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Morelli AM, Scholkmann F. Should the standard model of cellular energy metabolism be reconsidered? Possible coupling between the pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis and extra-mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Biochimie 2024; 221:99-109. [PMID: 38307246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The process of cellular respiration occurs for energy production through catabolic reactions, generally with glucose as the first process step. In the present work, we introduce a novel concept for understanding this process, based on our conclusion that glucose metabolism is coupled to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and extra-mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in a closed-loop process. According to the current standard model of glycolysis, glucose is first converted to glucose 6-phosphate (glucose 6-P) and then to fructose 6-phosphate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate, which then enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria. However, it is more likely that the pyruvate will be converted to lactate. In the PPP, glucose 6-P is branched off from glycolysis and used to produce NADPH and ribulose 5-phosphate (ribulose 5-P). Ribulose 5-P can be converted to fructose 6-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P. In our view, a circular process can take place in which the ribulose 5-P produced by the PPP enters the glycolysis pathway and is then retrogradely converted to glucose 6-P. This process is repeated several times until the complete degradation of glucose 6-P. The role of mitochondria in this process is to degrade lipids by beta-oxidation and produce acetyl-CoA; the function of producing ATP appears to be only secondary. This proposed new concept of cellular bioenergetics allows the resolution of some previously unresolved controversies related to cellular respiration and provides a deeper understanding of metabolic processes in the cell, including new insights into the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- Neurophotonics and Biosignal Processing Research Group, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Crino OL, Head ML, Jennions MD, Noble DWA. Mitochondrial function and sexual selection: can physiology resolve the 'lek paradox'? J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb245569. [PMID: 38206324 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Across many taxa, males use elaborate ornaments or complex displays to attract potential mates. Such sexually selected traits are thought to signal important aspects of male 'quality'. Female mating preferences based on sexual traits are thought to have evolved because choosy females gain direct benefits that enhance their lifetime reproductive success (e.g. greater access to food) and/or indirect benefits because high-quality males contribute genes that increase offspring fitness. However, it is difficult to explain the persistence of female preferences when males only provide genetic benefits, because female preferences should erode the heritable genetic variation in fitness that sexually selected traits signal. This 'paradox of the lek' has puzzled evolutionary biologists for decades, and inspired many hypotheses to explain how heritable variation in sexually selected traits is maintained. Here, we discuss how factors that affect mitochondrial function can maintain variation in sexually selected traits despite strong female preferences. We discuss how mitochondrial function can influence the expression of sexually selected traits, and we describe empirical studies that link the expression of sexually selected traits to mitochondrial function. We explain how mothers can affect mitochondrial function in their offspring by (a) influencing their developmental environment through maternal effects and (b) choosing a mate to increase the compatibility of mitochondrial and nuclear genes (i.e. the 'mitonuclear compatibility model of sexual selection'). Finally, we discuss how incorporating mitochondrial function into models of sexual selection might help to resolve the paradox of the lek, and we suggest avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondi L Crino
- School of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Megan L Head
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Michael D Jennions
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Centre, 10 Marais Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Daniel W A Noble
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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Cho Y, Hwang JW, Park NJ, Moon J, Ali KH, Seo YH, Kim IS, Kim SN, Kim YK. SPC-180002, a SIRT1/3 dual inhibitor, impairs mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis and represents an antitumor activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:73-87. [PMID: 37536458 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Since sirtuins (SIRTs) are closely associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant system, the development of their selective inhibitors is drawing attention for understanding of cellular redox homeostasis. Here, we describe the pharmacological properties of SPC-180002, which incorporates a methyl methacrylate group as a key pharmacophore, along with its comprehensive molecular mechanism as a novel dual inhibitor of SIRT1/3. The dual inhibition of SIRT1/3 by SPC-180002 disturbs redox homeostasis via ROS generation, which leads to an increase in both p21 protein stability and mitochondrial dysfunction. Increased p21 interacts with and inhibits CDK, thereby interfering with cell cycle progression. SPC-180002 leads to mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting mitophagy, which is accompanied by a reduction in oxygen consumption rate. Consequently, SPC-180002 strongly suppresses the proliferation of cancer cells and exerts anticancer effect in vivo. Taken together, the novel SIRT1/3 dual inhibitor, SPC-180002, impairs mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis, thereby strongly inhibiting cell cycle progression and cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yena Cho
- Muscle Physiome Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Won Hwang
- Muscle Physiome Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - No-June Park
- Natural Product Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology KIST School, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyea Moon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Khan Hashim Ali
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - In Su Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su-Nam Kim
- Natural Product Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology KIST School, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Kee Kim
- Muscle Physiome Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
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Chen KC, Hsiao IH, Huang YN, Chou YT, Lin YC, Hsieh JY, Chang YL, Wu KH, Liu GY, Hung HC. Targeting human mitochondrial NAD(P) +-dependent malic enzyme (ME2) impairs energy metabolism and redox state and exhibits antileukemic activity in acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023; 46:1301-1316. [PMID: 37079187 PMCID: PMC10618384 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a fast-growing and highly fatal blood cancer, and recent research has shown that targeting metabolism may be a promising therapeutic approach for treating AML. One promising target is the human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme (ME2), which is involved in the production of pyruvate and NAD(P)H and the regulation of the NAD+/NADH redox balance. Inhibition of ME2 via silencing ME2 or utilizing its allosteric inhibitor disodium embonate (Na2EA) causes a decrease in pyruvate and NADH, leading to a decrease in producing ATP via cellular respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. ME2 inhibition also decreases NADPH levels, resulting in an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, which ultimately leads to cellular apoptosis. Additionally, ME2 inhibition reduces pyruvate metabolism and the biosynthetic pathway. ME2 silencing inhibits the growth of xenotransplanted human AML cells, and the allosteric ME2 inhibitor Na2EA demonstrates antileukemic activity against immune-deficient mice with disseminated AML. Both of these effects are a result of impaired energy metabolism in mitochondria. These findings suggest that the targeting ME2 may be an effective strategy for treating AML. Overall, ME2 plays an essential role in energy metabolism of AML cells, and its inhibition may offer a promising approach for AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Chi Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsin Hsiao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Nan Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tung Chou
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Yi Hsieh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lung Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hsi Wu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- iEGG & Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Xu F, Peng Y, He ZQ, Yu LL. The role of cyanoalanine synthase and alternative oxidase in promoting salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:163. [PMID: 36973660 PMCID: PMC10041793 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanide is a toxic chemical that inhibits cellular respiration. In plants, cyanide can be produced by themselves, especially under stressful conditions. Cyanoalanine synthase (CAS) is a key enzyme involved in plant cyanide detoxification. There are three genes encoding CAS in Arabidopsis thaliana, but the roles of these genes in the plant's response to stress are less studied. In addition, it is known that alternative oxidase (AOX) mediates cyanide-resistant respiration, but the relationship between CAS and AOX in regulating the plant stress response remains largely unknown. RESULTS Here, the effects of the overexpression or mutation of these three CAS genes on salt stress tolerance were investigated. The results showed that under normal conditions, the overexpression or mutation of the CAS genes had no significant effect on the seed germination and growth of Arabidopsis thaliana compared with wild type (WT). However, under 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl conditions, the seeds overexpressing CAS genes showed stronger salt stress resistance, i.e., higher germination speed than WT seeds, especially those that overexpressed the CYS-C1 and CYS-D1 genes. In contrast, the seeds with CAS gene mutations exhibited salt sensitivity, and their germination ability and growth were significantly damaged by 100 and 200 mM NaCl. Importantly, this difference in salt stress resistance became more pronounced in CAS-OE, WT, and mutant seeds with increasing salt concentration. The CAS-OE seeds maintained higher respiration rates than the WT and CAS mutant seeds under salt stress conditions. The cyanide contents in CAS mutant seeds were approximately 3 times higher than those in WT seeds and more than 5 times higher than those in CAS-OE seeds. In comparison, plants overexpressing CYS-C1 had the fastest detoxification of cyanide and the best salt tolerance, followed by those overexpressing CYS-D1 and CYS-D2. Furthermore, less hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was observed in CAS-OE seedlings than in WT seedlings under long-term salt stress conditions. Nonetheless, the lack of AOX impaired CAS-OE-mediated plant salt stress resistance, suggesting that CAS and AOX interact to improve salt tolerance is essential. The results also showed that CAS and AOX contributed to the reduction in oxidative damage by helping maintain relatively high levels of antioxidant enzyme activity. CONCLUSION In summary, the findings of the present study suggest that overexpression of Arabidopsis CAS family genes plays a positive role in salt stress tolerance and highlights the contribution of AOX to CAS-mediated plant salt resistance, mainly by reducing cyanide and H2S toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China
| | - Ye Peng
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China
| | - Zheng-Quan He
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Lu-Lu Yu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China.
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6
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Pappas G, Wilkinson ML, Gow AJ. Nitric oxide regulation of cellular metabolism: Adaptive tuning of cellular energy. Nitric Oxide 2023; 131:8-17. [PMID: 36470373 PMCID: PMC9839556 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide can interact with a wide range of proteins including many that are involved in metabolism. In this review we have summarized the effects of NO on glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation with reference to skeletal muscle. Low to moderate NO concentrations upregulate glucose and fatty acid oxidation, while higher NO concentrations shift cellular reliance toward a fully glycolytic phenotype. Moderate NO production directly inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, reducing glucose-derived carbon entry into the TCA cycle and subsequently increasing anaploretic reactions. NO directly inhibits aconitase activity, increasing reliance on glutamine for continued energy production. At higher or prolonged NO exposure, citrate accumulation can inhibit multiple ATP-producing pathways. Reduced TCA flux slows NADH/FADH entry into the ETC. NO can also inhibit the ETC directly, further limiting oxidative phosphorylation. Moderate NO production improves mitochondrial efficiency while improving O2 utilization increasing whole-body energy production. Long-term bioenergetic capacity may be increased because of NO-derived ROS, which participate in adaptive cellular redox signaling through AMPK, PCG1-α, HIF-1, and NF-κB. However, prolonged exposure or high concentrations of NO can result in membrane depolarization and opening of the MPT. In this way NO may serve as a biochemical rheostat matching energy supply with demand for optimal respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Pappas
- Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Melissa L Wilkinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ, 08854, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ, 08854, USA.
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7
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Smolina N, Khudiakov A, Kostareva A. Assaying Mitochondrial Respiration as an Indicator of Cellular Metabolism and Fitness. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2644:3-14. [PMID: 37142912 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3052-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration is an essential component of cellular metabolism. It is a process of energy conversion through enzymatically mediated reactions, the energy of taken-up substrates transformed to the ATP production. Seahorse equipment allows to measure oxygen consumption in living cells and estimate key parameters of mitochondrial respiration in real-time mode. Four key mitochondrial respiration parameters could be measured: basal respiration, ATP-production coupled respiration, maximal respiration, and proton leak. This approach demands the application of mitochondrial inhibitors-oligomycin to inhibit ATP synthase, FCCP-to uncouple the inner mitochondrial membrane and allow maximum electron flux through the electron transport chain, rotenone, and antimycin A to inhibit complexes I and III, respectively. This chapter describes two protocols of seahorse measurements performed on iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and TAZ knock-out C2C12 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smolina
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Aleksandr Khudiakov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Kostareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Women's and Children's Health and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lurette O, Guedouari H, Morris JL, Martín-Jiménez R, Robichaud JP, Hamel-Côté G, Khan M, Dauphinee N, Pichaud N, Prudent J, Hebert-Chatelain E. Mitochondrial matrix-localized Src kinase regulates mitochondrial morphology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:327. [PMID: 35637383 PMCID: PMC9151517 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of mitochondria adapts to physiological contexts: while mitochondrial fragmentation is usually associated to quality control and cell death, mitochondrial elongation often enhances cell survival during stress. Understanding how these events are regulated is important to elucidate how mitochondrial dynamics control cell fate. Here, we show that the tyrosine kinase Src regulates mitochondrial morphology. Deletion of Src increased mitochondrial size and reduced cellular respiration independently of mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial membrane potential or ATP levels. Re-expression of Src targeted to the mitochondrial matrix, but not of Src targeted to the plasma membrane, rescued mitochondrial morphology in a kinase activity-dependent manner. These findings highlight a novel function for Src in the control of mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lurette
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB Canada ,Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB Canada
| | - Hala Guedouari
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB Canada ,Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB Canada
| | - Jordan L. Morris
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Rebeca Martín-Jiménez
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB Canada ,Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB Canada
| | - Julie-Pier Robichaud
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB Canada ,Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB Canada
| | - Geneviève Hamel-Côté
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB Canada ,Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB Canada
| | - Mehtab Khan
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB Canada ,Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB Canada
| | - Nicholas Dauphinee
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB Canada ,Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB Canada
| | - Nicolas Pichaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB Canada
| | - Julien Prudent
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Etienne Hebert-Chatelain
- Canada Research Chair in Mitochondrial Signaling and Physiopathology, Moncton, NB Canada ,Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB Canada
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Meireles CG, Lourenço de Lima C, Martins de Paula Oliveira M, Abe da Rocha Miranda R, Romano L, Yo-Stella Brashaw T, Neves da Silva Guerra E, de Assis Rocha Neves F, Chapple JP, Simeoni LA, Lofrano-Porto A. Antiproliferative effects of metformin in cellular models of pheochromocytoma. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 539:111484. [PMID: 34637881 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors derived from adrenal medulla chromaffin cells. Malignancy and recurrence are rare but demand effective treatment. Metformin exerts antiproliferative effects in several cancer cell lines. We thus evaluated the effects of metformin on cell viability and proliferation, cellular respiration and AMPK-AKT-mTOR-HIFA proliferation pathway on a rat PCC cell line (PC12-Adh). We then addressed metformin's effects on the AMPK-AKT-mTOR-HIFA pathway on two human primary cultures: one from a VHL-mutant PCC and other from a sporadic PCC. Metformin (20 mM) inhibited PC12-Adh cell proliferation, and decreased oxygen consumption, ATP production and proton leak, in addition to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Further, metformin induced AMPK phosphorylation and impaired AMPK-PI3k-AKT-mTOR pathway activation. The mTOR pathway was also inhibited in human VHL-related PCC cells, however, in an AMPK-independent manner. Metformin-induced decrease of HIF1A levels was likely mediated by proteasomal degradation. Altogether our results suggest that metformin impairs PCC cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Gabriel Meireles
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Lourenço de Lima
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lisa Romano
- Center of Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Teisha Yo-Stella Brashaw
- Center of Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, London, England, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - J Paul Chapple
- Center of Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz Alberto Simeoni
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lofrano-Porto
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Gonadal and Adrenal Diseases Clinics, University Hospital of Brasília, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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10
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Pfleger J. Measurements of Mitochondrial Respiration in Intact Cells, Permeabilized Cells, and Isolated Tissue Mitochondria Using the Seahorse XF Analyzer. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2497:185-206. [PMID: 35771443 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2309-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis is critical for cellular function. Significant increases in energy demand or reduced energy supply, however, often result in cellular dysfunction and death. Since mitochondria are the primary cellular energy source, their impairment is often pathogenic. Accordingly, quantitative measurements of cellular and mitochondrial energy utilization and production are crucial for understanding disease development and progression. In the final step of cellular respiration, specifically, oxidative phosphorylation within the mitochondria, oxygen is consumed and drives ATP production. Herein, we provide the complete protocols for measuring oxygen consumption rates and their coupling to ATP production in intact and permeabilized cells, as well as in mitochondria isolated from tissue using the Seahorse XF Extracellular Flux Analyzer (Agilent Technologies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pfleger
- Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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11
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Lehrer HM, Chu LE, Hall MH, Murdock KW. Self-reported sleep efficiency and duration are associated with bioenergetic function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of adults. Mitochondrion 2022; 62:122-127. [PMID: 34785262 PMCID: PMC8724413 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Poor sleep may impair systemic mitochondrial bioenergetics, but this relationship has not been examined in humans. This study examined associations of self-reported sleep with peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) bioenergetics in adults. Forty-three participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index from which sleep indices were calculated. PBMCs were analyzed for bioenergetics using extracellular flux analysis. Sleep efficiency was positively correlated with maximal respiration and spare capacity. Lower sleep efficiency and longer sleep duration were associated with lower Bioenergetic Health Index in age-, sex-, and body mass index-adjusted models. Findings indicate that sleep is related to systemic bioenergetic function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Matthew Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lauren E. Chu
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martica H. Hall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyle W. Murdock
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Al Shamsi M, Shahin A, Kamyan D, Alnaqbi A, Shaban S, Souid AK. Conserved spinal cord bioenergetics in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL6 mice, measured using phosphorescence oxygen analyzer. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08111. [PMID: 34693048 PMCID: PMC8511844 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously reported that spinal cord respiration (cellular mitochondrial oxygen consumption) and ATP content are conserved in the studied model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), foreseeing a recovery of the diseased rats. This exemplary lesion of multiple sclerosis is used here to measure spinal cord bioenergetics in C57BL6 mice. Our hypothesis is that, despite the well-known focal axonal mitochondrial pathology, bioenergetics of the CNS is reasonably preserved in this disease. Methods EAE was induced with an immunodominant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein epitope in complete Freund's adjuvant, appended by injections of pertussis toxin. A low- and high-dose of the encephalitogen, administered into base of tail or hind-flank, were investigated. Control mice received only the incomplete adjuvant into tail. Oxygen measurements were based on quenching the phosphorescence of Pd(II) meso-tetra (sulfophenyl) tetrabenzoporphyrin by molecular oxygen. Cellular ATP was measured using the luciferin/luciferase system. Results The kinetics of spinal cord oxygen consumption was zero-order (linear with time) and inhibited by cyanide, confirming oxygen was reduced by cytochrome oxidase. The rate of respiration (in μM O2.min−1.mg−1; measured on Days 13–28) in control mice was (mean ± SD) 0.086 ± 0.024 (n = 8) and in immunized mice was 0.079 ± 0.020 (n = 15, P = 0.265, Mann-Whitney test). Consistently, cellular ATP (in μmol mg−1 dry pellet weight; measured on Days 13–28) in control mice was 0.068 ± 0.079 (n = 11) and in immunized mice was 0.063 ± 0.061 (n = 24, P = 0.887, Mann-Whitney U test). Conclusions In vitro measurements of spinal cord bioenergetics show conservation of the mitochondrial function in mice with EAE. These results suggest the previously documented reduced mitochondrial electrochemical potential in this disease is alterable, and likely reflects the adverse events of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Al Shamsi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UAE University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Allen Shahin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UAE University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Doua Kamyan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UAE University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alanood Alnaqbi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UAE University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sami Shaban
- Department of Medical Education, UAE University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdul-Kader Souid
- Department of Pediatrics, UAE University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Shahid M, Manoharadas S, Chakdar H, Alrefaei AF, Albeshr MF, Almutairi MH. Biological toxicity assessment of carbamate pesticides using bacterial and plant bioassays: An in-vitro approach. Chemosphere 2021; 278:130372. [PMID: 33839399 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, agricultural practices mainly rely on agrochemicals and pesticides to safe-guard edible crops against various pests and to ensure high yields. However, their indiscriminate use may cause severe environmental hazards that directly and negatively affect soil microorganisms and crop productivity. Considering these, present study was aimed to assess the toxicity of carbamate pesticides namely carbamoyl (CBL), methomyl (MML) and carbofuran (CBN) using bacterial and plant (Vigna mungo L.) bioassays. All pesticide doses (25-100 μg mL-1) showed negative effect on bacteria as well as plant. Growth, morphology, survival, cellular respiration and inner membrane permeability of Sinorhizobiumsaheli was hampered when exposed to pesticides. Pesticide induced morphological changes viz. aberrant margins; cellular cracking and distortion/damage in S. saheli were obvious under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The 100 μgCBNmL-1 had maximum inhibitory effect and it reduced survivability of S. saheli by 75%. In addition, biofilm formation ability of S. saheli was inhibited in a pesticides-dose dependent manner and it was statistically (p ≤ 0.05) significant. Pesticides indorsed significant changes in biomarker enzymatic assays and oxidative stress parameters towards S. saheli. Furthermore, at 100 μgCBNmL-1, germination efficiency, root, shoot length, plant survival and tolerance index of V. mungo were decrease by 50, 75, 65, 70 and 66%, respectively over control. Staining of pesticide treated roots with fluorescently labeled dyes propidium iodide (PI) and acridine orange (AO) showed increased oxidative stress, ROS generation and membrane permeability as revealed under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Furthermore, stressor metabolites and antioxidant enzymes in plant seedlings were progressively enhanced with increasing concentration of pesticides. Conclusively, present finding bestow an insights into a mechanistic approach of carbamate pesticide induced phyto, morpho and cellular toxic effects towards soil bacterium as well as plant with forthcoming implications for designing the pesticides to reduce their toxic/harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Salim Manoharadas
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Central Laboratory, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hillol Chakdar
- Microbial Technology Unit II, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, Uttar Pradesh, 275103, India
| | - Abdulwahed F Alrefaei
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2454, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F Albeshr
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2454, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mikhlid H Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2454, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Micalizzi EW, Golshani A, Smith ML. Propionic acid disrupts endocytosis, cell cycle, and cellular respiration in yeast. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:335. [PMID: 34454571 PMCID: PMC8403364 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We previously identified propionic acid as a microbially-produced volatile organic compound with fungicidal activity against several pathogenic fungi. The purpose of this work is to better understand how propionic acid affects fungi by examining some of the effects of this compound on the yeast cell. Results We show that propionic acid causes a dramatic increase in the uptake of lucifer yellow in yeast cells, which is consistent with enhanced endocytosis. Additionally, using a propidium iodide assay, we show that propionic acid treatment causes a significant increase in the proportion of yeast cells in G1 and a significant decrease in the proportion of cells in G2, suggesting that propionic acid causes a cell cycle arrest in yeast. Finally, we show that the reduction of MTT is attenuated in yeast cells treated with propionic acid, indicating that propionic acid disrupts cellular respiration. Understanding the effects of propionic acid on the yeast cell may aid in assessing the broader utility of this compound. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05752-z.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashkan Golshani
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Myron L Smith
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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15
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Al Shamsi M, Haque ME, Shahin A, Shaban S, Souid AK. The use of phosphorescence oxygen analyzer to measure the effects of rotenone and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium on striatal cellular respiration in C57BL6 mice. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07219. [PMID: 34159274 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously reported on the use of the phosphorescence oxygen analyzer for measuring spinal cord cellular respiration. This analytical tool is used here to investigate the effects of two inhibitors of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, rotenone and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, on cellular respiration in striatal tissue. Both neurotoxins can induce Parkinson's disease-like symptoms, and have been used to study this disease in animals. Our hypothesis is that striatal cellular respiration is a sensitive biomarker for the adverse effects of toxins, and the phosphorescence oxygen analyzer can be used as a screening tool for this purpose. Methods Striatal fragments were collected from C57BL6 mice and immersed in Pd phosphor solution [phosphate-buffered saline, 3.0 μM 'Pd(II)-meso-tetra (sulfophenyl) tetrabenzoporphyrin' and 0.5% fat-free albumin, with and without 5.0 mM glucose]. The sample was transferred to a glass vial containing 2-mL Pd phosphor solution. The vial was sealed from air and placed in the instrument that measures dissolved oxygen as function of time. Immunoblots of the studied tissue were positive for the dopamine neuronal cell biomarker tyrosine hydroxylase. Results Striatal oxygen consumption was linear with time, exhibiting zero-order kinetics of oxygen reduction by cytochrome oxidase. Cyanide sensitive respiration was ≥90%, confirming oxygen was reduced by cytochrome oxidase. The rate of respiration increased by ~2-fold in the presence of glucose. Striatal oxygen consumption in the presence of rotenone or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium was exponential, demonstrating impaired respiration. Conclusion Striatal cellular mitochondrial oxygen consumption was impaired by the studied inhibitors of complex I of the respiratory chain. This effect is expected to deplete NAD+ (oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a principle driver of glycolysis. In vivo studies are required to determine if these toxin-induced metabolic derangements contribute to the development of sporadic Parkinson's disease. This analytic tool can be used to screen environmental toxins for their in vitro effects on the striatum.
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16
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Sotolongo K, Ghiso J, Rostagno A. Nrf2 activation through the PI3K/GSK-3 axis protects neuronal cells from Aβ-mediated oxidative and metabolic damage. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:13. [PMID: 31931869 PMCID: PMC6958642 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Mounting evidence points to a crucial role of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a disorder in which brain glucose hypometabolism, downregulation of central elements of phosphorylation pathways, reduced ATP levels, and enhanced oxidative damage coexist, and sometimes precede, synaptic alterations and clinical manifestations. Since the brain has limited energy storage capacity, mitochondria play essential roles in maintaining the high levels of energy demand, but, as major consumers of oxygen, these organelles are also the most important generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, it is not surprising that mitochondrial dysfunction is tightly linked to synaptic loss and AD pathophysiology. In spite of their relevance, the mechanistic links among ROS homeostasis, metabolic alterations, and cell bioenergetics, particularly in relation to Aβ, still remain elusive. Methods We have used classic biochemical and immunocytochemical approaches together with the evaluation of real-time changes in global energy metabolism in a Seahorse Metabolic Analyzer to provide insights into the detrimental role of oligAβ in SH-SY5Y and primary neurons testing their pharmacologic protection by small molecules. Results Our findings indicate that oligomeric Aβ induces a dramatic increase in ROS production and severely affects neuronal metabolism and bioenergetics. Assessment of global energy metabolism in real time demonstrated Aβ-mediated reduction in oxygen consumption affecting basal and maximal respiration and causing decreased ATP production. Pharmacologic targeting of Aβ-challenged neurons with a set of small molecules of known antioxidant and cytoprotective activity prevented the metabolic/bioenergetic changes induced by the peptide, fully restoring mitochondrial function while inducing an antioxidant response that counterbalanced the ROS production. Search for a mechanistic link among the protective small molecules tested identified the transcription factor Nrf2—compromised by age and downregulated in AD and transgenic models—as their main target and the PI3K/GSK-3 axis as the central pathway through which the compounds elicit their Aβ protective action. Conclusions Our study provides insights into the complex molecular mechanisms triggered by oligAβ which profoundly affect mitochondrial performance and argues for the inclusion of small molecules targeting the PI3K/GSK-3 axis and Nrf2-mediated pathways as part of the current or future combinatorial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Sotolongo
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jorge Ghiso
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Agueda Rostagno
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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17
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Yokel RA, Hancock ML, Cherian B, Brooks AJ, Ensor ML, Vekaria HJ, Sullivan PG, Grulke EA. Simulated biological fluid exposure changes nanoceria's surface properties but not its biological response. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:252-265. [PMID: 31563633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale cerium dioxide (nanoceria) has industrial applications, capitalizing on its catalytic, abrasive, and energy storage properties. It auto-catalytically cycles between Ce3+ and Ce4+, giving it pro-and anti-oxidative properties. The latter mediates beneficial effects in models of diseases that have oxidative stress/inflammation components. Engineered nanoparticles become coated after body fluid exposure, creating a corona, which can greatly influence their fate and effects. Very little has been reported about nanoceria surface changes and biological effects after pulmonary or gastrointestinal fluid exposure. The study objective was to address the hypothesis that simulated biological fluid (SBF) exposure changes nanoceria's surface properties and biological activity. This was investigated by measuring the physicochemical properties of nanoceria with a citric acid coating (size; morphology; crystal structure; surface elemental composition, charge, and functional groups; and weight) before and after exposure to simulated lung, gastric, and intestinal fluids. SBF-exposed nanoceria biological effect was assessed as A549 or Caco-2 cell resazurin metabolism and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate. SBF exposure resulted in loss or overcoating of nanoceria's surface citrate, greater nanoceria agglomeration, deposition of some SBF components on nanoceria's surface, and small changes in its zeta potential. The engineered nanoceria and SBF-exposed nanoceria produced no statistically significant changes in cell viability or cellular oxygen consumption rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, United States.
| | - Matthew L Hancock
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, United States.
| | - Benjamin Cherian
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, United States.
| | - Alexandra J Brooks
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, United States.
| | - Marsha L Ensor
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, United States.
| | - Hemendra J Vekaria
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States.
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States.
| | - Eric A Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, United States.
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18
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Nascimento EBM, Konings M, Schaart G, Groen AK, Lütjohann D, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Schrauwen P, Plat J. In vitro effects of sitosterol and sitostanol on mitochondrial respiration in human brown adipocytes, myotubes and hepatocytes. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:2039-2045. [PMID: 31317217 PMCID: PMC7351807 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Lowering of LDL cholesterol levels by plant sterols and stanols is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease in humans. Plant sterols and stanols also lower triacylglycerol (TG). However, it is not fully understood how reduction in TG is achieved and what the full potential of plant sterols and stanols is on whole-body metabolism. We here hypothesize that high levels of plant sterols and stanols stimulate whole-body energy expenditure, which can be attributed to changes in mitochondrial function of brown adipose tissue (BAT), skeletal muscle and liver. Methods Phytosterolemic mice were fed chow diets for 32 weeks to examine whole-body weight gain. In vitro, 24-h incubation were performed in adipocytes derived from human BAT, human myotubes or HepG2 human hepatocytes using sitosterol or sitostanol. Following mitochondrial function was assessed using seahorse bioanalyzer. Results Chow feeding in phytosterolemic mice resulted in diminished increase in body weight compared to control mice. In vitro, sitosterol or sitostanol did not change mitochondrial function in adipocytes derived from human BAT or in cultured human myotubes. Interestingly, maximal mitochondrial function in HepG2 human hepatocytes was decreased following sitosterol or sitostanol incubation, however, only when mitochondrial function was assessed in low glucose-containing medium. Conclusions Beneficial in vivo effects of plant sterols and stanols on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism are well recognized. Our results indicate that alterations in human mitochondrial function are apparently not involved to explain these beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmani B M Nascimento
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice Konings
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Diabetes Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 ZG, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes embedded in the process of cellular respiration, which is an important process to transfer electrons and other macromolecules throughout the cell. It is also the major process to extract energy via redox reactions in the case of oxidation of sugars. Many studies have determined that the electron transport protein has been implicated in a variety of human diseases, i.e. diabetes, Parkinson, Alzheimer's disease and so on. Few bioinformatics studies have been conducted to identify the electron transport proteins with high accuracy, however, their performance results require a lot of improvements. Here, we present a novel deep neural network architecture to address this problem. RESULTS Most of the previous studies could not use the original position specific scoring matrix (PSSM) profiles to feed into neural networks, leading to a lack of information and the neural networks consequently could not achieve the best results. In this paper, we present a novel approach by using deep gated recurrent units (GRU) on full PSSMs to resolve this problem. Our approach can precisely predict the electron transporters with the cross-validation and independent test accuracy of 93.5 and 92.3%, respectively. Our approach demonstrates superior performance to all of the state-of-the-art predictors on electron transport proteins. CONCLUSIONS Through the proposed study, we provide ET-GRU, a web server for discriminating electron transport proteins in particular and other protein functions in general. Also, our achievement could promote the use of GRU in computational biology, especially in protein function prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quoc Khanh Le
- Medical Humanities Research Cluster, School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, 48 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Edward Kien Yee Yapp
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-04, Innovis, Singapore, 138634 Singapore
| | - Hui-Yuan Yeh
- Medical Humanities Research Cluster, School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, 48 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
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Poderoso JJ, Helfenberger K, Poderoso C. The effect of nitric oxide on mitochondrial respiration. Nitric Oxide 2019; 88:61-72. [PMID: 30999001 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the interactions between nitric oxide (NO) and mitochondrial respiration. Mitochondrial ATP synthesis is responsible for virtually all energy production in mammals, and every other process in living organisms ultimately depends on that energy production. Furthermore, both necrosis and apoptosis, that summarize the main forms of cell death, are intimately linked to mitochondrial integrity. Endogenous and exogenous •NO inhibits mitochondrial respiration by different well-studied mechanisms and several nitrogen derivatives. Instantaneously, low concentrations of •NO, specifically and reversibly inhibit cytochrome c oxidase in competition with oxygen, in several tissues and cells in culture. Higher concentrations of •NO and its derivatives (peroxynitrite, nitrogen dioxide or nitrosothiols) can cause irreversible inhibition of the respiratory chain, uncoupling, permeability transition, and/or cell death. Peroxynitrite can cause opening of the permeability transition pore and opening of this pore causes loss of cytochrome c, which in turn might contribute to peroxynitrite-induced inhibition of respiration. Therefore, the inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase by •NO may be involved in the physiological and/or pathological regulation of respiration rate, and its affinity for oxygen, which depend on reactive nitrogen species formation, pH, proton motriz force and oxygen supply to tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Poderoso
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Laboratorio Del Metabolismo Del Oxígeno, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Katia Helfenberger
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Paraguay 2155 5th Floor, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Poderoso
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Paraguay 2155 5th Floor, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Smolina N, Bruton J, Kostareva A, Sejersen T. Assaying Mitochondrial Respiration as an Indicator of Cellular Metabolism and Fitness. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1601:79-87. [PMID: 28470519 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6960-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration is the most important generator of cellular energy under most circumstances. It is a process of energy conversion of substrates into ATP. The Seahorse equipment allows measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in living cells and estimates key parameters of mitochondrial respiration in real-time mode. Through use of mitochondrial inhibitors, four key mitochondrial respiration parameters can be measured: basal, ATP production-linked, maximal, and proton leak-linked OCR. This approach requires application of mitochondrial inhibitors-oligomycin to block ATP synthase, FCCP-to make the inner mitochondrial membrane permeable for protons and allow maximum electron flux through the electron transport chain, and rotenone and antimycin A-to inhibit complexes I and III, respectively. This chapter describes the protocol of OCR assessment in the culture of primary myotubes obtained upon satellite cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smolina
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova Str. 2, Saint Petersburg, 197341, Russia.
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Alexander F, Eggert S, Wiest J. A novel lab-on-a-chip platform for spheroid metabolism monitoring. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:375-386. [PMID: 29032507 PMCID: PMC5809666 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensor-based cellular microphysiometry is a technique that allows non-invasive, label-free, real-time monitoring of living cells that can greatly improve the predictability of toxicology testing by removing the influence of biochemical labels. In this work, the Intelligent Mobile Lab for In Vitro Diagnostics (IMOLA-IVD) was utilized to perform cellular microphysiometry on 3D multicellular spheroids. Using a commercial 3D printer, 3 × 3 microwell arrays were fabricated to maintain nine previously cultured HepG2 spheroids on a single BioChip. Integrated layers above and under the spheroids allowed fluidic contact between spheroids in microwells and BioChip sensors while preventing wash out from medium perfusion. Spheroid culturing protocols were optimized to grow spheroids to a diameter of around 620 μm prior to transfer onto BioChips. An ON/OFF pump cycling protocol was developed to optimize spheroid culture within the designed microwells, intermittently perfuse spheroids with fresh culture medium, and measure the extracellular acidification rate (EAR) and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) with the BioChips of the IMOLA-IVD platform. In a proof-of-concept experiment, spheroids were perfused for 36 h with cell culture medium before being exposed to medium with 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) to lyse cells as a positive control. These microphysiometry studies revealed a repeatable pattern of extracellular acidification throughout the experiment, indicating the ability to monitor real-time metabolic activity of spheroids embedded in the newly designed tissue encapsulation. After perfusion for 36 h with medium, SDS exposure resulted in an instant decrease in EAR and OUR signals from 37 mV/h (± 5) to 8 mV/h (± 8) and from 308 mV/h (± 21) to -2 mV/h (± 13), respectively. The presented spheroid monitoring system holds great potential as a method to automate screening and analysis of pharmaceutical agents using 3D multicellular spheroid models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Eggert
- cellasys GmbH - R&D, Ohmstraße 8, 80802, Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Wiest
- cellasys GmbH - R&D, Ohmstraße 8, 80802, Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
In many studies, the evaluation of mitochondrial function is critical to understand how disease conditions or xenobiotics alter mitochondrial function. One of the classic end points that can be assessed is oxygen consumption, which can be performed under controlled yet artificial conditions. Oxygen is the terminal acceptor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, namely, at an enzyme called cytochrome oxidase, which produces water in the process and pumps protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space. Several techniques are available to measure oxygen consumption, including polarography with oxygen electrodes or fluorescent/luminescent probes. The present chapter will deal with the determination of mitochondrial oxygen consumption by means of the Clark-type electrode, which has been widely used in the literature and still remains to be a reliable technique. We focus our technical description in the measurement of oxygen consumption by isolated mitochondrial fractions and by permeabilized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Silva
- MitoXT-Mitochondrial Toxicology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- MitoXT-Mitochondrial Toxicology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal.
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Tyrrell DJ, Bharadwaj MS, Jorgensen MJ, Register TC, Molina AJA. Blood cell respirometry is associated with skeletal and cardiac muscle bioenergetics: Implications for a minimally invasive biomarker of mitochondrial health. Redox Biol 2016; 10:65-77. [PMID: 27693859 PMCID: PMC5045569 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood based bioenergetic profiling strategies are emerging as potential reporters of systemic mitochondrial function; however, the extent to which these measures reflect the bioenergetic capacity of other tissues is not known. The premise of this work is that highly metabolically active tissues, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle, are susceptible to differences in systemic bioenergetic capacity. Therefore, we tested whether the respiratory capacity of blood cells, monocytes and platelets, are related to contemporaneous respirometric assessments of skeletal and cardiac muscle mitochondria. 18 female vervet/African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) of varying age and metabolic status were examined for this study. Monocyte and platelet maximal capacity correlated with maximal oxidative phosphorylation capacity of permeabilized skeletal muscle (R=0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38-0.97; R=0.51, 95%CI: 0.05-0.81; respectively), isolated skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory control ratio (RCR; R=0.70, 95%CI: 0.35-0.89; R=0.64, 95%CI: 0.23-0.98; respectively), and isolated cardiac muscle mitochondrial RCR (R=0.55, 95%CI: 0.22-0.86; R=0.58, 95%CI: 0.22-0.85; respectively). These results suggest that blood based bioenergetic profiling may be used to report on the bioenergetic capacity of muscle tissues. Blood cell respirometry represents an attractive alternative to tissue based assessments of mitochondrial function in human studies based on ease of access and the minimal participant burden required by these measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Tyrrell
- Sticht Center on Aging & Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Manish S Bharadwaj
- Sticht Center on Aging & Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Thomas C Register
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Anthony J A Molina
- Sticht Center on Aging & Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Dhimitruka I, Alzarie YA, Hemann C, Samouilov A, Zweier JL. Trityl radicals in perfluorocarbon emulsions as stable, sensitive, and biocompatible oximetry probes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5685-5688. [PMID: 27836400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
EPR oximetry with the use of trityl radicals can enable sensitive O2 measurement in biological cells and tissues. However, in vitro cellular and in vivo biological applications are limited by rapid trityl probe degradation or biological clearance and the need to enhance probe O2 sensitivity. We synthesized novel perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions, ∼200nm droplet size, containing esterified perchlorinated triphenyl methyl (PTM) radicals dispersed in physiological aqueous buffers. These formulations exhibit excellent EPR signal stability, over 20-fold greater than free PTM probes, with high oxygen sensitivity ∼17mG/mmHg enabling pO2 measurement in aqueous solutions or cell suspensions with sensitivity >0.5mmHg. Thus, PFC-PTM probes hold great promise to enable combined O2 delivery and sensing as needed to restore or enhance tissue oxygenation in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilirian Dhimitruka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yasmin Alsayed Alzarie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Craig Hemann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alexandre Samouilov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Al-Hammadi S, Almarzooqi S, Albawardi A, Souid AK. Effects of molecularly targeted therapies on murine thymus: highly selective mTOR inhibitors induce reversible thymic involution. Exp Hematol Oncol 2016; 5:22. [PMID: 27478685 PMCID: PMC4966723 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-016-0044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blocking mTOR (molecular target of rapamycin) by sirolimus has been shown to suppress cellular respiration. The bearing of this impaired cellular bioenergetics on the mode-of-action of mTOR inhibitors has yet to be illustrated. METHODS This study investigated in vitro effects of several molecularly-targeted therapies on O2 consumption in thymic fragments from C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS Thymocyte respiration (µM O2 min(-1) mg(-1)) was reduced by sirolimus and everolimus (p ≤ 0.007). In contrast, the dual PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase)/mTOR inhibitors BEZ235, GDC0980 and GSK2126458, the highly-selective PI3 K-p110-δ inhibitor idelalisib and the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus had no effects on thymocyte respiration. Sirolimus was administered intraperitoneally on Days 0-3 and the thymus was then examined on Days 4 and 14. Cortex involution associated with increased cytochrome c and caspase-3 positive cells (apoptosis) were observed on Day 4; these changes were resolved on Day 14 (10 days after sirolimus treatment). On Day 4, the residual thymus (mostly medulla) had normal cellular respiration, decreased caspase activity and increased glutathione. Intraperitoneal administration of sorafenib (a multikinase inhibitor) or idelalisib had no effects on thymus size. CONCLUSION Thus, the highly-selective mTOR inhibitors imposed specific effects on the thymus, manifested by suppression of cellular respiration and induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman Al-Hammadi
- Department of Pediatrics, UAE University, Al-Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeeda Almarzooqi
- Department of Pathology, UAE University, Al-Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alia Albawardi
- Department of Pathology, UAE University, Al-Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdul-Kader Souid
- Department of Pediatrics, UAE University, Al-Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Alfazari AS, Al-Dabbagh B, Al-Dhaheri W, Taha MS, Chebli AA, Fontagnier EM, Koutoubi Z, Kochiyi J, Karam SM, Souid AK. Profiling cellular bioenergetics, glutathione levels, and caspase activities in stomach biopsies of patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:644-652. [PMID: 25593494 PMCID: PMC4292300 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i2.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To measure biochemical parameters in stomach biopsies and test their suitability as diagnostic biomarkers for gastritis and precancerous lesions.
METHODS: Biopsies were obtained from the stomachs of two groups of patients (n = 40) undergoing fiber-optic endoscopy due to upper gastrointestinal symptoms. In the first group (n = 17), only the corpus region was examined. Biopsies were processed for microscopic examination and measurement of mitochondrial O2 consumption (cellular respiration), cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glutathione (GSH), and caspase activity. In the second group of patients (n = 23), both corpus and antral regions were studied. Some biopsies were processed for microscopic examination, while the others were used for measurements of cellular respiration and GSH level.
RESULTS: Microscopic examinations of gastric corpus biopsies from 17 patients revealed normal mucosae in 8 patients, superficial gastritis in 7 patients, and chronic atrophic gastritis in 1 patient. In patients with normal histology, the rate (mean ± SD) of cellular respiration was 0.17 ± 0.02 μmol/L O2 min-1 mg-1, ATP content was 487 ± 493 pmol/mg, and GSH was 469 ± 98 pmol/mg. Caspase activity was detected in 3 out of 8 specimens. The values of ATP and caspase activity were highly variable. The presence of superficial gastritis had insignificant effects on the measured biomarkers. In the patient with atrophic gastritis, cellular respiration was high and ATP was relatively low, suggesting uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. In the second cohort of patients, the examined biopsies showed either normal or superficial gastritis. The rate of cellular respiration (O2.μmol/L min-1 mg-1) was slightly higher in the corpus than the antrum (0.18 ± 0.05 vs 0.15 ± 0.04, P = 0.019). The value of GSH was about the same in both tissues (310 ± 135 vs 322 ± 155, P = 0.692).
CONCLUSION: The corpus mucosa was metabolically more active than the antrum tissue. The data in this study will help in understanding the pathophysiology of gastric mucosa.
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Abstract
O2 levels encountered in vivo in cells and tissues are almost always at least an order of magnitude less than atmospheric pO2 because of sensing, signalling and bioenergetic demand. Although deleterious reactions are minimized by protective mechanisms (residual toxic products scavenged and detoxified) ambient levels should be mimicked in experiments with whole organisms, their isolated organs, tissues or cells and also with cultures of cell lines. These are also important issues for microorganisms inhabiting low O2 niches within higher organisms and their cells. Here, we highlight the importance of optimization of micro-aerobic conditions for experimentation and the deleterious consequences of not doing so.
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Albawardi A, Al Ayyan M, Al Bashir M, Souid AK, Almarzooqi S. In vitro assessment of antitumor activities of the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor GSK2126458. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:90. [PMID: 25298748 PMCID: PMC4189195 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Up-regulation of the PI3K/mTOR (phosphatidylinositol-3′ kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling is common in carcinoma. Consistently, targeting these molecules has been shown to halt the growth of many tumors. The main purpose of this study was to develop surrogate biomarkers of the antitumor activity of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Methods Fragments from eight tumors were collected immediately after resection in ice-cold RPMI gassed with 95% O2 :5% CO2. Viability was determined by measuring tumor cellular respiration (mitochondrial O2 consumption). The specimens were incubated at 37°C with and without 50 nM GSK2126458 (a highly potent and selective inhibitor of PI3K/mTOR) for 90 min. The tissue was then processed for histology, measurement of intracellular caspase-3 activity (using the caspase-3 substrate N-acetyl-asp-glu-val-asp-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin), and immunohistochemical detection of the apoptotic biomarkers caspase-3, cytochrome C, and annexin A2. Results GSK2126458 induced morphologic changes in four tumors (two invasive ductal carcinomas, one invasive lobular carcinoma, and one ovarian dysgerminoma), intracellular caspase-3 activity in three tumors (two invasive ductal carcinomas and one poorly differentiated signet ring adenocarcinoma of gastric origin), and immunohistochemical evidence of apoptosis in at least four tumors (three invasive ductal carcinomas and one adenocarcinoma of gastric origin). Two tumors (ovarian serous carcinoma and moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of colorectal origin) demonstrated no treatment effect. Conclusion These preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of using in vitro biomarkers for detecting antitumor activities of the rapidly emerging PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-014-0090-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Albawardi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 17666, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muna Al Ayyan
- Surgery Department, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Al Bashir
- Department of Surgery, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates ; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdul-Kader Souid
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeeda Almarzooqi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 17666, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Cerveira JF, Sánchez-Aragó M, Urbano AM, Cuezva JM. Short-term exposure of nontumorigenic human bronchial epithelial cells to carcinogenic chromium(VI) compromises their respiratory capacity and alters their bioenergetic signature. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:594-601. [PMID: 25161867 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromium(VI) impaired respiration and increased glycolytic flux in BEAS-2B cells. Cr(VI)-exposed cells shifted to a more fermentative metabolism. This metabolic shift was in line with a decreased β-F1-ATPase/GAPDH protein ratio. Increased oxidative stress levels suggest impairment of antioxidant defenses.
Previous studies on the impact of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] on mammalian cell energetics revealed alterations suggestive of a shift to a more fermentative metabolism. Aiming at a more defined understanding of the metabolic effects of Cr(VI) and of their molecular basis, we assessed the impact of a mild Cr(VI) exposure on critical bioenergetic parameters (lactate production, oxygen consumption and intracellular ATP levels). Cells derived from normal human bronchial epithelium (BEAS-2B cell line), the main in vivo target of Cr(VI) carcinogenicity, were subjected for 48 h to 1 μM Cr(VI). We could confirm a shift to a more fermentative metabolism, resulting from the simultaneous inhibition of respiration and stimulation of glycolysis. This shift was accompanied by a decrease in the protein levels of the catalytic subunit (subunit β) of the mitochondrial H+-ATP synthase (β-F1-ATPase) and a concomitant marked increase in those of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The corresponding alteration in the β-F1-ATPase/GAPDH protein ratio (viewed as a bioenergetic signature) upon Cr(VI) exposure was in agreement with the observed attenuation of cellular respiration and enhancement of glycolytic flux. Altogether, these results constitute a novel finding in terms of the molecular mechanisms of Cr(VI) effects.
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Key Words
- 2,4-DNP, 2,4-dinitrophenol
- 2-DG, 2-deoxyglucose
- Aerobic glycolysis
- Cellular bioenergetic index
- Cellular energy status
- Cellular respiration
- Chromate lung cancer
- Cr(III), trivalent chromium
- Cr(IV), tetravalent chromium
- Cr(V), pentavalent chromium
- Cr(VI), hexavalent chromium
- DCF, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetracetic acid
- ETC, mitochondrial electron transport chain
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PI, propidium iodide
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- Warburg effect
- β-F1-ATPase, catalytic subunit (subunit β) of the mitochondrial H+-ATP synthase
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Alsuwaidi AR, Albawardi A, Almarzooqi S, Benedict S, Othman AR, Hartwig SM, Varga SM, Souid AK. Respiratory syncytial virus increases lung cellular bioenergetics in neonatal C57BL/6 mice. Virology 2014; 454-455:263-9. [PMID: 24725953 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that lung cellular bioenergetics (cellular respiration and ATP) increased in 4-10 week-old BALB/c mice infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This study examined the kinetics and changes in cellular bioenergetics in ≤ 2-week-old C57BL/6 mice following RSV infection. Mice (5-14 days old) were inoculated intranasally with RSV and the lungs were examined on days 1-10 post-infection. Histopathology and electron microscopy revealed preserved pneumocyte architectures and organelles. Increased lung cellular bioenergetics was noted from days 1-10 post-infection. Cellular GSH remained unchanged. These results indicate that the increased lung cellular respiration (measured by mitochondrial O2 consumption) and ATP following RSV infection is independent of either age or genetic background of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R Alsuwaidi
- Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Alia Albawardi
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Saeeda Almarzooqi
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sheela Benedict
- Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Aws R Othman
- Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Stacey M Hartwig
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Steven M Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Abdul-Kader Souid
- Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Rauhamäki V, Wikström M. The causes of reduced proton-pumping efficiency in type B and C respiratory heme-copper oxidases, and in some mutated variants of type A. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1837:999-1003. [PMID: 24583065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The heme-copper oxidases may be divided into three categories, A, B, and C, which include cytochrome c and quinol-oxidising enzymes. All three types are known to be proton pumps and are found in prokaryotes, whereas eukaryotes only contain A-type cytochrome c oxidase in their inner mitochondrial membrane. However, the bacterial B- and C-type enzymes have often been reported to pump protons with an H(+)/e(-) ratio of only one half of the unit stoichiometry in the A-type enzyme. We will show here that these observations are likely to be the result of difficulties with the measuring technique together with a higher sensitivity of the B- and C-type enzymes to the protonmotive force that opposes pumping. We find that under optimal conditions the H(+)/e(-) ratio is close to unity in all the three heme-copper oxidase subfamilies. A higher tendency for proton leak in the B- and C-type enzymes may result from less efficient gating of a proton pump mechanism that we suggest evolved before the so-called D-channel of proton transfer. There is also a discrepancy between results using whole bacterial cells vs. phospholipid vesicles inlaid with oxidase with respect to the observed proton pumping after modification of the D-channel residue asparagine-139 (Rhodobacter sphaeroides numbering) to aspartate in A-type cytochrome c oxidase. This discrepancy might also be explained by a higher sensitivity of proton pumping to protonmotive force in the mutated variant. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 18th European Bioenergetic Conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virve Rauhamäki
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mårten Wikström
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Al Zaabi A, Rahmani AY, Souid A. Optimal temperature for whole-body hypothermia in the newborn: an in vitro study using foreskin mitochondrial oxygen consumption. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2014; 7:179-183. [PMID: 25322994 DOI: 10.3233/npm-14814021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Whole-body hypothermia (to 33.5 ± 0.5°C) is a therapeutic modality that reduces risks of death and neurodevelopmental disability in neonates subjected to hypoxic-ischemic insults. This in vitro study was designed to determine changes in neonatal cellular metabolism with temperature. Its main aim was to compare the metabolic rate at ≤33°C with that at ≥35°C. STUDY DESIGN Foreskin specimens were used as a source of neonatal tissue. Cellular respiration (mitochondrial O2 consumption) was used as a surrogate biomarker for the metabolic rate. Foreskin specimens from healthy newborns were collected immediately after circumcision and processed within one hour for measuring the rate of O2 consumption at various temperatures (±0.5°C). O2 consumption was determined as function of time from the phosphorescence decay of Pd (II) meso-tetra-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-tetrabenzoporphyrin. RESULTS In a vial sealed from air and containing foreskin specimen in phosphate-buffered saline supplemented with 5 mM glucose, [O2] decreased linearly with time, confirming its zero-order kinetics. The rate of O2 consumption (μM O2.min-1), thus, was the negative of the slope of [O2] vs. time. Cyanide inhibited O2 consumption, confirming the oxidation occurred in the respiratory chain. Cellular respiration at ≤33°C (n = 25) significantly differed from that at ≥35°C (n = 24), p < 0.001. The rate (μM O2.min-1.mg-1) at 25°C was 0.034 ± 0.006 (n = 11, p = 0.044), at 33°C was 0.029 ± 0.008 (n = 14, reference temperature), at 35°C was 0.062 ± 0.020 (2-fold higher, n = 18, p < 0.001), and at 37°C was 0.061 ± 0.009 (2-fold higher, n = 6, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Neonatal foreskin cellular respiration is highly sensitive to critical temperatures (33°C vs. 35°C).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al Zaabi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - A Y Rahmani
- Department of Pediatrics, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - A Souid
- Department of Pediatrics, United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Alsuwaidi AR, Almarzooqi S, Albawardi A, Benedict S, Kochiyil J, Mustafa F, Hartwig SM, Varga SM, Souid AK. Cellular bioenergetics, caspase activity and glutathione in murine lungs infected with influenza A virus. Virology 2013; 446:180-8. [PMID: 24074580 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of cellular respiration, oxidation of glutathione and induction of apoptosis have been reported in epithelial cells infected in vitro with influenza A virus (IAV). Here, the same biomarkers were investigated in vivo by assessing the lungs of BALB/c mice infected with IAV. Cellular respiration declined on day 3 and recovered on day 7 post-infection. For days 3-5, the rate (mean±SD) of respiration (µMO2min(-1)mg(-1)) in uninfected lungs was 0.103±0.021 (n=4) and in infected lungs was 0.076±0.025 (n=4, p=0.026). Relative cellular ATP (infected/uninfected) was 4.7 on day 2 and 1.07 on day 7. Intracellular caspase activity peaked on day 7. Cellular glutathione decreased by ≥10% on days 3-7. Lung pathology was prominent on day 3 and caspase-3 labeling was prominent on day 5. IAV infection was associated with suppression of cellular respiration, diminished glutathione, and induction of apoptosis. These functional biomarkers were associated with structural changes noted in infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R Alsuwaidi
- Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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