irregular rod-shaped particles, and propensity to aggregate and agglomerate. We report an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) that tests transmission electron microscopy (TEM) protocols for image acquisition and analysis. Samples of CNCs were prepared on TEM grids in a single laboratory, and detailed data acquisition and analysis protocols were provided to participants. CNCs were imaged and the size of individual particles was analyzed in 10 participating laboratories that represent a cross section of academic, industrial, and government laboratories with varying levels of experience with imaging CNCs. The data for each laboratory were fit to a skew normal distribution that accommodates the variability in central location and distribution width and asymmetries for the various datasets. Consensus values were obtained by modeling the variation between laboratories using a skew normal distribution. This approach gave consensus distributions with values for mean, standard deviation, and shape factor of 95.8, 38.2, and 6.3 nm for length and 7.7, 2.2, and 2.9 nm for width, respectively. Comparison of the degree of overlap between distributions for individual laboratories indicates that differences in imaging resolution contribute to the variation in measured widths. We conclude that the selection of individual CNCs for analysis and the variability in CNC agglomeration and staining are the main factors that lead to variations in measured length and width between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juris Meija
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael Bushell
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Martin Couillard
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | | | - John Bonevich
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kai Cui
- National Research Council Canada, Nanotechnology Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Johan Foster
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.,Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - John Will
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Douglas Fox
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, District of Columbia 20016, United States
| | - Whirang Cho
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, District of Columbia 20016, United States
| | - Markus Heidelmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Byong Chon Park
- Center for Nanocharacterization, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Chang Park
- Division of Measurement & Analysis, National Nanofab Center, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Lingling Ren
- National Institute of Metrology, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Xu
- National Institute of Metrology, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Ralf Theissmann
- KRONOS INTERNATIONAL Inc., Peschstrasse 5, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Horst Purwin
- KRONOS INTERNATIONAL Inc., Peschstrasse 5, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Ziqiu Wang
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Natalia de Val
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Linda J Johnston
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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22
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Roach KA, Anderson SE, Stefaniak AB, Shane HL, Boyce GR, Roberts JR. Evaluation of the skin-sensitizing potential of gold nanoparticles and the impact of established dermal sensitivity on the pulmonary immune response to various forms of gold. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:1096-1117. [PMID: 32909489 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1808107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) are largely biocompatible; however, many studies have demonstrated their potential to modulate various immune cell functions. The potential allergenicity of AuNP remains unclear despite the recognition of gold as a common contact allergen. In these studies, AuNP (29 nm) dermal sensitization potential was assessed via Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA). Soluble gold (III) chloride (AuCl3) caused lymph node (LN) expansion (SI 10.9), whereas bulk particles (Au, 942 nm) and AuNP did not. Next, the pulmonary immune effects of AuNP (10, 30, 90 µg) were assessed 1, 4, and 8 days post-aspiration. All markers of lung injury and inflammation remained unaltered, but a dose-responsive increase in LN size was observed. Finally, mice were dermally-sensitized to AuCl3 then aspirated once, twice, or three times with Au or AuNP in doses normalized for mass or surface area (SA) to assess the impact of existing contact sensitivity to gold on lung immune responses. Sensitized animals exhibited enhanced responsivity to the metal, wherein subsequent immune alterations were largely conserved with respect to dose SA. The greatest increase in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) lymphocyte number was observed in the high dose group - simultaneous to preferential expansion of BAL/LN CD8+ T-cells. Comparatively, the lower SA-based doses of Au/AuNP caused more modest elevations in BAL lymphocyte influx (predominantly CD4+ phenotype), exposure-dependent increases in serum IgE, and selective expansion/activation of LN CD4+ T-cells and B-cells. Overall, these findings suggest that AuNP are unlikely to cause sensitization; however, established contact sensitivity to gold may increase immune responsivity following pulmonary AuNP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Roach
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - S E Anderson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - A B Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division (RHD), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - H L Shane
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - G R Boyce
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - J R Roberts
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, USA
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23
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Rogers KR, Henson TE, Navratilova J, Surette M, Hughes MF, Bradham KD, Stefaniak AB, Knepp AK, Bowers L. In vitro intestinal toxicity of commercially available spray disinfectant products advertised to contain colloidal silver. Sci Total Environ 2020; 728:138611. [PMID: 32344222 PMCID: PMC7786200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of colloidal silver-containing products as dietary supplements, immune boosters and surface disinfectants has increased in recent years which has elevated the potential for human exposure to silver nanoparticles and ions. Product mislabeling and long-term use of these products may put consumers at risk for adverse health outcomes including argyria. This study assessed several physical and chemical characteristics of five commercial products as well as their cytotoxicity using a rat intestinal epithelial cell (IEC-6) model. Concentrations of silver were determined for both the soluble and particulate fractions of the products. Primary particle size distribution and elemental composition were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. Hydrodynamic diameters were measured using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The effect of gastrointestinal (GI) simulation on the colloidal silver products was determined using two systems. First, physical and chemical changes of the silver nanoparticles in these products was assessed after exposure to Synthetic Stomach Fluid (SSF) resulting in particle agglomeration, and the appearance of AgCl on the surfaces and between particles. IEC-6 cells were exposed for 24 h to dilutions of the products and assessed for cell viability. The products were also treated with a three-stage simulated GI system (stomach and intestinal fluids) prior to exposure of the IEC-6 cells to the isolated silver nanoparticles. Cell viability was affected by each of the consumer products. Based on the silver nitrate and commercial silver nanoparticle dose response, the cytotoxicity for each of the colloidal silver products was attributed to the particulate silver, soluble silver or non‑silver matrix constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Rogers
- Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711, United States.
| | - Taylor E Henson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States; Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711, United States
| | - Jana Navratilova
- Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711, United States
| | - Mark Surette
- Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711, United States
| | - Michael F Hughes
- Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711, United States
| | - Karen D Bradham
- Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711, United States
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Lauren Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
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24
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Virji MA, Schuler CR, Cox-Ganser J, Stanton ML, Kent MS, Kreiss K, Stefaniak AB. Associations of Metrics of Peak Inhalation Exposure and Skin Exposure Indices With Beryllium Sensitization at a Beryllium Manufacturing Facility. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 63:856-869. [PMID: 31504146 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Peak beryllium inhalation exposures and exposure to the skin may be relevant for developing beryllium sensitization (BeS). The objective of this study was to identify risk factors associated with BeS to inform the prevention of sensitization, and the development of chronic beryllium disease (CBD). METHODS In a survey of short-term workers employed at a primary beryllium manufacturing facility between the years 1994-1999, 264 participants completed a questionnaire and were tested for BeS. A range of qualitative and quantitative peak inhalation metrics and skin exposure indices were created using: personal full-shift beryllium exposure measurements, 15 min to 24 h process-specific task and area exposure measurements, glove measurements as indicator of skin exposure, process-upset information gleaned from historical reports, and self-reported information on exposure events. Hierarchical clustering was conducted to systematically group participants based on similarity of patterns of 16 exposure variables. The associations of the exposure metrics with BeS and self-reported skin symptoms (in work areas processing beryllium salts as well as in other work areas) were evaluated using correlation analysis, log-binomial and logistic regression models with splines. RESULTS Metrics of peak inhalation exposure, indices of skin exposure, and using material containing beryllium salts were significantly associated with skin symptoms and BeS; skin symptoms were a strong predictor of BeS. However, in this cohort, we could not tease apart the independent effects of skin exposure from inhalation exposure, as these exposures occurred simultaneously and were highly correlated. Hierarchical clustering identified groups of participants with unique patterns of exposure characteristics resulting in different prevalence of BeS and skin symptoms. A cluster with high skin exposure index and use of material containing beryllium salts had the highest prevalence of BeS and self-reported skin symptoms, followed by a cluster with high inhalation and skin exposure index and a very small fraction of jobs in which beryllium salts were used. A cluster with low inhalation and skin exposure and no workers using beryllium salts had no cases of BeS. CONCLUSION Multiple pathways and types of exposure were associated with BeS and may be important for informing BeS prevention. Prevention efforts should focus on controlling airborne beryllium exposures with attention to peaks, use of process characteristics (e.g. the likelihood of upset conditions to design interventions) minimize skin exposure to beryllium particles, and in particular, eliminate skin contact with beryllium salts to interrupt potential exposure pathways for BeS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Christine R Schuler
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA.,National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Safety Research, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jean Cox-Ganser
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marcia L Stanton
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Kreiss
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
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25
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Virji MA, Liang X, Su FC, LeBouf RF, Stefaniak AB, Stanton ML, Henneberger PK, Houseman EA. Peaks, Means, and Determinants of Real-Time TVOC Exposures Associated with Cleaning and Disinfecting Tasks in Healthcare Settings. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 63:759-772. [PMID: 31161189 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleaning and disinfecting tasks and product use are associated with elevated prevalence of asthma and respiratory symptoms among healthcare workers; however, the levels of exposure that pose a health risk remain unclear. The objective of this study was to estimate the peak, average, and determinants of real-time total volatile organic compound (TVOC) exposure associated with cleaning tasks and product-use. TVOC exposures were measured using monitors equipped with a photoionization detector (PID). A simple correction factor was applied to the real-time measurements, calculated as a ratio of the full-shift average TVOC concentrations from a time-integrated canister and the PID sample, for each sample pair. During sampling, auxiliary information, e.g. tasks, products used, engineering controls, was recorded on standardized data collection forms at 5-min intervals. Five-minute averaged air measurements (n = 10 276) from 129 time-series comprising 92 workers and four hospitals were used to model the determinants of exposures. The statistical model simultaneously accounted for censored data and non-stationary autocorrelation and was fit using Markov-Chain Monte Carlo within a Bayesian context. Log-transformed corrected concentrations (cTVOC) were modeled, with the fixed-effects of tasks and covariates, that were systematically gathered during sampling, and random effect of person-day. The model-predicted geometric mean (GM) cTVOC concentrations ranged from 387 parts per billion (ppb) for the task of using a product containing formaldehyde in laboratories to 2091 ppb for the task of using skin wipes containing quaternary ammonium compounds, with a GM of 925 ppb when no products were used. Peak exposures quantified as the 95th percentile of 15-min averages for these tasks ranged from 3172 to 17 360 ppb. Peak and GM task exposures varied by occupation and hospital unit. In the multiple regression model, use of sprays was associated with increasing exposures, while presence of local exhaust ventilation, large room volume, and automatic sterilizer use were associated with decreasing exposures. A detailed understanding of factors affecting TVOC exposure can inform targeted interventions to reduce exposures and can be used in epidemiologic studies as metrics of short-duration peak exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abbas Virji
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Xiaoming Liang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Feng-Chiao Su
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan F LeBouf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marcia L Stanton
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Paul K Henneberger
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
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26
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Rollins SM, Su F, Liang X, Humann MJ, Stefaniak AB, LeBouf RF, Stanton ML, Virji MA, Henneberger PK. Workplace indoor environmental quality and asthma-related outcomes in healthcare workers. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:417-428. [PMID: 32154609 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma-related health outcomes are known to be associated with indoor moisture and renovations. The objective of this study was to estimate the frequency of these indoor environmental quality (IEQ) factors in healthcare facilities and their association with asthma-related outcomes among workers. METHODS New York City healthcare workers (n = 2030) were surveyed regarding asthma-related symptoms, and moisture and renovation factors at work and at home during the last 12 months. Questions for workplace moisture addressed water damage (WD), mold growth (MG), and mold odor (MO), while for renovations they addressed painting (P), floor renovations (FR), and wall renovations (WR). Regression models were fit to examine associations between work and home IEQ factors and multiple asthma-related outcomes. RESULTS Reports of any moisture (n = 728, 36%) and renovations (n = 1412, 70%) at work were common. Workplace risk factors for asthma-related outcomes included the moisture categories of WD by itself, WD with MO (without MG), and WD with MG and MO, and the renovation category with the three factors P, FR, and WR. Reports of home IEQ factors were less frequent and less likely to be associated with health outcomes. Data analyses suggested that MG and/or MO at work and at home had a synergistic effect on the additive scale with a symptom-based algorithm for bronchial hyperresponsiveness. CONCLUSIONS The current study determined that moisture and renovation factors are common in healthcare facilities, potentially putting workers at risk for asthma-related outcomes. More research is needed to confirm these results, especially prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Rollins
- Respiratory Health DivisionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Feng‐Chiao Su
- Respiratory Health DivisionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Xiaoming Liang
- Respiratory Health DivisionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Michael J. Humann
- Respiratory Health DivisionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health DivisionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- Respiratory Health DivisionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Marcia L. Stanton
- Respiratory Health DivisionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Mohammed A. Virji
- Respiratory Health DivisionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Paul K. Henneberger
- Respiratory Health DivisionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Morgantown West Virginia
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Blackley BH, Cummings KJ, Stanton M, Stefaniak AB, Gibbs JL, Park JY, Harvey RR, Virji MA. Work Tasks as Determinants of Respirable and Inhalable Indium Exposure among Workers at an Indium-Tin Oxide Production and Reclamation Facility. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 64:175-184. [PMID: 31803905 PMCID: PMC9969414 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased global demand for touch screens, photovoltaics, and optoelectronics has resulted in an increase in the production of indium-tin oxide (ITO). Occupational exposure to indium compounds is associated with the development of indium lung disease. Although many previous epidemiologic investigations highlight an excess of lung abnormalities in workplaces where ITO is produced, few assessments of occupational exposure to respirable and inhalable indium are reported to date. The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of respirable and inhalable indium at an ITO production facility to target exposure interventions. In 2012 and 2014, we conducted exposure assessments at an ITO production facility and collected full-shift personal respirable (n = 159) and inhalable (n = 57) indium samples. We also observed workers and recorded information on task duration and location, materials used, and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Tasks (n = 121) recorded in task diaries were categorized into 40 similar task groups using the Advanced REACH Tool and process-related information. Mixed-effects models were fit separately for log-transformed respirable and inhalable indium, with random effect of subject and fixed effects of task groups. Overall, respirable and inhalable indium measurements ranged from 0.1 to 796.6 µg m-3 and 1.6 to 10 585.7 µg m-3, respectively, and were highly correlated with Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.90. The final model for respirable indium explained 36.3% of total variance and identified sanding, powder transfer tasks in reclaim, powder transfer tasks in refinery, handling indium materials, and liquid transfer tasks in ITO production as tasks associated with increased respirable indium exposure. The final model for inhalable indium explained 24.6% of total variance and included powder transfer tasks in ITO production, cleaning cylinder or tile, and handling indium material tasks. Tasks identified as strong predictors of full-shift exposure to respirable and inhalable indium can guide the use of engineering, administrative, and PPE controls designed to mitigate occupational exposure to indium. Moreover, since the tasks were aligned with REACH activities, results from this study can also be used to inform REACH activity scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brie Hawley Blackley
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1-304-285-5751; fax: +1-304-285-5820;
| | - Kristin J. Cummings
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Marcia Stanton
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jenna L. Gibbs
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, 105 River Street, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ji Young Park
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA,Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - R. Reid Harvey
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS 2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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28
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Olgun NS, Morris AM, Bowers LN, Stefaniak AB, Friend SA, Reznik SE, Leonard SS. Mild steel and stainless steel welding fumes elicit pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant effects in first trimester trophoblast cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 83:e13221. [PMID: 31943498 PMCID: PMC7079021 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Problem As more women join the skilled‐trade workforce, the effects of workplace exposures on pregnancy need to be explored. This study aims to identify the effects of mild steel and stainless steel welding fume exposures on cultured placental trophoblast cells. Method of study Welding fumes (mild steel and stainless steel) were generously donated by Lincoln Electric. Electron microscopy was used to characterize welding fume particle size and the ability of particles to enter extravillous trophoblast cells (HTR‐8/SVneo). Cellular viability, free radical production, cytokine production, and ability of cells to maintain invasive properties were analyzed, respectively, by WST‐1, electron paramagnetic resonance, DCFH‐DA, V‐plex MULTI‐SPOT assay system, and a matrix gel invasion assay. Results For all three welding fume types, average particle size was <210 nm. HTR‐8/SVneo cells internalized welding particles, and nuclear condensation was observed. Cellular viability was significantly decreased at the high dose of 100 µg/mL for all three welding fumes, and stainless steel generated the greatest production of the hydroxyl radical, and intracellular reactive oxygen species. Production of the cytokines IL‐1β and TNFα were not observed in response to welding fume exposure, but IL‐6 and IL‐8 were. Finally, the invasive capability of cells was decreased upon exposure to both mild steel and stainless steel welding fumes. Conclusion Welding fumes are cytotoxic to extravillous trophoblasts, as is evident by the production of free radicals, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and the observed decrease in invasive capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Olgun
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Anna M Morris
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Lauren N Bowers
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Sherri A Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Sandra E Reznik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Stephen S Leonard
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
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29
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Roach KA, Stefaniak AB, Roberts JR. Metal nanomaterials: Immune effects and implications of physicochemical properties on sensitization, elicitation, and exacerbation of allergic disease. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:87-124. [PMID: 31195861 PMCID: PMC6649684 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2019.1605553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent surge in incorporation of metallic and metal oxide nanomaterials into consumer products and their corresponding use in occupational settings have raised concerns over the potential for metals to induce size-specific adverse toxicological effects. Although nano-metals have been shown to induce greater lung injury and inflammation than their larger metal counterparts, their size-related effects on the immune system and allergic disease remain largely unknown. This knowledge gap is particularly concerning since metals are historically recognized as common inducers of allergic contact dermatitis, occupational asthma, and allergic adjuvancy. The investigation into the potential for adverse immune effects following exposure to metal nanomaterials is becoming an area of scientific interest since these characteristically lightweight materials are easily aerosolized and inhaled, and their small size may allow for penetration of the skin, which may promote unique size-specific immune effects with implications for allergic disease. Additionally, alterations in physicochemical properties of metals in the nano-scale greatly influence their interactions with components of biological systems, potentially leading to implications for inducing or exacerbating allergic disease. Although some research has been directed toward addressing these concerns, many aspects of metal nanomaterial-induced immune effects remain unclear. Overall, more scientific knowledge exists in regards to the potential for metal nanomaterials to exacerbate allergic disease than to their potential to induce allergic disease. Furthermore, effects of metal nanomaterial exposure on respiratory allergy have been more thoroughly-characterized than their potential influence on dermal allergy. Current knowledge regarding metal nanomaterials and their potential to induce/exacerbate dermal and respiratory allergy are summarized in this review. In addition, an examination of several remaining knowledge gaps and considerations for future studies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Roach
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
- b School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- c Respiratory Health Division (RHD) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Jenny R Roberts
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
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30
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Roach KA, Anderson SE, Stefaniak AB, Shane HL, Kodali V, Kashon M, Roberts JR. Surface area- and mass-based comparison of fine and ultrafine nickel oxide lung toxicity and augmentation of allergic response in an ovalbumin asthma model. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 31:299-324. [PMID: 31707870 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1680775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: The correlation of physico-chemical properties with mechanisms of toxicity has been proposed as an approach to predict the toxic potential of the vast number of emerging nanomaterials. Although relationships have been established between properties and the acute pulmonary inflammation induced by nanomaterials, properties' effects on other responses, such as exacerbation of respiratory allergy, have been less frequently explored.Methods: In this study, the role of nickel oxide (NiO) physico-chemical properties in the modulation of ovalbumin (OVA) allergy was examined in a murine model. Results: 181 nm fine (NiO-F) and 42 nm ultrafine (NiO-UF) particles were characterized and incorporated into a time course study where measured markers of pulmonary injury and inflammation were associated with NiO particle surface area. In the OVA model, exposure to NiO, irrespective of any metric was associated with elevated circulating total IgE levels. Serum and lung cytokine levels were similar with respect to NiO surface area. The lower surface area was associated with an enhanced Th2 profile, whereas the higher surface area was associated with a Th1-dominant profile. Surface area-normalized groups also exhibited similar alterations in OVA-specific IgE levels and lung neutrophil number. However, lung eosinophil number and allergen challenge-induced alterations in lung function related more to particle size, wherein NiO-F was associated with an increased enhanced pause response and NiO-UF was associated with increased lung eosinophil burden.Conclusions: Collectively, these findings suggest that although NiO surface area correlates best with acute pulmonary injury and inflammation following respiratory exposure, other physico-chemical properties may contribute to the modulation of immune responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Roach
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Hillary L Shane
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Vamsi Kodali
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch (PPRB), NIOSH, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Jenny R Roberts
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, USA
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31
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Yi J, Duling MG, Bowers LN, Knepp AK, LeBouf RF, Nurkiewicz TR, Ranpara A, Luxton T, Martin SB, Burns DA, Peloquin DM, Baumann EJ, Virji MA, Stefaniak AB. Particle and organic vapor emissions from children's 3-D pen and 3-D printer toys. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 31:432-445. [PMID: 31874579 PMCID: PMC6995422 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1705441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Fused filament fabrication "3-dimensional (3-D)" printing has expanded beyond the workplace to 3-D printers and pens for use by children as toys to create objects.Materials and methods: Emissions from two brands of toy 3-D pens and one brand of toy 3-D printer were characterized in a 0.6 m3 chamber (particle number, size, elemental composition; concentrations of individual and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)). The effects of print parameters on these emission metrics were evaluated using mixed-effects models. Emissions data were used to model particle lung deposition and TVOC exposure potential.Results: Geometric mean particle yields (106-1010 particles/g printed) and sizes (30-300 nm) and TVOC yields (
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghai Yi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and the Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506
| | - Matthew G. Duling
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505
| | - Lauren N. Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505
| | - Alycia K. Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505
| | - Timothy R. Nurkiewicz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and the Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505
| | - Anand Ranpara
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505
| | - Todd Luxton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, 45224
| | - Stephen B. Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505
| | - Dru A. Burns
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505
| | | | | | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505
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32
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Virji MA, Liang X, Su FC, Lebouf RF, Stefaniak AB, Stanton ML, Henneberger PK, Houseman EA. Corrigendum to: Peaks, Means, and Determinants of Real-Time TVOC Exposures Associated with Cleaning and Disinfecting Tasks in Healthcare Settings. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 64:1041. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Abbas Virji
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Mailstop, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Xiaoming Liang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Mailstop, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Feng-Chiao Su
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Mailstop, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan F Lebouf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Mailstop, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Mailstop, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marcia L Stanton
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Mailstop, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Paul K Henneberger
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Mailstop, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Siegrist KJ, Reynolds SH, Porter DW, Mercer RR, Bauer AK, Lowry D, Cena L, Stueckle TA, Kashon ML, Wiley J, Salisbury JL, Mastovich J, Bunker K, Sparrow M, Lupoi JS, Stefaniak AB, Keane MJ, Tsuruoka S, Terrones M, McCawley M, Sargent LM. Mitsui-7, heat-treated, and nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes elicit genotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:36. [PMID: 31590690 PMCID: PMC6781364 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The unique physicochemical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have led to many industrial applications. Due to their low density and small size, MWCNT are easily aerosolized in the workplace making respiratory exposures likely in workers. The International Agency for Research on Cancer designated the pristine Mitsui-7 MWCNT (MWCNT-7) as a Group 2B carcinogen, but there was insufficient data to classify all other MWCNT. Previously, MWCNT exposed to high temperature (MWCNT-HT) or synthesized with nitrogen (MWCNT-ND) have been found to elicit attenuated toxicity; however, their genotoxic and carcinogenic potential are not known. Our aim was to measure the genotoxicity of MWCNT-7 compared to these two physicochemically-altered MWCNTs in human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B & SAEC). Results Dose-dependent partitioning of individual nanotubes in the cell nuclei was observed for each MWCNT material and was greatest for MWCNT-7. Exposure to each MWCNT led to significantly increased mitotic aberrations with multi- and monopolar spindle morphologies and fragmented centrosomes. Quantitative analysis of the spindle pole demonstrated significantly increased centrosome fragmentation from 0.024–2.4 μg/mL of each MWCNT. Significant aneuploidy was measured in a dose-response from each MWCNT-7, HT, and ND; the highest dose of 24 μg/mL produced 67, 61, and 55%, respectively. Chromosome analysis demonstrated significantly increased centromere fragmentation and translocations from each MWCNT at each dose. Following 24 h of exposure to MWCNT-7, ND and/or HT in BEAS-2B a significant arrest in the G1/S phase in the cell cycle occurred, whereas the MWCNT-ND also induced a G2 arrest. Primary SAEC exposed for 24 h to each MWCNT elicited a significantly greater arrest in the G1 and G2 phases. However, SAEC arrested in the G1/S phase after 72 h of exposure. Lastly, a significant increase in clonal growth was observed one month after exposure to 0.024 μg/mL MWCNT-HT & ND. Conclusions Although MWCNT-HT & ND cause a lower incidence of genotoxicity, all three MWCNTs cause the same type of mitotic and chromosomal disruptions. Chromosomal fragmentation and translocations have not been observed with other nanomaterials. Because in vitro genotoxicity is correlated with in vivo genotoxic response, these studies in primary human lung cells may predict the genotoxic potency in exposed human populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-019-0318-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn J Siegrist
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Steven H Reynolds
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Dale W Porter
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Robert R Mercer
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Alison K Bauer
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David Lowry
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Lorenzo Cena
- Department of Health, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, 19383, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Michael L Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - John Wiley
- Department of Pediatrics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | | | | | - Kristin Bunker
- RJ Lee Group, 350 Hochberg Road, Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA
| | - Mark Sparrow
- Independent Consultant, Allison Park, PA, 15101, USA
| | - Jason S Lupoi
- RJ Lee Group, 350 Hochberg Road, Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Michael J Keane
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | | | | | - Michael McCawley
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Linda M Sargent
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
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34
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Farcas MT, Stefaniak AB, Knepp AK, Bowers L, Mandler WK, Kashon M, Jackson SR, Stueckle TA, Sisler JD, Friend SA, Qi C, Hammond DR, Thomas TA, Matheson J, Castranova V, Qian Y. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) filaments three-dimensional (3-D) printer emissions-induced cell toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2019; 317:1-12. [PMID: 31562913 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During extrusion of some polymers, fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3-D printers emit billions of particles per minute and numerous organic compounds. The scope of this study was to evaluate FFF 3-D printer emission-induced toxicity in human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC). Emissions were generated from a commercially available 3-D printer inside a chamber, while operating for 1.5 h with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polycarbonate (PC) filaments, and collected in cell culture medium. Characterization of the culture medium revealed that repeat print runs with an identical filament yield various amounts of particles and organic compounds. Mean particle sizes in cell culture medium were 201 ± 18 nm and 202 ± 8 nm for PC and ABS, respectively. At 24 h post-exposure, both PC and ABS emissions induced a dose dependent significant cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, necrosis, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in SAEC. Though the emissions may not completely represent all possible exposure scenarios, this study indicate that the FFF could induce toxicological effects. Further studies are needed to quantify the detected chemicals in the emissions and their corresponding toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana T Farcas
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA; Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Lauren Bowers
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - William K Mandler
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Michael Kashon
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Stephen R Jackson
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Jenifer D Sisler
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Sherri A Friend
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Chaolong Qi
- Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch, Division of Applied Research & Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Duane R Hammond
- Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch, Division of Applied Research & Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Treye A Thomas
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Joanna Matheson
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Yong Qian
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
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35
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Su FC, Friesen MC, Stefaniak AB, Henneberger PK, LeBouf RF, Stanton ML, Liang X, Humann M, Virji MA. Exposures to Volatile Organic Compounds among Healthcare Workers: Modeling the Effects of Cleaning Tasks and Product Use. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 62:852-870. [PMID: 29931140 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Use of cleaning and disinfecting products is associated with work-related asthma among healthcare workers, but the specific levels and factors that affect exposures remain unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the determinants of selected volatile organic compound (VOC) exposures in healthcare settings. Methods Personal and mobile-area air measurements (n = 143) from 100 healthcare workers at four hospitals were used to model the determinants of ethanol, acetone, 2-propanol, d-limonene, α-pinene, and chloroform exposures. Hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to partition workers into groups with similar cleaning task/product-use profiles. Linear mixed-effect regression models using log-transformed VOC measurements were applied to evaluate the association of individual VOCs with clusters of task/product use, industrial hygienists' grouping (IH) of tasks, grouping of product application, chemical ingredients of the cleaning products used, amount of product use, and ventilation. Results Cluster analysis identified eight task/product-use clusters that were distributed across multiple occupations and hospital units, with the exception of clusters consisting of housekeepers and floor strippers/waxers. Results of the mixed-effect models showed significant associations between selected VOC exposures and several clusters, combinations of IH-generated task groups and chemical ingredients, and product application groups. The patient/personal cleaning task using products containing chlorine was associated with elevated levels of personal chloroform and α-pinene exposures. Tasks associated with instrument sterilizing and disinfecting were significantly associated with personal d-limonene and 2-propanol exposures. Surface and floor cleaning and stripping tasks were predominated by housekeepers and floor strippers/waxers, and use of chlorine-, alcohol-, ethanolamine-, and quaternary ammonium compounds-based products was associated with exposures to chloroform, α-pinene, acetone, 2-propanol, or d-limonene. Conclusions Healthcare workers are exposed to a variety of chemicals that vary with tasks and ingredients of products used during cleaning and disinfecting. The combination of product ingredients with cleaning and disinfecting tasks were associated with specific VOCs. Exposure modules for questionnaires used in epidemiologic studies might benefit from seeking information on products used within a task context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chiao Su
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Melissa C Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Paul K Henneberger
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan F LeBouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marcia L Stanton
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Xiaoming Liang
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael Humann
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M Abbas Virji
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
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Mandler WK, Qi C, Orandle MS, Sarkisian K, Mercer RR, Stefaniak AB, Knepp AK, Bowers LN, Battelli LA, Shaffer J, Friend SA, Qian Y, Sisler JD. Mouse pulmonary response to dust from sawing Corian®, a solid-surface composite material. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2019; 82:645-663. [PMID: 31290376 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1640816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Corian®, a solid-surface composite (SSC), is composed of alumina trihydrate and acrylic polymer. The aim of the present study was to examine the pulmonary toxicity attributed to exposure to SSC sawing dust. Male mice were exposed to either phosphate buffer saline (PBS, control), 62.5, 125, 250, 500, or 1000 µg of SSC dust, or 1000 µg silica (positive control) via oropharyngeal aspiration. Body weights were measured for the duration of the study. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and tissues were collected for analysis at 1 and 14 days post-exposure. Enhanced-darkfield and histopathologic analysis was performed to assess particle distribution and inflammatory responses. BALF cells and inflammatory cytokines were measured. The geometric mean diameter of SSC sawing dust following suspension in PBS was 1.25 µm. BALF analysis indicated that lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, inflammatory cells, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly elevated in the 500 and 1000 µg SSC exposure groups at days 1 and 14, suggesting that exposure to these concentrations of SSC induced inflammatory responses, in some cases to a greater degree than the silica positive control. Histopathology indicated the presence of acute alveolitis at all doses at day 1, which was largely resolved by day 14. Alveolar particle deposition and granulomatous mass formation were observed in all exposure groups at day 14. The SSC particles were poorly cleared, with 81% remaining at the end of the observation period. These findings demonstrate that SSC sawing dust exposure induces pulmonary inflammation and damage that warrants further investigation. Abbreviations: ANOVA: Analysis of Variance; ATH: Alumina Trihydrate; BALF: Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Dpg: Geometric Mean Diameter; FE-SEM: Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy; IACUC: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee; IFN-γ: Interferon Gamma; IL-1 Β: Interleukin-1 Beta; IL-10: Interleukin-10; IL-12: Interleukin-12; IL-2: Interleukin-2; IL-4: Interleukin-4; IL-5: Interleukin-5; IL-6: Interleukin-6; KC/GRO: Neutrophil-Activating Protein 3; MMAD: Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter; PBS: Phosphate-Buffered Saline; PEL: Permissible Exposure Limit; PM: Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes; PNOR: Particles Not Otherwise Regulated; SEM/EDX: Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy-Dispersive X-Ray; SSA: Specific Surface Area; SSC: Solid Surface Composite; TNFα: Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha; VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds; σg: Geometric Standard Deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kyle Mandler
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Chaolong Qi
- b Division of Applied Research, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Marlene S Orandle
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Khachatur Sarkisian
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Robert R Mercer
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- c Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- c Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Lauren N Bowers
- c Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Lori A Battelli
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Justine Shaffer
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Sherri A Friend
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Yong Qian
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Jennifer D Sisler
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
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Su FC, Friesen MC, Humann M, Stefaniak AB, Stanton ML, Liang X, LeBouf RF, Henneberger PK, Virji MA. Clustering asthma symptoms and cleaning and disinfecting activities and evaluating their associations among healthcare workers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:873-883. [PMID: 31010790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with varying severity and subtypes. Recent reviews of epidemiologic studies have identified cleaning and disinfecting activities (CDAs) as important risk factors for asthma-related outcomes among healthcare workers. However, the complexity of CDAs in healthcare settings has rarely been examined. This study utilized a complex survey dataset and data reduction approaches to identify and group healthcare workers with similar patterns of asthma symptoms, and then explored their associations with groups of participants with similar patterns of CDAs. Self-reported information on asthma symptoms/care, CDAs, demographics, smoking status, allergic status, and other characteristics were collected from 2030 healthcare workers within nine selected occupations in New York City. Hierarchical clustering was conducted to systematically group participants based on similarity of patterns of the 27 asthma symptom/care variables, and 14 product applications during CDAs, separately. Word clouds were used to visualize the complex information on the resulting clusters. The associations of asthma health clusters (HCs) with exposure clusters (ECs) were evaluated using multinomial logistic regression. Five HCs were identified (HC-1 to HC-5), labelled based on predominant features as: "no symptoms", "winter cough/phlegm", "mild asthma symptoms", "undiagnosed/untreated asthma", and "asthma attacks/exacerbations". For CDAs, five ECs were identified (EC-1 to EC-5), labelled as: "no products", "housekeeping/chlorine", "patient care", "general cleaning/laboratory", and "disinfection products". Using HC-1 and EC-1 as the reference groups, EC-2 was associated with HC-4 (odds ratio (OR) = 3.11, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.46-6.63) and HC-5 (OR = 2.71, 95% CI = 1.25-5.86). EC-3 was associated with HC-5 (OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.16-4.72). EC-4 was associated with HC-5 (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.07-5.13). EC-5 was associated with HC-3 (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.09-2.99) and HC-4 (OR = 3.42, 95% CI = 1.24-9.39). Various combinations of product applications like using alcohols, bleach, high-level disinfectants, and enzymes to disinfect instruments and clean surfaces captured by the ECs were identified as risk factors for the different asthma symptoms clusters, indicating that prevention efforts may require targeting multiple products. The associations of HCs with EC can be used to better inform prevention strategies and treatment options to avoid disease progression. This study demonstrated hierarchical clustering and word clouds were useful techniques for analyzing and visualizing a complex dataset with a large number of potentially correlated variables to generate practical information that can inform prevention activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chiao Su
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Melissa C Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Humann
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marcia L Stanton
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Xiaoming Liang
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan F LeBouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Paul K Henneberger
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M Abbas Virji
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Stefaniak AB, Johnson AR, du Preez S, Hammond DR, Wells JR, Ham JE, LeBouf RF, Menchaca KW, Martin SB, Duling MG, Bowers LN, Knepp AK, Su FC, de Beer DJ, du Plessis JL. Evaluation of emissions and exposures at workplaces using desktop 3-dimensional printer. J Chem Health Saf 2019; 26:19-30. [PMID: 31798757 PMCID: PMC6889885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchas.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of data on additive manufacturing process emissions and personal exposures in real-world workplaces. Hence, we evaluated atmospheres in four workplaces utilizing desktop "3-dimensional" (3-d) printers [fused filament fabrication (FFF) and sheer] for production, prototyping, or research. Airborne particle diameter and number concentration and total volatile organic compound concentrations were measured using real-time instruments. Airborne particles and volatile organic compounds were collected using time-integrated sampling techniques for off-line analysis. Personal exposures for metals and volatile organic compounds were measured in the breathing zone of operators. All 3-d printers that were monitored released ultrafine and fine particles and organic vapors into workplace air. Particle number-based emission rates (#/min) ranged from 9.4 × 109 to 4.4 × 1011 (n = 9samples) for FFF3-d printers and from 1.9 to 3.8 × 109 (n = 2 samples) for a sheer 3-d printer. The large variability in emission rate values reflected variability from the printers as well as differences in printer design, operating conditions, and feedstock materials among printers. A custom-built ventilated enclosure evaluated at one facility was capable of reducing particle number and total organic chemical concentrations by 99.7% and 53.2%, respectively. Carbonyl compounds were detected in room air; however, none were specifically attributed to the 3-d printing process. Personal exposure to metals (aluminum, iron) and 12 different organic chemicals were all below applicable NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit values, but results are not reflective of all possible exposure scenarios. More research is needed to understand 3-d printer emissions, exposures, and efficacy of engineering controls in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - A R Johnson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - S du Preez
- North-West University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Private Bag X6001, Potchefst-room, 2520, South Africa
| | - D R Hammond
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J R Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - J E Ham
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - R F LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - K W Menchaca
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - S B Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M G Duling
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - L N Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - A K Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - F C Su
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - D J de Beer
- North-West University, Technology Transfer and Innovation Support Office, Private BagX6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - J L du Plessis
- NorthWest University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Blackley BH, Gibbs JL, Cummings KJ, Stefaniak AB, Park JY, Stanton M, Abbas Virji M. A field evaluation of a single sampler for respirable and inhalable indium and dust measurements at an indium-tin oxide manufacturing facility. J Occup Environ Hyg 2019; 16:66-77. [PMID: 30325716 PMCID: PMC6419101 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1536826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indium-tin oxide production has increased greatly in the last 20 years subsequent to increased global demand for touch screens and photovoltaics. Previous studies used measurements of indium in blood as an indicator of indium exposure and observed associations with adverse respiratory outcomes. However, correlations between measurements of blood indium and airborne respirable indium are inconsistent, in part because of the long half-life of indium in blood, but also because respirable indium measurements do not incorporate inhalable indium that can contribute to the observed biological burden. Information is lacking on relationships between respirable and inhalable indium exposure, which have implications for biological indicators like blood indium. The dual IOM sampler includes the foam disc insert and can simultaneously collect respirable and inhalable aerosol. Here, the field performance of the dual IOM sampler was evaluated by comparing performance with the respirable cyclone and traditional IOM for respirable and inhalable indium and dust exposure, respectively. Side-by-side area air samples were collected throughout an indium-tin oxide manufacturing facility. Cascade impactors were used to determine particle size distribution. Several statistical methods were used to evaluate the agreement between the pairs of samplers including calculating the concordance correlation coefficient and its accuracy and precision components. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of dust concentration on sampler differences. Respirable indium measurements showed better agreement (concordance correlation coefficient: 0.932) compared to respirable dust measurements (concordance correlation coefficient: 0.777) with significant differences observed in respirable dust measurements. The dual IOM measurements had high agreement with the traditional IOM for inhalable indium (concordance correlation coefficient: 0.997) but lower agreement for inhalable dust (concordance correlation coefficient: 0.886 and accuracy: 0.896) with a significantly large mean bias (-146.9 µg/m3). Dust concentration significantly affected sampler measurements of inhalable dust and inhalable indium. Results from this study suggest that the dual IOM is a useful single sampler for simultaneous measurements of occupational exposure to respirable and inhalable indium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brie Hawley Blackley
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jenna L. Gibbs
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kristin J. Cummings
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ji Young Park
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcia Stanton
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Falcone LM, Erdely A, Salmen R, Keane M, Battelli L, Kodali V, Bowers L, Stefaniak AB, Kashon ML, Antonini JM, Zeidler-Erdely PC. Pulmonary toxicity and lung tumorigenic potential of surrogate metal oxides in gas metal arc welding-stainless steel fume: Iron as a primary mediator versus chromium and nickel. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209413. [PMID: 30586399 PMCID: PMC6306264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified welding fumes as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). Both mild steel (MS) welding, where fumes lack carcinogenic chromium and nickel, and stainless steel (SS) increase lung cancer risk in welders; therefore, further research to better understand the toxicity of the individual metals is needed. The objectives were to (1) compare the pulmonary toxicity of chromium (as Cr(III) oxide [Cr2O3] and Cr (VI) calcium chromate [CaCrO4]), nickel [II] oxide (NiO), iron [III] oxide (Fe2O3), and gas metal arc welding-SS (GMAW-SS) fume; and (2) determine if these metal oxides can promote lung tumors. Lung tumor susceptible A/J mice (male, 4-5 weeks old) were exposed by oropharyngeal aspiration to vehicle, GMAW-SS fume (1.7 mg), or a low or high dose of surrogate metal oxides based on the respective weight percent of each metal in the fume: Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 (366 + 5 μg and 731 + 11 μg), NiO (141 and 281 μg), or Fe2O3 (1 and 2 mg). Bronchoalveolar lavage, histopathology, and lung/liver qPCR were done at 1, 7, 28, and 84 days post-aspiration. In a two-stage lung carcinogenesis model, mice were initiated with 3-methylcholanthrene (10 μg/g; intraperitoneal; 1x) or corn oil then exposed to metal oxides or vehicle (1 x/week for 5 weeks) by oropharyngeal aspiration. Lung tumors were counted at 30 weeks post-initiation. Results indicate the inflammatory potential of the metal oxides was Fe2O3 > Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 > NiO. Overall, the pneumotoxic effects were negligible for NiO, acute but not persistent for Cr2O3 + CaCrO4, and persistent for the Fe2O3 exposures. Fe2O3, but not Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 or NiO significantly promoted lung tumors. These results provide experimental evidence that Fe2O3 is an important mediator of welding fume toxicity and support epidemiological findings and the IARC classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn M. Falcone
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Salmen
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael Keane
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lori Battelli
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Vamsi Kodali
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lauren Bowers
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - James M. Antonini
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Patti C. Zeidler-Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
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Stefaniak AB, Bowers LN, Knepp AK, Virji MA, Birch EM, Ham JE, Wells JR, Chaolong Q, Schwegler-Berry D, Friend S, Johnson AR, Martin SB, Qian Y, LeBouf RF, Birch Q, Hammond D. Three-dimensional printing with nano-enabled filaments releases polymer particles containing carbon nanotubes into air. Indoor Air 2018; 28:840-851. [PMID: 30101413 PMCID: PMC6398333 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM™) 3-dimensional printing uses polymer filament to build objects. Some polymer filaments are formulated with additives, though it is unknown if they are released during printing. Three commercially available filaments that contained carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were printed with a desktop FDM™ 3-D printer in a chamber while monitoring total particle number concentration and size distribution. Airborne particles were collected on filters and analyzed using electron microscopy. Carbonyl compounds were identified by mass spectrometry. The elemental carbon content of the bulk CNT-containing filaments was 1.5 to 5.2 wt%. CNT-containing filaments released up to 1010 ultrafine (d < 100 nm) particles/g printed and 106 to 108 respirable (d ~0.5 to 2 μm) particles/g printed. From microscopy, 1% of the emitted respirable polymer particles contained visible CNTs. Carbonyl emissions were observed above the limit of detection (LOD) but were below the limit of quantitation (LOQ). Modeling indicated that, for all filaments, the average proportional lung deposition of CNT-containing polymer particles was 6.5%, 5.7%, and 7.2% for the head airways, tracheobronchiolar, and pulmonary regions, respectively. If CNT-containing polymer particles are hazardous, it would be prudent to control emissions during use of these filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren N. Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alycia K. Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Eileen M. Birch
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jason E. Ham
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - J. R. Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Qi Chaolong
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Sherri Friend
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alyson R. Johnson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Stephen B. Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Yong Qian
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Quinn Birch
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Duane Hammond
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Caridi MN, Humann MJ, Liang X, Su FC, Stefaniak AB, LeBouf RF, Stanton ML, Virji MA, Henneberger PK. Occupation and task as risk factors for asthma-related outcomes among healthcare workers in New York City. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 222:211-220. [PMID: 30327176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested an association of asthma onset and exacerbation with cleaning and disinfecting activities in a number of industries, including healthcare. The objective of the current study was to investigate the association of asthma and related outcomes with occupations and tasks in urban healthcare workers in the United States. METHODS A questionnaire was implemented in a sample of workers from nine healthcare occupations in New York City. We used regression models to examine the association of post-hire asthma, current asthma, exacerbation of asthma, a symptom algorithm for bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR-related symptoms), a symptom-based asthma score, and the symptom wheeze with occupation and four healthcare tasks, while adjusting for other risk factors and potential confounders. RESULTS A total of 2030 participants completed the questionnaire. The task of cleaning fixed surfaces was significantly associated with most outcome variables, including current asthma (odds ratio (OR) = 1.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-2.68), moderate exacerbation (OR = 3.10, 95% CI 1.25-7.67), and BHR-related symptoms (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.08-1.77). In comparison to nursing assistants, the occupations environmental service workers and registered nurses were at higher risk for current asthma, and licensed practical nurses were at higher risk for moderate exacerbation. Other tasks associated with outcomes were administering aerosolized medications with current asthma and moderate exacerbation, and sterilizing medical equipment with BHR-related symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to the growing body of evidence for the association of asthma with cleaning and other activities in healthcare. Further research is especially needed to investigate the association of asthma-related outcomes with exposure metrics based on tasks, products, and chemical exposures in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan N Caridi
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Michael J Humann
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Xiaoming Liang
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Feng-Chiao Su
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ryan F LeBouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Marcia L Stanton
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - M Abbas Virji
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Paul K Henneberger
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, WV, United States.
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43
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LeBouf RF, Burns DA, Ranpara A, Attfield K, Zwack L, Stefaniak AB. Headspace analysis for screening of volatile organic compound profiles of electronic juice bulk material. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5951-5960. [PMID: 29974153 PMCID: PMC6129974 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems continues to gain popularity, and there is concern for potential health risks from inhalation of aerosol and vapor produced by these devices. An analytical method was developed that provided quantitative and qualitative chemical information for characterizing the volatile constituents of bulk electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids) using a static headspace technique. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were screened from a convenience sample of 146 e-liquids by equilibrating 1 g of each e-liquid in amber vials for 24 h at room temperature. Headspace was transferred to an evacuated canister and quantitatively analyzed for 20 VOCs as well as tentatively identified compounds using a preconcentrator/gas chromatography/mass spectrometer system. The e-liquids were classified into flavor categories including brown, fruit, hybrid dairy, menthol, mint, none, tobacco, and other. 2,3-Butanedione was found at the highest concentration in brown flavor types, but was also found in fruit, hybrid dairy, and menthol flavor types. Benzene was observed at concentrations that are concerning given the carcinogenicity of this compound (max 1.6 ppm in a fruit flavor type). The proposed headspace analysis technique coupled with partition coefficients allows for a rapid and sensitive prediction of the volatile content in the liquid. The technique does not require onerous sample preparation, dilution with organic solvents, or sampling at elevated temperatures. Static headspace screening of e-liquids allows for the identification of volatile chemical constituents which is critical for identifying and controlling emission of potentially hazardous constituents in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F LeBouf
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Dru A Burns
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Anand Ranpara
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | | | - Leonard Zwack
- Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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Abstract
The acidic nature of the skin surface was recognised more than a century ago and has been measured since 1928. Several non-invasive methods for measuring skin surface pH have been developed ever since and have contributed to our understanding of healthy and diseased skin. This chapter summarises the endogenous physiological, exogenous and environmental factors that influence skin surface pH and its measurement as well as the different measurement methods for skin surface pH, with specific emphasis on the classic planar glass electrode method. Also, practical guidance for measurement of skin surface pH using the planar glass electrode method is provided. Adherence to practical skin surface pH measurement (method) guidelines with due consideration and practicable control of all factors that may affect skin surface pH will ensure credible pH measurement results in our continuous pursuit of understanding especially diseased skin.
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45
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Shane HL, Lukomska E, Stefaniak AB, Anderson SE. Divergent hypersensitivity responses following topical application of the quaternary ammonium compound, didecyldimethylammonium bromide. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 14:204-214. [PMID: 29124973 PMCID: PMC6391722 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2017.1397826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) is a fourth generation dialkyl-quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) that is used in numerous products for its antimicrobial properties. While many QACs have been associated with allergic disease, the toxicity and sensitization of DDAB have not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the irritancy and sensitization potential of DDAB following dermal application in a murine model. DDAB induced significant irritancy (0.0625-2%), evaluated by ear swelling in female BALB/c mice. Initial evaluation of the sensitization potential was conducted using the local lymph node assay (LLNA) at concentrations ranging from 0.0625% to 2%. A concentration-dependent increase in lymphocyte proliferation was observed with a calculated EC3 value of 0.057%. Immune cell phenotyping along with local and systemic IgE levels were evaluated following 4 and 14 days of dermal application. Phenotypic analyses revealed significant and dose-responsive increases in the absolute number of B-cells, CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, and dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes (DLNs) following 4 and 14 days of dermal exposure with significant increases in the number of activated B-cells and dendritic cells. However, increased activation of CD4+ T-cell and CD8+ T-cells was only observed following four days of DDAB exposure. Exposure to DDAB also induced increased production of IgE as evaluated by phenotypic analysis of DLN B-cells (IgE+ B-cells) and measurement of total serum IgE levels following 14 days but not four days of dermal application. Significant increases in gene expression were observed in the DLN (Il-4, Il-10, and ox40l) and ear (tslp) following 4 and 14 days of DDAB exposure. These results demonstrate the potential for development of irritation and hypersensitivity responses to DDAB following dermal exposure and raise concerns about the effects of exposure duration on hypersensitivity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L Shane
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- b Respiratory Health Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
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46
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Davis TA, Patberg SM, Sargent LM, Stefaniak AB, Holland LA. Capillary electrophoresis analysis of affinity to assess carboxylation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1027:149-157. [PMID: 29866264 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface oxidation improves the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in aqueous solutions and plays a key role in the development of biosensors, electrochemical detectors and polymer composites. Accurate characterization of the carbon nanotube surface is important because the development of these nano-based applications depends on the degree of functionalization, in particular the amount of carboxylation. Affinity capillary electrophoresis is used to characterize the oxidation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. A polytryptophan peptide that contains a single arginine residue (WRWWWW) serves as a receptor in affinity capillary electrophoresis to assess the degree of carboxylation. The formation of peptide-nanotube receptor-ligand complex was detected with a UV absorbance detector. Apparent dissociation constants (KD) are obtained by observing the migration shift of the WRWWWW peptide through background electrolyte at increasing concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. A 20% relative standard deviation in method reproducibility and repeatability is determined with triplicate analysis within a single sample preparation and across multiple sample preparations for a commercially available carbon nanotube. Affinity capillary electrophoresis is applied to assess differences in degree of carboxylation across two manufacturers and to analyze acid treated carbon nanotubes. The results of these studies are compared to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and zeta potential. Affinity capillary electrophoresis comparisons of carbon nanotube samples prepared by varying acid treatment time from 30 min to 3 h yielded significant differences in degree of carboxylation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis was inconclusive due to potential acid contamination, while zeta potential showed no change based on surface charge. This work is significant to research involving carbon nanotube-based applications because it provides a new metric to rapidly characterize carbon nanotubes obtained from different vendors, or synthesized in laboratories using different procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Davis
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Shannon M Patberg
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Linda M Sargent
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Lisa A Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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47
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Grulke EA, Wu X, Ji Y, Buhr E, Yamamoto K, Song NW, Stefaniak AB, Schwegler-Berry D, Burchett WW, Lambert J, Stromberg AJ. Differentiating gold nanorod samples using particle size and shape distributions from transmission electron microscope images. Metrologia 2018; 55:254-267. [PMID: 32410745 PMCID: PMC7224690 DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/aaa368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Size and shape distributions of gold nanorod samples are critical to their physico-chemical properties, especially their longitudinal surface plasmon resonance. This interlaboratory comparison study developed methods for measuring and evaluating size and shape distributions for gold nanorod samples using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The objective was to determine whether two different samples, which had different performance attributes in their application, were different with respect to their size and/or shape descriptor distributions. Touching particles in the captured images were identified using a ruggedness shape descriptor. Nanorods could be distinguished from nanocubes using an elongational shape descriptor. A non-parametric statistical test showed that cumulative distributions of an elongational shape descriptor, that is, the aspect ratio, were statistically different between the two samples for all laboratories. While the scale parameters of size and shape distributions were similar for both samples, the width parameters of size and shape distributions were statistically different. This protocol fulfills an important need for a standardized approach to measure gold nanorod size and shape distributions for applications in which quantitative measurements and comparisons are important. Furthermore, the validated protocol workflow can be automated, thus providing consistent and rapid measurements of nanorod size and shape distributions for researchers, regulatory agencies, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Xiaochun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 1001901, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglu Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 1001901, People's Republic of China
| | - Egbert Buhr
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nam Woong Song
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Woodrow W Burchett
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Joshua Lambert
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Arnold J Stromberg
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
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48
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Bishop L, Cena L, Orandle M, Yanamala N, Dahm MM, Birch ME, Evans DE, Kodali VK, Eye T, Battelli L, Zeidler-Erdely PC, Casuccio G, Bunker K, Lupoi JS, Lersch TL, Stefaniak AB, Sager T, Afshari A, Schwegler-Berry D, Friend S, Kang J, Siegrist KJ, Mitchell CA, Lowry DT, Kashon ML, Mercer RR, Geraci CL, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Sargent LM, Erdely A. In Vivo Toxicity Assessment of Occupational Components of the Carbon Nanotube Life Cycle To Provide Context to Potential Health Effects. ACS Nano 2017; 11:8849-8863. [PMID: 28759202 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary toxicity studies on carbon nanotubes focus primarily on as-produced materials and rarely are guided by a life cycle perspective or integration with exposure assessment. Understanding toxicity beyond the as-produced, or pure native material, is critical, due to modifications needed to overcome barriers to commercialization of applications. In the first series of studies, the toxicity of as-produced carbon nanotubes and their polymer-coated counterparts was evaluated in reference to exposure assessment, material characterization, and stability of the polymer coating in biological fluids. The second series of studies examined the toxicity of aerosols generated from sanding polymer-coated carbon-nanotube-embedded or neat composites. Postproduction modification by polymer coating did not enhance pulmonary injury, inflammation, and pathology or in vitro genotoxicity of as-produced carbon nanotubes, and for a particular coating, toxicity was significantly attenuated. The aerosols generated from sanding composites embedded with polymer-coated carbon nanotubes contained no evidence of free nanotubes. The percent weight incorporation of polymer-coated carbon nanotubes, 0.15% or 3% by mass, and composite matrix utilized altered the particle size distribution and, in certain circumstances, influenced acute in vivo toxicity. Our study provides perspective that, while the number of workers and consumers increases along the life cycle, toxicity and/or potential for exposure to the as-produced material may greatly diminish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Bishop
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
- West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Lorenzo Cena
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
- West Chester University , West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, United States
| | - Marlene Orandle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Matthew M Dahm
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - M Eileen Birch
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Douglas E Evans
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Vamsi K Kodali
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Tracy Eye
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Lori Battelli
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Patti C Zeidler-Erdely
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Gary Casuccio
- RJ Lee Group , Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Kristin Bunker
- RJ Lee Group , Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Jason S Lupoi
- RJ Lee Group , Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Traci L Lersch
- RJ Lee Group , Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Tina Sager
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Aliakbar Afshari
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Sherri Friend
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Jonathan Kang
- West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Katelyn J Siegrist
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Constance A Mitchell
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - David T Lowry
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Michael L Kashon
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Robert R Mercer
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Charles L Geraci
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | | | - Linda M Sargent
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Aaron Erdely
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
- West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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49
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Grulke EA, Yamamoto K, Kumagai K, Häusler I, Österle W, Ortel E, Hodoroaba VD, Brown SC, Chan C, Zheng J, Yamamoto K, Yashiki K, Song NW, Kim YH, Stefaniak AB, Schwegler-Berry D, Coleman VA, Jämting ÅK, Herrmann J, Arakawa T, Burchett WW, Lambert JW, Stromberg AJ. Size and shape distributions of primary crystallites in titania aggregates. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2017; 28:1647-1659. [PMID: 29200658 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The primary crystallite size of titania powder relates to its properties in a number of applications. Transmission electron microscopy was used in this interlaboratory comparison (ILC) to measure primary crystallite size and shape distributions for a commercial aggregated titania powder. Data of four size descriptors and two shape descriptors were evaluated across nine laboratories. Data repeatability and reproducibility was evaluated by analysis of variance. One-third of the laboratory pairs had similar size descriptor data, but 83% of the pairs had similar aspect ratio data. Scale descriptor distributions were generally unimodal and were well-described by lognormal reference models. Shape descriptor distributions were multi-modal but data visualization plots demonstrated that the Weibull distribution was preferred to the normal distribution. For the equivalent circular diameter size descriptor, measurement uncertainties of the lognormal distribution scale and width parameters were 9.5% and 22%, respectively. For the aspect ratio shape descriptor, the measurement uncertainties of the Weibull distribution scale and width parameters were 7.0% and 26%, respectively. Both measurement uncertainty estimates and data visualizations should be used to analyze size and shape distributions of particles on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Grulke
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kumagai
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ines Häusler
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Österle
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik Ortel
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jiwen Zheng
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Springs, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Nam Woong Song
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Heon Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - D Schwegler-Berry
- U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | | | - Åsa K Jämting
- National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Jan Herrmann
- National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Woodrow W Burchett
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joshua W Lambert
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Arnold J Stromberg
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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50
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Stefaniak AB, LeBouf RF, Yi J, Ham J, Nurkewicz T, Schwegler-Berry DE, Chen BT, Wells JR, Duling MG, Lawrence RB, Martin SB, Johnson AR, Virji MA. Characterization of chemical contaminants generated by a desktop fused deposition modeling 3-dimensional Printer. J Occup Environ Hyg 2017; 14:540-550. [PMID: 28440728 PMCID: PMC5967408 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2017.1302589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Printing devices are known to emit chemicals into the indoor atmosphere. Understanding factors that influence release of chemical contaminants from printers is necessary to develop effective exposure assessment and control strategies. In this study, a desktop fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3-dimensional (3-D) printer using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polylactic acid (PLA) filaments and two monochrome laser printers were evaluated in a 0.5 m3 chamber. During printing, chamber air was monitored for vapors using a real-time photoionization detector (results expressed as isobutylene equivalents) to measure total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations, evacuated canisters to identify specific VOCs by off-line gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, and liquid bubblers to identify carbonyl compounds by GC-MS. Airborne particles were collected on filters for off-line analysis using scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive x-ray detector to identify elemental constituents. For 3-D printing, TVOC emission rates were influenced by a printer malfunction, filament type, and to a lesser extent, by filament color; however, rates were not influenced by the number of printer nozzles used or the manufacturer's provided cover. TVOC emission rates were significantly lower for the 3-D printer (49-3552 µg h-1) compared to the laser printers (5782-7735 µg h-1). A total of 14 VOCs were identified during 3-D printing that were not present during laser printing. 3-D printed objects continued to off-gas styrene, indicating potential for continued exposure after the print job is completed. Carbonyl reaction products were likely formed from emissions of the 3-D printer, including 4-oxopentanal. Ultrafine particles generated by the 3-D printer using ABS and a laser printer contained chromium. Consideration of the factors that influenced the release of chemical contaminants (including known and suspected asthmagens such as styrene and 4-oxopentanal) from a FDM 3-D printer should be made when designing exposure assessment and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jinghai Yi
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jason Ham
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Timothy Nurkewicz
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | - Bean T. Chen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - J. Raymond Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Matthew G. Duling
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Robert B. Lawrence
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Stephen B. Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alyson R. Johnson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
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