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Kitchin KT, Richards JA, Robinette BL, Wallace KA, Coates NH, Castellon BT, Grulke EA. Biochemical effects of copper nanomaterials in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2311-2329. [PMID: 35877023 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In dose-response and structure-activity studies, human hepatic HepG2 cells were exposed for 3 days to nano Cu, nano CuO or CuCl2 (ions) at doses between 0.1 and 30 ug/ml (approximately the no observable adverse effect level to a high degree of cytotoxicity). Various biochemical parameters were then evaluated to study cytotoxicity, cell growth, hepatic function, and oxidative stress. With nano Cu and nano CuO, few indications of cytotoxicity were observed between 0.1 and 3 ug/ml. In respect to dose, lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase were the most sensitive cytotoxicity parameters. The next most responsive parameters were alanine aminotransferase, glutathione reductase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and protein concentration. The medium responsive parameters were superoxide dismutase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, total bilirubin, and microalbumin. The parameters glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and protein were all altered by nano Cu and nano CuO but not by CuCl2 exposures. Our chief observations were (1) significant decreases in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase was observed at doses below the doses that show high cytotoxicity, (2) even high cytotoxicity did not induce large changes in some study parameters (e.g., alkaline phosphatase, catalase, microalbumin, total bilirubin, thioredoxin reductase, and triglycerides), (3) even though many significant biochemical effects happen only at doses showing varying degrees of cytotoxicity, it was not clear that cytotoxicity alone caused all of the observed significant biochemical effects, and (4) the decreased glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase support the view that oxidative stress is a main toxicity pathway of CuCl2 and Cu-containing nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk T Kitchin
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 Alexander Drive, Mail Drop B105-03, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Judy A Richards
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Brian L Robinette
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 Alexander Drive, Mail Drop B105-03, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Kathleen A Wallace
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 Alexander Drive, Mail Drop B105-03, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Najwa H Coates
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Benjamin T Castellon
- Institute of Biomedical Studies and Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Eric A Grulke
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 20506-0046, USA
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2
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Mott L, Hancock M, Grulke EA, Pack DW. Polymer/Nanoceria Hybrid Polyplexes for Gene and Antioxidant Delivery. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023; 6:3166-3175. [PMID: 37493016 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Various diseases, including cancers and inflammatory diseases, are characterized by a disruption of redox homeostasis, suggesting the need for synergistic treatments involving co-delivery of gene therapies and free radical scavengers. In this report, polyethylenimine (PEI), nanoceria (NC), and DNA were complexed to form nanoparticles providing simultaneous delivery of a gene and an antioxidant. NC was coated in citric acid to provide stable, 4 nm particles that electrostatically bound PEI/DNA polyplexes. The resulting ternary particles transfected HeLa cells with similar efficiency to that of ternary polyplexes comprising 15 kDa poly-l-α-glutamic acid/PEI/DNA while providing smaller particle sizes by more than 100 nm. NC/PEI/DNA polyplexes exhibited enhanced radical-scavenging activity compared to free NC, and oxidative stress from the superoxide-generating agent, menadione, could be completely reversed by the delivery of NC/PEI/DNA polyplexes. Transfection by NC/PEI/DNA polyplexes was demonstrated to occur efficiently through caveolin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. Co-delivery of genes encoding reactive oxygen species-scavenging proteins, transcription factors, growth factors, tumor suppressors, or anti-inflammatory genes with NC, therefore, may be a promising strategy in synergistic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon Mott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Matthew Hancock
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Eric A Grulke
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Daniel W Pack
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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3
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Hancock ML, Grulke EA, Yokel RA. Carboxylic acids and light interact to affect nanoceria stability and dissolution in acidic aqueous environments. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2023; 14:762-780. [PMID: 37405151 PMCID: PMC10315891 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerium atoms on the surfaces of nanoceria (i.e., cerium oxide in the form of nanoparticles) can store or release oxygen, cycling between Ce3+ and Ce4+; therefore, they can cause or relieve oxidative stress within living systems. Nanoceria dissolution occurs in acidic environments. Nanoceria stabilization is a known problem even during its synthesis; in fact, a carboxylic acid, namely citric acid, is used in many synthesis protocols. Citric acid adsorbs onto nanoceria surfaces, limiting particle formation and creating stable dispersions with extended shelf life. To better understand factors influencing the fate of nanoceria, its dissolution and stabilization have been previously studied in vitro using acidic aqueous environments. Nanoceria agglomerated in the presence of some carboxylic acids over 30 weeks, and degraded in others, at pH 4.5 (i.e., the pH value in phagolysosomes). Plants release carboxylic acids, and cerium carboxylates are found in underground and aerial plant parts. To further test nanoceria stability, suspensions were exposed to light and dark conditions, simulating plant environments and biological systems. Light induced nanoceria agglomeration in the presence of some carboxylic acids. Nanoceria agglomeration did not occur in the dark in the presence of most carboxylic acids. Light initiates free radicals generated by ceria nanoparticles. Nanoceria completely dissolved in the presence of citric, malic, and isocitric acid when exposed to light, attributed to nanoceria dissolution, release of Ce3+ ions, and formation of cerium coordination complexes on the ceria nanoparticle surface that inhibit agglomeration. Key functional groups of carboxylic acids that prevented nanoceria agglomeration were identified. A long carbon chain backbone containing a carboxylic acid group geminal to a hydroxy group in addition to a second carboxylic acid group may optimally complex with nanoceria. The results provide mechanistic insight into the role of carboxylic acids in nanoceria dissolution and its fate in soils, plants, and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Hancock
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, United States
| | - Eric A Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, United States
| | - Robert A Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, United States
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4
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Yokel RA, Wohlleben W, Keller JG, Hancock ML, Unrine JM, Butterfield DA, Grulke EA. The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2021; 12:525-540. [PMID: 34136328 PMCID: PMC8182686 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles, so-called nanoceria, are engineered nanomaterials prepared by many methods that result in products with varying physicochemical properties and applications. Those used industrially are often calcined, an example is NM-212. Other nanoceria have beneficial pharmaceutical properties and are often prepared by solvothermal synthesis. Solvothermally synthesized nanoceria dissolve in acidic environments, accelerated by carboxylic acids. NM-212 dissolution has been reported to be minimal. To gain insight into the role of high-temperature exposure on nanoceria dissolution, product susceptibility to carboxylic acid-accelerated dissolution, and its effect on biological and catalytic properties of nanoceria, the dissolution of NM-212, a solvothermally synthesized nanoceria material, and a calcined form of the solvothermally synthesized nanoceria material (ca. 40, 4, and 40 nm diameter, respectively) was investigated. Two dissolution methods were employed. Dissolution of NM-212 and the calcined nanoceria was much slower than that of the non-calcined form. The decreased solubility was attributed to an increased amount of surface Ce4+ species induced by the high temperature. Carboxylic acids doubled the very low dissolution rate of NM-212. Nanoceria dissolution releases Ce3+ ions, which, with phosphate, form insoluble cerium phosphate in vivo. The addition of immobilized phosphates did not accelerate nanoceria dissolution, suggesting that the Ce3+ ion release during nanoceria dissolution was phosphate-independent. Smaller particles resulting from partial nanoceria dissolution led to less cellular protein carbonyl formation, attributed to an increased amount of surface Ce3+ species. Surface reactivity was greater for the solvothermally synthesized nanoceria, which had more Ce3+ species at the surface. The results show that temperature treatment of nanoceria can produce significant differences in solubility and surface cerium valence, which affect the biological and catalytic properties of nanoceria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0596, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew L Hancock
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0046, USA
| | - Jason M Unrine
- Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40546-0091, USA
| | | | - Eric A Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0046, USA
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Kitchin KT, Richards JA, Robinette BL, Wallace KA, Coates NH, Castellon BT, Grulke EA, Kou J, Varma RS. Biochemical Effects of Silver Nanomaterials in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) Cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2020; 20:5833-5858. [PMID: 32331190 PMCID: PMC8237852 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2020.17858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In dose-response and structure-activity studies, human hepatic HepG2 cells were exposed to between 0.01 and 300 ug/ml of different silver nanomaterials and AgNO₃ for 3 days. Treatment chemicals included a custom synthesized rod shaped nano Ag, a glutathione capped nano Ag, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) capped nano Ag (75 nm) from Nanocomposix and AgNO₃. Various biochemical parameters were then evaluated to study cytotoxicity, cell growth, hepatic function and oxidative stress. Few indications of cytotoxicity were observed between 0.1 ug/ml and 6 ug/ml of any nano Ag. At 10 ug/ml and above, Ag containing nanomaterials caused a moderate to severe degree of cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase activity alterations were the most sensitive cytotoxicity parameters. Some biochemical parameters were altered by exposures to both nano Ag and AgNO₃ (statistically significant increases in alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, glutathione peroxidase and triglycerides; in contrast both glutathione reductase and HepG2 protein concentration were both decreased). Three parameters were significantly altered by nano Ag but not by AgNO₃ (decreases in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and thioredoxin reductase and increases in catalase). Cytotoxicity per se did not appear to fully explain the patterns of biological responses observed. Some of the observations with the three nano Ag (increases in alkaline phosphatase, catalase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, as well as decreases in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase) are in the same direction as HepG2 responses to other nanomaterials composed of TiO₂, CeO₂, SiO₂, CuO and Cu. Therefore, these biochemical responses may be due to micropinocytosis of nanomaterials, membrane damage, oxidative stress and/or cytotoxicity. Decreased G6PDH (by all three nano Ag forms) and GRD activity (only nano Ag R did not cause decreases) support and are consistent with the oxidative stress theory of Ag nanomaterial action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk T Kitchin
- 109 Alexander Drive, Mail Drop B105-03, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Judy A Richards
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Brian L Robinette
- 109 Alexander Drive, Mail Drop B105-03, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Kathleen A Wallace
- 109 Alexander Drive, Mail Drop B105-03, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Najwa H Coates
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Benjamin T Castellon
- Institute of Biomedical Studies and Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Eric A Grulke
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 20506, USA
| | - Jiahui Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Orient Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Rajender S Varma
- 26 West M.L.K. Drive, MS 443, Water Systems Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West M.L.K. Dr., MS 443, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA
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6
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Yokel RA, Tseng MT, Butterfield DA, Hancock ML, Grulke EA, Unrine JM, Stromberg AJ, Dozier AK, Graham UM. Nanoceria distribution and effects are mouse-strain dependent. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:827-846. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1770887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael T. Tseng
- Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Matthew L. Hancock
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Eric A. Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jason M. Unrine
- Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Uschi M. Graham
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- CDC, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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7
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Butterfield AD, Wang B, Wu P, Hardas SS, Unrine JM, Grulke EA, Cai J, Klein JB, Pierce WM, Yokel RA, Sultana R. Plasma and Serum Proteins Bound to Nanoceria: Insights into Pathways by which Nanoceria may Exert Its Beneficial and Deleterious Effects In Vivo. J Nanomed Nanotechnol 2020; 11:546. [PMID: 34589268 PMCID: PMC8478346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nanoceria (CeO2, cerium oxide nanoparticles) is proposed as a therapeutic for multiple disorders. In blood, nanoceria becomes protein-coated, changing its surface properties to yield a different presentation to cells. There is little information on the interaction of nanoceria with blood proteins. The current study is the first to report the proteomics identification of plasma and serum proteins adsorbed to nanoceria. The results identify a number of plasma and serum proteins interacting with nanoceria, proteins whose normal activities regulate numerous cell functions: antioxidant/detoxification, energy regulation, lipoproteins, signaling, complement, immune function, coagulation, iron homeostasis, proteolysis, inflammation, protein folding, protease inhibition, adhesion, protein/RNA degradation, and hormonal. The principal implications of this study are: 1) The protein corona may positively or negatively affect nanoceria cellular uptake, subsequent organ bioprocessing, and effects; and 2) Nanoceria adsorption may alter protein structure and function, including pro- and inflammatory effects. Consequently, prior to their use as therapeutic agents, better understanding of the effects of nanoceria protein coating is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan D Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;,Correspondence to: Professor D. Allan Butterfield, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Tel: (859) 257-3184;
| | - Binghui Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sarita S. Hardas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Jason M. Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Eric A. Grulke
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Jian Cai
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jon B. Klein
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - William M. Pierce
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Robert A. Yokel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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8
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Yokel RA, Hancock ML, Cherian B, Brooks AJ, Ensor ML, Vekaria HJ, Sullivan PG, Grulke EA. Simulated biological fluid exposure changes nanoceria's surface properties but not its biological response. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:252-265. [PMID: 31563633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale cerium dioxide (nanoceria) has industrial applications, capitalizing on its catalytic, abrasive, and energy storage properties. It auto-catalytically cycles between Ce3+ and Ce4+, giving it pro-and anti-oxidative properties. The latter mediates beneficial effects in models of diseases that have oxidative stress/inflammation components. Engineered nanoparticles become coated after body fluid exposure, creating a corona, which can greatly influence their fate and effects. Very little has been reported about nanoceria surface changes and biological effects after pulmonary or gastrointestinal fluid exposure. The study objective was to address the hypothesis that simulated biological fluid (SBF) exposure changes nanoceria's surface properties and biological activity. This was investigated by measuring the physicochemical properties of nanoceria with a citric acid coating (size; morphology; crystal structure; surface elemental composition, charge, and functional groups; and weight) before and after exposure to simulated lung, gastric, and intestinal fluids. SBF-exposed nanoceria biological effect was assessed as A549 or Caco-2 cell resazurin metabolism and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate. SBF exposure resulted in loss or overcoating of nanoceria's surface citrate, greater nanoceria agglomeration, deposition of some SBF components on nanoceria's surface, and small changes in its zeta potential. The engineered nanoceria and SBF-exposed nanoceria produced no statistically significant changes in cell viability or cellular oxygen consumption rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, United States.
| | - Matthew L Hancock
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, United States.
| | - Benjamin Cherian
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, United States.
| | - Alexandra J Brooks
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, United States.
| | - Marsha L Ensor
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, United States.
| | - Hemendra J Vekaria
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States.
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States.
| | - Eric A Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, United States.
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9
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Grulke EA, Beck MJ, Yokel RA, Unrine JM, Graham UM, Hancock ML. Surface-controlled dissolution rates: a case study of nanoceria in carboxylic acid solutions. Environ Sci Nano 2019; 6:1478-1492. [PMID: 31372227 PMCID: PMC6675026 DOI: 10.1039/c9en00222g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle dissolution in local milieu can affect their ecotoxicity and therapeutic applications. For example, carboxylic acid release from plant roots can solubilize nanoceria in the rhizosphere, affecting cerium uptake in plants. Nanoparticle dispersions were dialyzed against ten carboxylic acid solutions for up to 30 weeks; the membrane passed cerium-ligand complexes but not nanoceria. Dispersion and solution samples were analyzed for cerium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Particle size and shape distributions were measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Nanoceria dissolved in all carboxylic acid solutions, leading to cascades of progressively smaller nanoparticles and producing soluble products. The dissolution rate was proportional to nanoparticle surface area. Values of the apparent dissolution rate coefficients varied with the ligand. Both nanoceria size and shape distributions were altered by the dissolution process. Density functional theory (DFT) estimates for some possible Ce(IV) products showed that their dissolution was thermodynamically favored. However, dissolution rate coefficients did not generally correlate with energy of formation values. The surface-controlled dissolution model provides a quantitative measure for nanoparticle dissolution rates: further studies of dissolution cascades should lead to improved understanding of mechanisms and processes at nanoparticle surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Grulke
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of
Kentucky
| | - Matthew J. Beck
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of
Kentucky
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of
Kentucky
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10
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Yokel RA, Hancock ML, Grulke EA, Unrine JM, Dozier AK, Graham UM. Carboxylic acids accelerate acidic environment-mediated nanoceria dissolution. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:455-475. [PMID: 30729879 PMCID: PMC6609459 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1553251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ligands that accelerate nanoceria dissolution may greatly affect its fate and effects. This project assessed the carboxylic acid contribution to nanoceria dissolution in aqueous, acidic environments. Nanoceria has commercial and potential therapeutic and energy storage applications. It biotransforms in vivo. Citric acid stabilizes nanoceria during synthesis and in aqueous dispersions. In this study, citrate-stabilized nanoceria dispersions (∼4 nm average primary particle size) were loaded into dialysis cassettes whose membranes passed cerium salts but not nanoceria particles. The cassettes were immersed in iso-osmotic baths containing carboxylic acids at pH 4.5 and 37 °C, or other select agents. Cerium atom material balances were conducted for the cassette and bath by sampling of each chamber and cerium quantitation by ICP-MS. Samples were collected from the cassette for high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observation of nanoceria size. In carboxylic acid solutions, nanoceria dissolution increased bath cerium concentration to >96% of the cerium introduced as nanoceria into the cassette and decreased nanoceria primary particle size in the cassette. In solutions of citric, malic, and lactic acids and the ammonium ion ∼15 nm, ceria agglomerates persisted. In solutions of other carboxylic acids, some select nanoceria agglomerates grew to ∼1 micron. In carboxylic acid solutions, dissolution half-lives were 800-4000 h; in water and horseradish peroxidase they were ≥55,000 h. Extending these findings to in vivo and environmental systems, one expects acidic environments containing carboxylic acids to degrade nanoceria by dissolution; two examples would be phagolysosomes and in the plant rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Eric A. Grulke
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Jason M. Unrine
- Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Uschi M. Graham
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- CDC/NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH
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11
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Grulke EA, Wu X, Ji Y, Buhr E, Yamamoto K, Song NW, Stefaniak AB, Schwegler-Berry D, Burchett WW, Lambert J, Stromberg AJ. Differentiating gold nanorod samples using particle size and shape distributions from transmission electron microscope images. Metrologia 2018; 55:254-267. [PMID: 32410745 PMCID: PMC7224690 DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/aaa368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Size and shape distributions of gold nanorod samples are critical to their physico-chemical properties, especially their longitudinal surface plasmon resonance. This interlaboratory comparison study developed methods for measuring and evaluating size and shape distributions for gold nanorod samples using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The objective was to determine whether two different samples, which had different performance attributes in their application, were different with respect to their size and/or shape descriptor distributions. Touching particles in the captured images were identified using a ruggedness shape descriptor. Nanorods could be distinguished from nanocubes using an elongational shape descriptor. A non-parametric statistical test showed that cumulative distributions of an elongational shape descriptor, that is, the aspect ratio, were statistically different between the two samples for all laboratories. While the scale parameters of size and shape distributions were similar for both samples, the width parameters of size and shape distributions were statistically different. This protocol fulfills an important need for a standardized approach to measure gold nanorod size and shape distributions for applications in which quantitative measurements and comparisons are important. Furthermore, the validated protocol workflow can be automated, thus providing consistent and rapid measurements of nanorod size and shape distributions for researchers, regulatory agencies, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Xiaochun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 1001901, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglu Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 1001901, People's Republic of China
| | - Egbert Buhr
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nam Woong Song
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Woodrow W Burchett
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Joshua Lambert
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Arnold J Stromberg
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
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12
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Grulke EA, Yamamoto K, Kumagai K, Häusler I, Österle W, Ortel E, Hodoroaba VD, Brown SC, Chan C, Zheng J, Yamamoto K, Yashiki K, Song NW, Kim YH, Stefaniak AB, Schwegler-Berry D, Coleman VA, Jämting ÅK, Herrmann J, Arakawa T, Burchett WW, Lambert JW, Stromberg AJ. Size and shape distributions of primary crystallites in titania aggregates. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2017; 28:1647-1659. [PMID: 29200658 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The primary crystallite size of titania powder relates to its properties in a number of applications. Transmission electron microscopy was used in this interlaboratory comparison (ILC) to measure primary crystallite size and shape distributions for a commercial aggregated titania powder. Data of four size descriptors and two shape descriptors were evaluated across nine laboratories. Data repeatability and reproducibility was evaluated by analysis of variance. One-third of the laboratory pairs had similar size descriptor data, but 83% of the pairs had similar aspect ratio data. Scale descriptor distributions were generally unimodal and were well-described by lognormal reference models. Shape descriptor distributions were multi-modal but data visualization plots demonstrated that the Weibull distribution was preferred to the normal distribution. For the equivalent circular diameter size descriptor, measurement uncertainties of the lognormal distribution scale and width parameters were 9.5% and 22%, respectively. For the aspect ratio shape descriptor, the measurement uncertainties of the Weibull distribution scale and width parameters were 7.0% and 26%, respectively. Both measurement uncertainty estimates and data visualizations should be used to analyze size and shape distributions of particles on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Grulke
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kumagai
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ines Häusler
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Österle
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik Ortel
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jiwen Zheng
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Springs, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Nam Woong Song
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Heon Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - D Schwegler-Berry
- U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | | | - Åsa K Jämting
- National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Jan Herrmann
- National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Woodrow W Burchett
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joshua W Lambert
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Arnold J Stromberg
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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13
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Thai SF, Wallace KA, Jones CP, Ren H, Castellon BT, Crooks J, Grulke EA, Kitchin KT. Differential Genomic Effects on Signaling Pathways by Two Different CeO2 Nanoparticles in HepG2 Cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2015; 15:9925-9937. [PMID: 26682436 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2015.11631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate genomic effects, human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were exposed for three days to two different forms of nanoparticles both composed of CeO2 (0.3, 3 and 30 μg/mL). The two CeO2 nanoparticles had dry primary particle sizes of 8 nanometers {(M) made by NanoAmor} and 58 nanometers {(L) made by Alfa Aesar} and differ in various other physical-chemical properties as well. The smaller particle has stronger antioxidant properties, probably because it has higher Ce3+ levels on the particle surface, as well as more surface area per unit weight. Nanoparticle M showed a normal dose-response pattern with 363, 633 and 1273 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 0.3, 3 and 30 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, nanoparticle L showed a puzzling dose-response pattern with the most DEGs found in the lowest exposure group with 1049, 303 and 323 DEGs at 0.3, 3 and 30 μg/mL, respectively. This systems biological genomic study showed that the major altered pathways by these two nano cerium oxides were protein synthesis, stress response, proliferation/cell cycle, cytoskeleton remodeling/actin polymerization and cellular metabolism. Some of the canonical pathways affected were mTOR signaling, EIF2 signaling, fatty acid activation, G2/M DNA damage checkpoint regulation, glycolysis and protein ubiquitination. These two CeO2 nanoparticles differed considerably in their genomic effects. M is more active than L in respect to altering the pathways of mitochondrial dysfunction, acute phase response, apoptosis, 14-3-3 mediated signaling, remodeling of epithelial adherens junction signaling, actin nucleation by ARP-WASP complex, altered TCA cycle and elevated fatty acid concentrations by metabolomics. However, L is more active than M in respect to the pathways of NRF2-mediated stress response and hepatic fibrosis/hepatic stellate cell activation. One major difference in the cell response to nano M and L is that nano M caused the Warburg effect while nano L did not.
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14
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Alexander JV, Neely JW, Grulke EA. Effect of chemical functionalization on the mechanical properties of polypropylene hollow fiber membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V. Alexander
- Biomedical Engineering Department; College of Engineering; Lexington Kentucky 40506
| | - James W. Neely
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department; College of Engineering, University of Kentucky; Lexington 40506
| | - Eric A. Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department; College of Engineering, University of Kentucky; Lexington 40506
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15
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Wang B, Jackson GS, Yokel RA, Grulke EA. Applying accelerator mass spectrometry for low-level detection of complex engineered nanoparticles in biological media. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 97:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Graham UM, Tseng MT, Jasinski JB, Yokel RA, Unrine JM, Davis BH, Dozier AK, Hardas SS, Sultana R, Grulke EA, Butterfield DA. In Vivo Processing of Ceria Nanoparticles inside Liver: Impact on Free-Radical Scavenging Activity and Oxidative Stress. Chempluschem 2014; 79:1083-1088. [PMID: 26322251 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of ceria ultimately lies in its electronic structure, which is defined by the crystal structure, composition, and size. Despite previous studies focused on ceria uptake, distribution, biopersistance, and cellular effects, little is known about its chemical and structural stability and solubility once sequestered inside the liver. Mechanisms will be presented that elucidate the in vivo transformation in the liver. In vivo processed ceria reveals a particle-size effect towards the formation of ultrafines, which represent a second generation of ceria. A measurable change in the valence reduction of the second-generation ceria can be linked to an increased free-radical scavenging potential. The in vivo processing of the ceria nanoparticles in the liver occurs in temporal relation to the brain cellular and protein clearance responses that stem from the ceria uptake. This information is critical to establish a possible link between cellular processes and the observed in vivo transformation of ceria. The temporal linkage between the reversal of the pro-oxidant effect (brain) and ceria transformation (liver) suggests a cause-effect relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uschi M Graham
- Center for Applied Energy Research and Catalysis Research and Testing Center, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511 (USA)
| | - Michael T Tseng
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40204 (USA)
| | - Jacek B Jasinski
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40204 (USA)
| | - Robert A Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 (USA)
| | - Jason M Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 (USA)
| | - Burtron H Davis
- Center for Applied Energy Research and Catalysis Research and Testing Center, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511 (USA)
| | - Alan K Dozier
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, OH 45226 (USA)
| | - Sarita S Hardas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 (USA)
| | - Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 (USA)
| | - Eric A Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 (USA)
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17
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Huang X, Wang B, Grulke EA, Beck MJ. Toward tuning the surface functionalization of small ceria nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:074703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4864378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Hardas SS, Sultana R, Warrier G, Dan M, Wu P, Grulke EA, Tseng MT, Unrine JM, Graham UM, Yokel RA, Butterfield DA. Rat hippocampal responses up to 90 days after a single nanoceria dose extends a hierarchical oxidative stress model for nanoparticle toxicity. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8 Suppl 1:155-66. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.868059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mo Dan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Peng Wu
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA,
| | - Eric A. Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA,
| | - Michael T. Tseng
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA,
| | - Jason M. Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA,
| | - Uschi M. Graham
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA,
| | - Robert A. Yokel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky Academic Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA, and
| | - D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry,
- Center of Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Rice SB, Chan C, Brown SC, Eschbach P, Han L, Ensor DS, Stefaniak AB, Bonevich J, Vladár AE, Hight Walker AR, Zheng J, Starnes C, Stromberg A, Ye J, Grulke EA. Particle size distributions by transmission electron microscopy: an interlaboratory comparison case study. Metrologia 2013; 50:663-678. [PMID: 26361398 PMCID: PMC4562322 DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/50/6/663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports an interlaboratory comparison that evaluated a protocol for measuring and analysing the particle size distribution of discrete, metallic, spheroidal nanoparticles using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The study was focused on automated image capture and automated particle analysis. NIST RM8012 gold nanoparticles (30 nm nominal diameter) were measured for area-equivalent diameter distributions by eight laboratories. Statistical analysis was used to (1) assess the data quality without using size distribution reference models, (2) determine reference model parameters for different size distribution reference models and non-linear regression fitting methods and (3) assess the measurement uncertainty of a size distribution parameter by using its coefficient of variation. The interlaboratory area-equivalent diameter mean, 27.6 nm ± 2.4 nm (computed based on a normal distribution), was quite similar to the area-equivalent diameter, 27.6 nm, assigned to NIST RM8012. The lognormal reference model was the preferred choice for these particle size distributions as, for all laboratories, its parameters had lower relative standard errors (RSEs) than the other size distribution reference models tested (normal, Weibull and Rosin-Rammler-Bennett). The RSEs for the fitted standard deviations were two orders of magnitude higher than those for the fitted means, suggesting that most of the parameter estimate errors were associated with estimating the breadth of the distributions. The coefficients of variation for the interlaboratory statistics also confirmed the lognormal reference model as the preferred choice. From quasi-linear plots, the typical range for good fits between the model and cumulative number-based distributions was 1.9 fitted standard deviations less than the mean to 2.3 fitted standard deviations above the mean. Automated image capture, automated particle analysis and statistical evaluation of the data and fitting coefficients provide a framework for assessing nanoparticle size distributions using TEM for image acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Rice
- Lawrence Murphy, Cabot Corporation, 157 Concord Road, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Christopher Chan
- Dupont Central Research and Development, Experimental Station-Bldg 228, PO Box 80228, Wilmington, DE 19880-0228, USA
| | - Scott C Brown
- Dupont Central Research and Development, Experimental Station-Bldg 228, PO Box 80228, Wilmington, DE 19880-0228, USA
| | | | - Li Han
- RTI International, Aerosol Science, Nanotechnology Engineering Technology Unit, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David S Ensor
- RTI International, Aerosol Science, Nanotechnology Engineering Technology Unit, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - John Bonevich
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8443, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8443, USA
| | - András E Vladár
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8443, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8443, USA
| | - Angela R Hight Walker
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8443, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8443, USA
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- US Food and Drug Administration, Division of Chemistry and Materials Science (DCMS), WO62, Room G102, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Catherine Starnes
- Statistics Department and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Arnold Stromberg
- Statistics Department and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Jia Ye
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Eric A Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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20
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Tseng MT, Fu Q, Lor K, Fernandez-Botran GR, Deng ZB, Graham U, Butterfield DA, Grulke EA, Yokel RA. Persistent Hepatic Structural Alterations Following Nanoceria Vascular Infusion in the Rat. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:984-96. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623313505780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the long-term effects and possible toxicity of nanoceria, a widely utilized commercial metal oxide, is of particular importance as it is poised for development as a therapeutic agent based on its autocatalytic redox behavior. We show here evidence of acute and subacute adverse hepatic responses, after a single infusion of an aqueous dispersion of 85 mg/kg, 30 nm nanoceria into Sprague Dawley rats. Light and electron microscopic evidence of avid uptake of nanoceria by Kupffer cells was detected as early as 1 hr after infusion. Biopersistent nanoceria stimulated cluster of differentiation 3+ lymphocyte proliferation that intermingled with nanoceria-containing Kupffer cells to form granulomata that were observed between days 30 and 90. Ultrastructural tracking of ceria nanoparticles revealed aggregated nanoceria in phagolysosomes. An increased formation of small nanoceria over time observed in the latter suggests possible dissolution and precipitation of nanoceria. However, the pathway for nanoceria metabolism/secretion remains unclear. Although frank hepatic necrosis was not observed, the retention of nanoceria increased hepatic apoptosis acutely, this persisted to day 90. These findings, together with our earlier reports of 5-nm ceria-induced liver toxicity, provide additional guidance for nanoceria development as a therapeutic agent and for its risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Tseng
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Guang Dong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Khoua Lor
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Zhong-Bin Deng
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Uschi Graham
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Eric A. Grulke
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Robert A. Yokel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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21
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MacPhail RC, Grulke EA, Yokel RA. Assessing nanoparticle risk poses prodigious challenges. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013; 5:374-87. [PMID: 23568806 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Risk assessment is used both formally and informally to estimate the likelihood of an adverse event occurring, for example, as a consequence of exposure to a hazardous chemical, drug, or other agent. Formal risk assessments in government regulatory agencies have a long history of practice. The precision with which risk can be estimated is inevitably constrained, however, by uncertainties arising from the lack of pertinent data. Developing accurate risk assessments for nanoparticles and nanoparticle-containing products may present further challenges because of the unique properties of the particles, uncertainties about their composition and the populations exposed to them, and how these may change throughout the particle's life cycle. This review introduces the evolving practice of risk assessment followed by some of the uncertainties that need to be addressed to improve our understanding of nanoparticle risks. Given the clarion call for life-cycle assessments of nanoparticles, an unprecedented degree of national and international coordination between scientific organizations, regulatory agencies, and stakeholders will be required to achieve this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C MacPhail
- Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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22
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Hardas SS, Sultana R, Warrier G, Dan M, Florence RL, Wu P, Grulke EA, Tseng MT, Unrine JM, Graham UM, Yokel RA, Butterfield DA. Rat brain pro-oxidant effects of peripherally administered 5nm ceria 30 days after exposure. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:1147-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Kanniah V, Wu P, Mandzy N, Grulke EA. Fractal analysis as a complimentary technique for characterizing nanoparticle size distributions. POWDER TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dan M, Tseng MT, Wu P, Unrine JM, Grulke EA, Yokel RA. Brain microvascular endothelial cell association and distribution of a 5 nm ceria engineered nanomaterial. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:4023-36. [PMID: 22888240 PMCID: PMC3414084 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s32526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Ceria engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have current commercial applications and both neuroprotective and toxic effects. Our hypothesis is that ceria ENMs can associate with brain capillary cells and/or cross the blood–brain barrier. Methods: An aqueous dispersion of ∼5 nm ceria ENM was synthesized and characterized in house. Its uptake space in the Sprague Dawley rat brain was determined using the in situ brain perfusion technique at 15 and 20 mL/minute flow rates; 30, 100, and 500 μg/mL ceria perfused for 120 seconds at 20 mL/minute; and 30 μg/mL perfused for 20, 60, and 120 seconds at 20 mL/minute. The capillary depletion method and light and electron microscopy were used to determine its capillary cell and brain parenchymal association and localization. Results: The vascular space was not significantly affected by brain perfusion flow rate or ENM, demonstrating that this ceria ENM did not influence blood–brain barrier integrity. Cerium concentrations, determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, were significantly higher in the choroid plexus than in eight brain regions in the 100 and 500 μg/mL ceria perfusion groups. Ceria uptake into the eight brain regions was similar after 120-second perfusion of 30, 100, and 500 μg ceria/mL. Ceria uptake space significantly increased in the eight brain regions and choroid plexus after 60 versus 20 seconds, and it was similar after 60 and 120 seconds. The capillary depletion method showed 99.4% ± 1.1% of the ceria ENM associated with the capillary fraction. Electron microscopy showed the ceria ENM located on the endothelial cell luminal surface. Conclusion: Ceria ENM association with brain capillary endothelial cells saturated between 20 and 60 seconds and ceria ENM brain uptake was not diffusion-mediated. During the 120-second ceria ENM perfusion, ceria ENM predominately associated with the surface of the brain capillary cells, providing the opportunity for its cell uptake or redistribution back into circulating blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Dan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky Academic Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
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25
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Yokel RA, Wu P, Tseng MT, MacPhail RC, Graham UM, Dan M, Unrine JM, Sultana R, Hardas SS, Butterfield DA, Grulke EA. Nanoceria distribution, biotransformation, and safety/toxicity in the rat. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.851.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Wu
- Chem Mat EngrU KYLexingtonKY
| | | | | | | | - Mo Dan
- Pharm SciU KYLexingtonKY
- ToxicolU KYLexingtonKY
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26
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Yokel RA, Au TC, MacPhail R, Hardas SS, Butterfield DA, Sultana R, Goodman M, Tseng MT, Dan M, Haghnazar H, Unrine JM, Graham UM, Wu P, Grulke EA. Distribution, Elimination, and Biopersistence to 90 Days of a Systemically Introduced 30 nm Ceria-Engineered Nanomaterial in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:256-68. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Tseng MT, Lu X, Duan X, Hardas SS, Sultana R, Wu P, Unrine JM, Graham U, Butterfield DA, Grulke EA, Yokel RA. Alteration of hepatic structure and oxidative stress induced by intravenous nanoceria. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 260:173-82. [PMID: 22373796 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Beyond the traditional use of ceria as an abrasive, the scope of nanoceria applications now extends into fuel cell manufacturing, diesel fuel additives, and for therapeutic intervention as a putative antioxidant. However, the biological effects of nanoceria exposure have yet to be fully defined, which gave us the impetus to examine its systemic biodistribution and biological responses. An extensively characterized nanoceria (5 nm) dispersion was vascularly infused into rats, which were terminated 1 h, 20 h or 30 days later. Light and electron microscopic tissue characterization was conducted and hepatic oxidative stress parameters determined. We observed acute ceria nanoparticle sequestration by Kupffer cells with subsequent bioretention in parenchymal cells as well. The internalized ceria nanoparticles appeared as spherical agglomerates of varying dimension without specific organelle penetration. In hepatocytes, the agglomerated nanoceria frequently localized to the plasma membrane facing bile canaliculi. Hepatic stellate cells also sequestered nanoceria. Within the sinusoids, sustained nanoceria bioretention was associated with granuloma formations comprised of Kupffer cells and intermingling CD3⁺ T cells. A statistically significant elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level was seen at 1 and 20 h, but subsided by 30 days after ceria administration. Further, elevated apoptosis was observed on day 30. These findings, together with increased hepatic protein carbonyl levels on day 30, indicate ceria-induced hepatic injury and oxidative stress, respectively. Such observations suggest a single vascular infusion of nanoceria can lead to persistent hepatic retention of particles with possible implications for occupational and therapeutic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Tseng
- Dept of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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28
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Dan M, Wu P, Grulke EA, Graham UM, Unrine JM, Yokel RA. Ceria-engineered nanomaterial distribution in, and clearance from, blood: size matters. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:95-110. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Characterize different sized ceria-engineered nanomaterial (ENM) distribution in, and clearance from, blood (compared to the cerium ion) following intravenous infusion. Materials & Methods: Cerium (Ce) was quantified in whole blood, serum and clot (the formed elements) up to 720 h. Results: Traditional pharmacokinetic modeling showed best fit for 5 nm ceria ENM and the cerium ion. Ceria ENMs larger than 5 nm were rapidly cleared from blood. After initially declining, whole blood 15 and 30 nm ceria increased (results that have not been well-described by traditional pharmacokinetic modeling). The cerium ion and 5 and 55 nm ceria did not preferentially distribute into serum or clot, a mixture of cubic and rod shaped ceria was predominantly in the clot, and 15 and 30 nm ceria migrated into the clot over 4 h. Conclusion: Reticuloendothelial organs may not readily recognize five nm ceria. Increased ceria distribution into the clot over time may be due to opsonization. Traditional pharmacokinetic analysis was not very informative. Ceria ENM pharmacokinetics are quite different from the cerium ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Dan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Graduate Center for Toxicology University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Eric A Grulke
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Uschi M Graham
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jason M Unrine
- Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Kanniah V, Wang B, Yang Y, Grulke EA. Graphite functionalization for dispersion in a two-phase lubricant oligomer mixture. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractTo enhance the yield of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), a vortex enhanced CVD reactor (VECVD) design has more advantage over the conventional straight tube CVD. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code was applied to analyze heat and mass transfer processes to compare the conventional CVD design performance with a new type. The calculation showed that VECVD has a stronger and more uniform circulation along the reactor than the conventional CVD design.
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Hardas SS, Butterfield DA, Sultana R, Tseng MT, Dan M, Florence RL, Unrine JM, Graham UM, Wu P, Grulke EA, Yokel RA. Brain distribution and toxicological evaluation of a systemically delivered engineered nanoscale ceria. Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:562-76. [PMID: 20457660 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanoscale ceria is used as a diesel fuel catalyst. Little is known about its mammalian central nervous system effects. The objective of this paper is to characterize the biodistribution of a 5-nm citrate-stabilized ceria dispersion from blood into brain and its pro- or antioxidant effects. An approximately 4% aqueous ceria dispersion was iv infused into rats (0, 100, and up to 250 mg/kg), which were terminated after 1 or 20 h. Ceria concentration, localization, and chemical speciation in the brain were assessed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, light and electron microscopy (EM), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Pro- or antioxidative stress effects were assessed as protein carbonyls, 3-nitrotyrosine, and protein-bound 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal in hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum. Glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, manganese superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels and activities were measured in hippocampus. Catalase levels and activities were also measured in cortex and cerebellum. Na fluorescein and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were given iv as blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity markers. Mortality was seen after administration of 175-250 mg ceria/kg. Twenty hours after infusion of 100 mg ceria/kg, brain HRP was marginally elevated. EM and EELS revealed mixed Ce(III) and Ce(IV) valence in the freshly synthesized ceria in vitro and in ceria agglomerates in the brain vascular compartment. Ceria was not seen in microvascular endothelial or brain cells. Ceria elevated catalase levels at 1 h and increased catalase activity at 20 h in hippocampus and decreased catalase activity at 1 h in cerebellum. Compared with a previously studied approximately 30-nm ceria, this ceria was more toxic, was not seen in the brain, and produced little oxidative stress effect to the hippocampus and cerebellum. The results are contrary to the hypothesis that a smaller engineered nanomaterial would more readily permeate the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita S Hardas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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Yokel RA, Florence RL, Unrine JM, Tseng MT, Graham UM, Wu P, Grulke EA, Sultana R, Hardas SS, Butterfield DA. Biodistribution and oxidative stress effects of a systemically-introduced commercial ceria engineered nanomaterial. Nanotoxicology 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390902974496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Louei A. El-Azzami
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046
| | - Eric A. Grulke
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046
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Dey S, Bakthavatchalu V, Tseng MT, Wu P, Florence RL, Grulke EA, Yokel RA, Dhar SK, Yang HS, Chen Y, St Clair DK. Interactions between SIRT1 and AP-1 reveal a mechanistic insight into the growth promoting properties of alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles in mouse skin epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1920-9. [PMID: 18676681 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of nanomaterials differ from those of the bulk material of the same composition. However, little is known about the underlying effects of these particles in carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanisms involved in the carcinogenic properties of nanoparticles using aluminum oxide (Al(2)O(3)/alumina) nanoparticles as the prototype. Well-established mouse epithelial JB6 cells, sensitive to neoplastic transformation, were used as the experimental model. We demonstrate that alumina was internalized and maintained its physicochemical composition inside the cells. Alumina increased cell proliferation (53%), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) levels, cell viability and growth in soft agar. The level of manganese superoxide dismutase, a key mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme, was elevated, suggesting a redox signaling event. In addition, the levels of reactive oxygen species and the activities of the redox sensitive transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) and a longevity-related protein, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), were increased. SIRT1 knockdown reduces DNA synthesis, cell viability, PCNA levels, AP-1 transcriptional activity and protein levels of its targets, JunD, c-Jun and BcL-xl, more than controls do. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that SIRT1 interacts with the AP-1 components c-Jun and JunD but not with c-Fos. The results identify SIRT1 as an AP-1 modulator and suggest a novel mechanism by which alumina nanoparticles may function as a potential carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swatee Dey
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Health Sciences Research Building 454, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
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Abstract
We investigate the effect of interfacial stabilizer on charge transport in polymer-dispersed carbon nanotubes. Despite mechanical contact, samples with dispersant show poor conductivity, which we attribute to a robust interfacial layer between contacted nanotubes. In comparison, results obtained when nanotubes are mechanically mixed into polymer melts without dispersant show much better conductivity. The difference is striking; at comparable loading, neat melt composites have resistivities five orders of magnitude smaller than those containing interfacial stabilizer. Our results highlight a fundamental issue for the engineering of conducting carbon nanotube composites; dispersion stability will typically be achieved at the expense of conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Hobbie
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Hilding
- a Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Center for Applied Energy Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , 40506 , USA
| | - Eric A. Grulke
- a Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Center for Applied Energy Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , 40506 , USA
| | - Z. George Zhang
- b The Valvoline Company , P.O. Box 14000, Lexington , Kentucky , 45012 , USA
| | - Fran Lockwood
- b The Valvoline Company , P.O. Box 14000, Lexington , Kentucky , 45012 , USA
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El-Azzami LA, Grulke EA. Dual mode model for mixed gas permeation of CO2, H2, and N2 through a dry chitosan membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
We use a polarization-modulation technique to investigate the optical anisotropy of multi- and single-wall carbon nanotubes suspended in a variety of solvents under simple shear flow. Measurements of birefringence and dichroism are performed as a function of shear rate, tube concentration, and solvent viscosity. At fixed volume fraction, the anisotropy increases with increasing shear stress due to enhanced flow alignment. At fixed shear stress, the anisotropy increases with volume fraction due to rotational excluded-volume interactions. By considering the rotational diffusivity as a function of nanotube length, diameter, concentration, and solvent viscosity, we demonstrate a leading-order scaling relation for the optical anisotropy in terms of rotary Peclet number Pe. At low Pe, our results are in qualitative agreement with the theoretical predictions of Doi and Edwards. At high Pe, our data suggest that the degree of nanotube alignment scales as Pe16.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fry
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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Hilding JM, Hong MPL, Grulke EA. Alignment of dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotubes in low strength AC electrical fields. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2005; 5:742-6. [PMID: 16010932 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2005.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The possibilities to use electricity as a tool to induce alignment of multiwall carbon nanotubes suspended in water with help of a non-ionic surfactant have been investigated. Several different experiments were made using various field strengths and frequencies of 15-140 V/cm and 0.1-500 Hz respectively. The experiments were recorded by filming the processes through a reflected light microscope. Each movie is between 15-45 seconds long and is adequate to estimate orientation rates and alignment directions. It was observed that the alignment rate increased with increasing field strength and that the system is less sensitive at lower frequencies. Both field strength and frequency can be used to control the speed and degree of orientation. At low frequencies, the suspension is forced to oscillate in a pumping fashion between the electrodes. The nanotubes are forced to align with the fluid streamlines rather than with the field lines. At higher frequencies, the oscillation ceases. Alignment rate increases with increasing field strengths. The MWNTs are fully aligned in less than 1 s for an electrical field > or = 70 V/cm and frequency > 20 Hz. A similar experiment was carried out for a non-ideal MWNT/H2O dispersion system. It was observed that the MWNTs aligned in the same fashion as before but after a few minutes a transition occurred. The MWNTs moved quickly towards each other and a network consisting of mainly aligned MWNTs was created. The MWNT movement slowed down after the network had branched out to connect the electrodes. The alignment of CNTs in an applied electrical field seems to be an efficient, quick, and cheap method with many advantages. The method opens doors to many interesting and exciting possibilities for production of novel materials with unique properties. Both alignment of separated MWNTs and the creation of aligned MWNTs in networks are of interest from an engineering point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Hilding
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, 177 Anderson Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, USA
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Abstract
Dispersions containing nanoparticles (nanofluids) are mixtures with unique properties, and their transport properties depend on the three-dimensional network or microstructure of the nanoparticles, which can be affected by various factors including shear stress, particle loading, and temperature. In this research, we studied the rheological behaviors of dispersions containing two different carbon morphologies: multiwalled carbon nanotubes (rodlike nanoparticles with L/D = 30), and graphite particles (disklike nanoparticles with L/D = 0.025). All nanofluids showed shear thinning behavior in steady shear measurements and those containing nanotubes had lower power law indices than graphite dispersions. Shear stress broke down the microstructure network and oriented both rodlike and disklike nanoparticles in the dispersions. The presence of a modest amount of nanotubes in the graphite nanofluid affected the microstructure of the dispersion and caused a remarkable decrease in its power law index. Microstructures of nanofluids strongly depended on the dispersant chemistry used to stabilize the particles, and high temperature may cause dispersant failure. Mechanical methods for dispersing the particles affected the geometry of the nanoparticles and therefore the rheological properties of the nanofluids. In the creep recovery tests, the compliance of graphite nanofluids quickly returned to zero when the stress was removed, while nanotube dispersion with high nanotube loading showed an elastic response during recovery. These results suggest that the microstructure in the dispersions is affected by nanoparticle morphology, dispersant chemistry, and shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M. Hilding
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, 177 Anderson Hall, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046
| | - Eric A. Grulke
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, 177 Anderson Hall, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046
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Kharchenko SB, Douglas JF, Obrzut J, Grulke EA, Migler KB. Flow-induced properties of nanotube-filled polymer materials. Nat Mater 2004; 3:564-8. [PMID: 15273745 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are under intense investigation in materials science owing to their potential for modifying the electrical conductivity sigma, shear viscosity eta, and other transport properties of polymeric materials. These particles are hybrids of filler and nanoscale additives because their lengths are macroscopic whereas their cross-sectional dimensions are closer to molecular scales. The combination of extended shape, rigidity and deformability allows CNTs to be mechanically dispersed in polymer matrices in the form of disordered 'jammed' network structures. Our measurements on representative network-forming multiwall nanotube (MWNT) dispersions in polypropylene indicate that these materials exhibit extraordinary flow-induced property changes. Specifically, sigma and eta both decrease strongly with increasing shear rate, and these nanocomposites exhibit impressively large and negative normal stress differences, a rarely reported phenomenon in soft condensed matter. We illustrate the practical implications of these nonlinear transport properties by showing that MWNTs eliminate die swell in our nanocomposites, an effect crucial for their processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semen B Kharchenko
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544, USA.
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Lin-Gibson S, Pathak JA, Grulke EA, Wang H, Hobbie EK. Elastic flow instability in nanotube suspensions. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 92:048302. [PMID: 14995413 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.048302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report an elastic instability associated with flow-induced clustering in semidilute non-Brownian colloidal nanotubes. Rheo-optical measurements are compared with simulations of mechanical flocculation in sheared fiber suspensions, and the evolving structure is characterized as a function of confinement and shear stress. The transient rheology is correlated with the evolution of highly elastic vorticity-aligned aggregates, with the underlying instability being somewhat ubiquitous in complex fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lin-Gibson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Green JL, Petty CA, Gillis PP, Grulke EA. Relationship between strain rate, temperature, and impact failure mechanism for poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(ethylene terephthalate). POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Weisenberger MC, Grulke EA, Jacques D, Rantell T, Andrews R. Enhanced mechanical properties of polyacrylonitrile/multiwall carbon nanotube composite fibers. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2003; 3:535-539. [PMID: 15002136 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2003.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) as a reinforcing phase in a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber matrix was investigated with the goal of producing a PAN-derived carbon/MWNT composite fiber with enhanced physical properties. MWNTs were dispersed in a PAN/DMAc (dimethylacetamide) solution and spun into composite fibers containing up to 5 wt.% MWNTs, with the use of a lab-scale dry-jet wet spinline. The spinning process resulted in alignment of the MWNTs parallel with the fiber axis. Three types of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-derived, high-purity MWNTs were used: as produced, graphitized (heat treated to 2800 degrees C), and NaCN-treated (chemically treated to attach CN groups to the nanotube surface). Tensile tests were performed to measure yield stress/strain, initial modulus, break stress/strain, and energy to yield and energy to break. Significant mechanical property increases were recorded for the composite fibers compared with the control samples with no MWNT reinforcement: break strength +31%, initial modulus +36%, yield strength +46%, energy to yield +80%, and energy to break +83%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Weisenberger
- University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, USA
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