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Kimura S, Polonen P, Montefiori L, Park CS, Iacobucci I, Yeoh AE, Attarbaschi A, Moore AS, Brown A, Manabe A, Buldini B, Freeman BB, Chen C, Cheng C, Kean Hui C, Li CK, Pui CH, Qu C, Tomizawa D, Teachey DT, Varotto E, Paietta EM, Arnold ED, Locatelli F, Escherich G, Elisa Muhle H, Marquart HV, de Groot-Kruseman HA, Rowe JM, Stary J, Trka J, Choi JK, Meijerink JPP, Yang JJ, Takita J, Pawinska-Wasikowska K, Roberts KG, Han K, Caldwell KJ, Schmiegelow K, Crews KR, Eguchi M, Schrappe M, Zimmerman M, Takagi M, Maybury M, Svaton M, Reiterova M, Kicinski M, Prater MS, Kato M, Reyes N, Spinelli O, Thomas P, Mazilier P, Gao Q, Masetti R, Kotecha RS, Pieters R, Elitzur S, Luger SM, Mitchell S, Pruett-Miller SM, Shen S, Jeha S, Köhrer S, Kornblau SM, Skoczeń S, Miyamura T, Vincent TL, Imamura T, Conter V, Tang Y, Liu YC, Chang Y, Gu Z, Cheng Z, Yinmei Z, Inaba H, Mullighan CG. Biologic and clinical features of childhood gamma delta T-ALL: identification of STAG2/LMO2 γδ T-ALL as an extremely high risk leukemia in the very young. medRxiv 2023:2023.11.06.23298028. [PMID: 37986997 PMCID: PMC10659466 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.23298028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gamma delta T-cell receptor-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (γδ T-ALL) is a high-risk but poorly characterized disease. METHODS We studied clinical features of 200 pediatric γδ T-ALL, and compared the prognosis of 93 cases to 1,067 protocol-matched non-γδ T-ALL. Genomic features were defined by transcriptome and genome sequencing. Experimental modeling was used to examine the mechanistic impacts of genomic alterations. Therapeutic vulnerabilities were identified by high throughput drug screening of cell lines and xenografts. RESULTS γδ T-ALL in children under three was extremely high-risk with 5-year event-free survival (33% v. 70% [age 3-<10] and 73% [age ≥10], P =9.5 x 10 -5 ) and 5-year overall survival (49% v. 78% [age 3-<10] and 81% [age ≥10], P =0.002), differences not observed in non-γδ T-ALL. γδ T-ALL in this age group was enriched for genomic alterations activating LMO2 activation and inactivating STAG2 inactivation ( STAG2/LMO2 ). Mechanistically, we show that inactivation of STAG2 profoundly perturbs chromatin organization by altering enhancer-promoter looping resulting in deregulation of gene expression associated with T-cell differentiation. Drug screening showed resistance to prednisolone, consistent with clinical slow treatment response, but identified a vulnerability in DNA repair pathways arising from STAG2 inactivation, which was efficaciously targeted by Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition, with synergism with HDAC inhibitors. Ex-vivo drug screening on PDX cells validated the efficacy of PARP inhibitors as well as other potential targets including nelarabine. CONCLUSION γδ T-ALL in children under the age of three is extremely high-risk and enriched for STAG2/LMO2 ALL. STAG2 loss perturbs chromatin conformation and differentiation, and STAG2/LMO2 ALL is sensitive to PARP inhibition. These data provide a diagnostic and therapeutic framework for pediatric γδ T-ALL. SUPPORT The authors are supported by the American and Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities of St Jude Children's Research Hospital, NCI grants R35 CA197695, P50 CA021765 (C.G.M.), the Henry Schueler 41&9 Foundation (C.G.M.), and a St. Baldrick's Foundation Robert J. Arceci Innovation Award (C.G.M.), Gabriella Miller Kids First X01HD100702 (D.T.T and C.G.M.) and R03CA256550 (D.T.T. and C.G.M.), F32 5F32CA254140 (L.M.), and a Garwood Postdoctoral Fellowship of the Hematological Malignancies Program of the St Jude Children's Research Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center (S.K.). This project was supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under the following award numbers: U10CA180820, UG1CA189859, U24CA114766, U10CA180899, U10CA180866 and U24CA196173. DISCLAIMER The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. The funding agencies were not directly involved in the design of the study, gathering, analysis and interpretation of the data, writing of the manuscript, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
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Ranpara A, Stefaniak AB, Fernandez E, Bowers LN, Arnold ED, LeBouf RF. Influence of puff topographies on e-liquid heating temperature, emission characteristics and modeled lung deposition of Puff Bar ™. Aerosol Sci Technol 2023; 57:450-466. [PMID: 37969359 PMCID: PMC10641718 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2190786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Puff Bar™, one of the latest designs of e-cigarettes, heats a mixture of liquid using a battery-powered coil at certain temperatures to emit aerosol. This study presents a mass-based characterization of emissions from seven flavors of Puff Bar™ devices by aerosolizing with three puff topographies [(puff volume: 55 < 65 < 75-mL) within 4-seconds at 30-seconds interval]. We evaluated the effects of puff topographies on heating temperatures; characterized particles using a cascade impactor; and measured volatile carbonyl compounds (VCCs). Modeled dosimetry and calculated mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) were used to estimate regional, total respiratory deposition of the inhaled aerosol and exhaled fractions that could pose secondhand exposure risk. Temperatures of Puff Bar™ e-liquids increased with increasing puff volumes: 55mL (116.6 °C), 65 mL (128.3 °C), and 75mL (168.9 °C). Flavor types significantly influenced MMADs, total mass of particles, and VCCs (μg/puff: 2.15-2.30) in Puff Bar™ emissions (p < 0.05). Increasing puff volume (mL:55 < 65 < 75) significantly increased total mass (mg/puff: 4.6 < 5.6 < 6.2) of particles without substantially changing MMADs (~1μm:1.02~0.99~0.98). Aerosol emissions were estimated to deposit in the pulmonary region of e-cigarette user (41-44%), which could have toxicological importance. More than 2/3 (67-77%) of inhaled particles were estimated to be exhaled by users, which could affect bystanders. The VCCs measured contained carcinogens-formaldehyde (29.6%) and acetaldehyde (16.4%)-as well as respiratory irritants: acetone (23.9%), isovaleraldehyde (14.5%), and acrolein (4.9%). As Puff Bar™ emissions contain respirable particles and harmful chemicals, efforts should be made to minimize exposures, especially in indoor settings where people (including vulnerable populations) spend most of their life-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Ranpara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Health Science Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fernandez
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren N. Bowers
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Arnold
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Bowers LN, Ranpara AC, Roach KA, Knepp AK, Arnold ED, Stefaniak AB, Virji MA. Comparison of product safety data sheet ingredient lists with skin irritants and sensitizers present in a convenience sample of light-curing resins used in additive manufacturing. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105198. [PMID: 35659913 PMCID: PMC9351547 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Material jetting and vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing (AM) processes use liquid resins to build objects. These resins can contain skin irritants and/or sensitizers but product safety data sheets (SDSs) might not declare all ingredients. We characterized elemental and organic skin irritants and sensitizers present in 39 commercial products; evaluated the influence of resin manufacturer, system, color, and AM process type on the presence of irritants and sensitizers; and compared product SDSs to results. Among all products, analyses identified 23 irritant elements, 54 irritant organic substances, 22 sensitizing elements, and 23 sensitizing organic substances; SDSs listed 3, 9, 4, and 6 of these ingredients, respectively. Per product, the number and total mass (an indicator of potential dermal loading) of ingredients varied: five to 17 irritant elements (8.32-4756.65 mg/kg), one to 17 irritant organics (3273 to 356,000 mg/kg), four to 17 sensitizing elements (8.27-4755.63 mg/kg), and one to seven sensitizing organics (15-382,170 mg/kg). Median numbers and concentrations of irritants and sensitizers were significantly influenced by resin system and AM process type. The presence of undeclared irritants and sensitizers in these resins supports the need for more complete information on product SDSs for comprehensive dermal risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Anand C Ranpara
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Katherine A Roach
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Arnold
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - M Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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Stefaniak AB, Bowers LN, Cottrell G, Erdem E, Knepp AK, Martin SB, Pretty J, Duling MG, Arnold ED, Wilson Z, Krider B, Fortner AR, LeBouf RF, Virji MA, Sirinterlikci A. Towards sustainable additive manufacturing: The need for awareness of particle and vapor releases during polymer recycling, making filament, and fused filament fabrication 3-D printing. Resour Conserv Recycl 2022; 176:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105911. [PMID: 35982992 PMCID: PMC9380603 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fused filament fabrication three-dimensional (FFF 3-D) printing is thought to be environmentally sustainable; however, significant amounts of waste can be generated from this technology. One way to improve its sustainability is via distributed recycling of plastics in homes, schools, and libraries to create feedstock filament for printing. Risks from exposures incurred during recycling and reuse of plastics has not been incorporated into life cycle assessments. This study characterized contaminant releases from virgin (unextruded) and recycled plastics from filament production through FFF 3-D printing. Waste polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastics were recycled to create filament; virgin PLA, ABS, high and low density polyethylenes, high impact polystyrene, and polypropylene pellets were also extruded into filament. The release of particles and chemicals into school classrooms was evaluated using standard industrial hygiene methodologies. All tasks released particles that contained hazardous metals (e.g., manganese) and with size capable of depositing in the gas exchange region of the lung, i.e., granulation of waste PLA and ABS (667 to 714 nm) and filament making (608 to 711 nm) and FFF 3-D printing (616 to 731 nm) with waste and virgin plastics. All tasks released vapors, including respiratory irritants and potential carcinogens (benzene and formaldehyde), mucus membrane irritants (acetone, xylenes, ethylbenzene, and methyl methacrylate), and asthmagens (styrene, multiple carbonyl compounds). These data are useful for incorporating risks of exposure to hazardous contaminants in future life cycle evaluations to demonstrate the sustainability and circular economy potential of FFF 3-D printing in distributed spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
- Corresponding author at: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States. (A.B. Stefaniak)
| | - Lauren N. Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Gabe Cottrell
- Robert Morris University, School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Moon Township, PA, 15108, United States
| | - Ergin Erdem
- Robert Morris University, School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Moon Township, PA, 15108, United States
| | - Alycia K. Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Stephen B. Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Jack Pretty
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Cincinnati, OH, 45213, United States
| | - Matthew G. Duling
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Elizabeth D. Arnold
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Zachary Wilson
- Robert Morris University, School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Moon Township, PA, 15108, United States
| | - Benjamin Krider
- Robert Morris University, School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Moon Township, PA, 15108, United States
| | - Alyson R. Fortner
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Arif Sirinterlikci
- Robert Morris University, School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Moon Township, PA, 15108, United States
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Stefaniak AB, Bowers LN, Cottrell G, Erdem E, Knepp AK, Martin S, Pretty J, Duling MG, Arnold ED, Wilson Z, Krider B, LeBouf RF, Virji MA, Sirinterlikci A. Use of 3-Dimensional Printers in Educational Settings: The Need for Awareness of the Effects of Printer Temperature and Filament Type on Contaminant Releases. ACS Chem Health Saf 2021; 28:444-456. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.1c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Lauren N. Bowers
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Gabe Cottrell
- School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, Pennsylvania 15108, United States
| | - Ergin Erdem
- School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, Pennsylvania 15108, United States
| | - Alycia K. Knepp
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Stephen Martin
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Jack Pretty
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Matthew G. Duling
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Elizabeth D. Arnold
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Zachary Wilson
- School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, Pennsylvania 15108, United States
| | - Benjamin Krider
- School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, Pennsylvania 15108, United States
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Arif Sirinterlikci
- School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, Pennsylvania 15108, United States
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Stefaniak AB, Wade EE, Lawrence RB, Arnold ED, Virji MA. Particle transfer and adherence to human skin compared with cotton glove and pre-moistened polyvinyl alcohol exposure sampling substrates. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2021; 56:585-598. [PMID: 33720803 PMCID: PMC8276042 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1899524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of skin exposure to particles using interception (e.g., cotton gloves) and removal (e.g., wiping) sampling techniques could be inaccurate because these substrates do not have the same topography and adhesion characteristics as skin. The objective of this study was to compare particle transfer and adherence to cotton gloves, cotton gloves with artificial sebum, and a pre-moistened polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) material with bare human skin (fingertip, palm). Experiments were performed with aluminum oxide powder under standardized conditions for three types of surfaces touched, applied loads, contact times, and powder mass levels. In the final mixed model, the fixed effects of substrate, surface type, applied load, and powder mass and their significant two-way interaction terms explained 71% (transfer) and 74% (adherence) of the observed total variance in measurements. For particle mass transfer, compared with bare skin, bias was -77% (cotton glove with sebum) to +197% (PVA material) and for adherence bias ranged from -40% (cotton glove) to +428% (PVA material), which indicated under- and over-sampling by these substrates, respectively. Dermal exposure assessment would benefit from sampling substrates that better reflect human skin characteristics and more accurately estimate exposures. Mischaracterization of dermal exposure has important implications for exposure and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Eleanor E Wade
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Robert B Lawrence
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Arnold
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - M Abbas Virji
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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