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Bu T, Gao H, Yao Y, Wang J, Pollard AJ, Legge EJ, Clifford CA, Delvallée A, Ducourtieux S, Lawn MA, Babic B, Coleman VA, Jämting Å, Zou S, Chen M, Jakubek ZJ, Iacob E, Chanthawong N, Mongkolsuttirat K, Zeng G, Almeida CM, He BC, Hyde L, Ren L. Thickness measurements of graphene oxide flakes using atomic force microscopy: results of an international interlaboratory comparison. Nanotechnology 2023; 34:225702. [PMID: 36848668 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acbf58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flake thickness is one of the defining properties of graphene-related 2D materials (GR2Ms), and therefore requires reliable, accurate, and reproducible measurements with well-understood uncertainties. This is needed regardless of the production method or manufacturer because it is important for all GR2M products to be globally comparable. An international interlaboratory comparison on thickness measurements of graphene oxide flakes using atomic force microscopy has been completed in technical working area 41 of versailles project on advanced materials and standards. Twelve laboratories participated in the comparison project, led by NIM, China, to improve the equivalence of thickness measurement for two-dimensional flakes. The measurement methods, uncertainty evaluation and a comparison of the results and analysis are reported in this manuscript. The data and results of this project will be directly used to support the development of an ISO standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjia Bu
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Gao
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxuan Yao
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Physics, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Legge
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Charles A Clifford
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Delvallée
- Department of Materials Science, National Laboratory of Metrology and Testing (LNE), 29 Avenue Roger Hennequin, F-78197 Trappes, France
| | - Sébastien Ducourtieux
- Department of Materials Science, National Laboratory of Metrology and Testing (LNE), 29 Avenue Roger Hennequin, F-78197 Trappes, France
| | - Malcolm A Lawn
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA), 36 Bradfield Road, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
| | - Bakir Babic
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA), 36 Bradfield Road, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
| | - Victoria A Coleman
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA), 36 Bradfield Road, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
| | - Åsa Jämting
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA), 36 Bradfield Road, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
| | - Shan Zou
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada (NRC-CNRC), Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Maohui Chen
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada (NRC-CNRC), Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Zygmunt J Jakubek
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada (NRC-CNRC), Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Erica Iacob
- Bruno Kessler Foundation, Sensors and Devices Center, Micro Nano Facility Unit (MNF), Trento I-38123, Italy
| | - Narin Chanthawong
- National Institute of Metrology (Thailand) (NIMT), 3/4-5 Moo 3, Klong 5, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - KittiSun Mongkolsuttirat
- National Institute of Metrology (Thailand) (NIMT), 3/4-5 Moo 3, Klong 5, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Guanghong Zeng
- Danmarks Nationale Metrologiinstitut (DFM), Kogle Allé 5 D-2970 Hørsholm Danmark
| | - Clara Muniz Almeida
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias RJ, Brazil
| | - Bo-Ching He
- Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute (CMS/ITRI), Hsinchu 30011, Chinese TaiPei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lachlan Hyde
- Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Lingling Ren
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
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Yap PL, Farivar F, Jämting ÅK, Coleman VA, Gnaniah S, Mansfield E, Pu C, Landi SM, David MV, Flahaut E, Aizane M, Barnes M, Gallerneault M, Locatelli MD, Jacquinot S, Slough CG, Menzel J, Schmölzer S, Ren L, Pollard AJ, Losic D. International Interlaboratory Comparison of Thermogravimetric Analysis of Graphene-Related Two-Dimensional Materials. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5176-5186. [PMID: 36917706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Research on graphene-related two-dimensional (2D) materials (GR2Ms) in recent years is strongly moving from academia to industrial sectors with many new developed products and devices on the market. Characterization and quality control of the GR2Ms and their properties are critical for growing industrial translation, which requires the development of appropriate and reliable analytical methods. These challenges are recognized by International Organization for Standardization (ISO 229) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC 113) committees to facilitate the development of these methods and standards which are currently in progress. Toward these efforts, the aim of this study was to perform an international interlaboratory comparison (ILC), conducted under Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) Technical Working Area (TWA) 41 "Graphene and Related 2D Materials" to evaluate the performance (reproducibility and confidence) of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method as a potential new method for chemical characterization of GR2Ms. Three different types of representative and industrially manufactured GR2Ms samples, namely, pristine few-layer graphene (FLG), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), were used and supplied to ILC participants to complete the study. The TGA method performance was evaluated by a series of measurements of selected parameters of the chemical and physical properties of these GR2Ms including the number of mass loss steps, thermal stability, temperature of maximum mass change rate (Tp) for each decomposition step, and the mass contents (%) of moisture, oxygen groups, carbon, and impurities (organic and non-combustible residue). TGA measurements determining these parameters were performed using the provided optimized TGA protocol on the same GR2Ms by 12 participants across academia, industry stakeholders, and national metrology institutes. This paper presents these results with corresponding statistical analysis showing low standard deviation and statistical conformity across all participants that confirm that the TGA method can be satisfactorily used for characterization of these parameters and the chemical characterization and quality control of GR2Ms. The common measurement uncertainty for each parameter, key contribution factors were identified with explanations and recommendations for their elimination and improvements toward their implementation for the development of the ISO/IEC standard for chemical characterization of GR2Ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lay Yap
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,ARC Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Farzaneh Farivar
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,ARC Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Åsa K Jämting
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA), Lindfield, Sydney, NSW 2070, Australia
| | - Victoria A Coleman
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA), Lindfield, Sydney, NSW 2070, Australia
| | - Sam Gnaniah
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Elisabeth Mansfield
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Cheng Pu
- National Institute of Metrology, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sandra Marcela Landi
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Sao Paolo, RJ CEP: 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius David
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Sao Paolo, RJ CEP: 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT, CNRS-INP-UPS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse cedex 9 F-31062, France
| | - Mohammed Aizane
- CIRIMAT, CNRS-INP-UPS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse cedex 9 F-31062, France
| | - Michael Barnes
- National Research Council of Canada (NRC-CNRC), Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Mary Gallerneault
- National Research Council of Canada (NRC-CNRC), Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lingling Ren
- National Institute of Metrology, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Dusan Losic
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,ARC Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Phan TH, Divakarla SK, Yeo JH, Lei Q, Tharkar P, Pansani TN, Leslie KG, Tong M, Coleman VA, Jämting Å, Du Plessis MD, New EJ, Kalionis B, Demokritou P, Woo HK, Cho YK, Chrzanowski W. New Multiscale Characterization Methodology for Effective Determination of Isolation-Structure-Function Relationship of Extracellular Vesicles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:669537. [PMID: 34164385 PMCID: PMC8215393 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.669537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been lauded as next-generation medicines, but very few EV-based therapeutics have progressed to clinical use. Limited clinical translation is largely due to technical barriers that hamper our ability to mass produce EVs, i.e., to isolate, purify, and characterize them effectively. Technical limitations in comprehensive characterization of EVs lead to unpredicted biological effects of EVs. Here, using a range of optical and non-optical techniques, we showed that the differences in molecular composition of EVs isolated using two isolation methods correlated with the differences in their biological function. Our results demonstrated that the isolation method determines the composition of isolated EVs at single and sub-population levels. Besides the composition, we measured for the first time the dry mass and predicted sedimentation of EVs. These parameters were likely to contribute to the biological and functional effects of EVs on single cell and cell cultures. We anticipate that our new multiscale characterization approach, which goes beyond traditional experimental methodology, will support fundamental understanding of EVs as well as elucidate the functional effects of EVs in in vitro and in vivo studies. Our findings and methodology will be pivotal for developing optimal isolation methods and establishing EVs as mainstream therapeutics and diagnostics. This innovative approach is applicable to a wide range of sectors including biopharma and biotechnology as well as to regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Huyen Phan
- Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Shiva Kamini Divakarla
- Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jia Hao Yeo
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Qingyu Lei
- Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Priyanka Tharkar
- Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Taisa Nogueira Pansani
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara School of Dentistry, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Kathryn G Leslie
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Maggie Tong
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Victoria A Coleman
- Nanometrology Section, National Measurement Institute Australia, Lindfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Åsa Jämting
- Nanometrology Section, National Measurement Institute Australia, Lindfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Mar-Dean Du Plessis
- Nanometrology Section, National Measurement Institute Australia, Lindfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hyun-Kyung Woo
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Wojciech Chrzanowski
- Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Clement S, Gardner B, Razali WAW, Coleman VA, Jämting ÅK, Catchpoole HJ, Goldys EM, Herrmann J, Zvyagin A. Quantification of nanoparticle concentration in colloidal suspensions by a non-destructive optical method. Nanotechnology 2017; 28:475702. [PMID: 28925376 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa8d89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The estimation of nanoparticle number concentration in colloidal suspensions is a prerequisite in many procedures, and in particular in multi-stage, low-yield reactions. Here, we describe a rapid, non-destructive method based on optical extinction and dynamic light scattering (DLS), which combines measurements using common bench-top instrumentation with a numerical algorithm to calculate the particle size distribution (PSD) and concentration. These quantities were derived from Mie theory applied to measurements of the optical extinction spectrum of homogeneous, non-absorbing nanoparticles, and the relative PSD of a colloidal suspension. The work presents an approach to account for PSDs achieved by DLS which, due to the underlying model, may not be representative of the true sample PSD. The presented approach estimates the absolute particle number concentration of samples with mono-, bi-modal and broad size distributions with <50% precision. This provides a convenient and practical solution for number concentration estimation required during many applications of colloidal nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Clement
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Kestens V, Coleman VA, De Temmerman PJ, Minelli C, Woehlecke H, Roebben G. Improved Metrological Traceability of Particle Size Values Measured with Line-Start Incremental Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation. Langmuir 2017; 33:8213-8224. [PMID: 28731349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Line-start incremental centrifugal liquid sedimentation (disc-CLS) is a powerful method to determine particle size based on the principles of Stokes' law. Because several of the input quantities of the Stokes equation cannot be easily determined for this case of a rotating disc, the disc-CLS approach relies on calibrating the sedimentation time scale with reference particles. To use these calibrant particles for establishing metrological traceability, they must fulfill the same requirements as those imposed on a certified reference material, i.e., their certified Stokes diameter and density value must come with a realistic measurement uncertainty and with a traceability statement. As is the case for several other techniques, the calibrants do not always come with uncertainties for the assigned modal diameter and effective particle density. The lack of such information and the absence of a traceability statement make it difficult for the end-user to estimate the uncertainty of the measurement results and to compare them with results obtained by others. We present the results of a collaborative study that aimed at demonstrating the traceability of particle size results obtained with disc-CLS. For this purpose, the particle size and effective particle density of polyvinyl chloride calibrants were measured using different validated methods, and measurement uncertainties were estimated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. The results indicate that the modal Stokes diameter and effective particle density that are assigned to the calibrants are accurate within 5% and 3.5%, respectively, and that they can be used to establish traceability of particle size results obtained with disc-CLS. This conclusion has a great impact on the traceability statement of certified particle size reference materials, for which the traceability is limited to the size and density values of the calibrant particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Kestens
- Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, European Commission , 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Victoria A Coleman
- Nanometrology Section, National Measurement Institute Australia , 2070 West Lindfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pieter-Jan De Temmerman
- Service Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA) , 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caterina Minelli
- Chemical, Medical and Environmental Science Division, National Physical Laboratory , Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gert Roebben
- Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, European Commission , 2440 Geel, Belgium
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Grulke EA, Yamamoto K, Kumagai K, Häusler I, Österle W, Ortel E, Hodoroaba VD, Brown SC, Chan C, Zheng J, Yamamoto K, Yashiki K, Song NW, Kim YH, Stefaniak AB, Schwegler-Berry D, Coleman VA, Jämting ÅK, Herrmann J, Arakawa T, Burchett WW, Lambert JW, Stromberg AJ. Size and shape distributions of primary crystallites in titania aggregates. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2017; 28:1647-1659. [PMID: 29200658 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The primary crystallite size of titania powder relates to its properties in a number of applications. Transmission electron microscopy was used in this interlaboratory comparison (ILC) to measure primary crystallite size and shape distributions for a commercial aggregated titania powder. Data of four size descriptors and two shape descriptors were evaluated across nine laboratories. Data repeatability and reproducibility was evaluated by analysis of variance. One-third of the laboratory pairs had similar size descriptor data, but 83% of the pairs had similar aspect ratio data. Scale descriptor distributions were generally unimodal and were well-described by lognormal reference models. Shape descriptor distributions were multi-modal but data visualization plots demonstrated that the Weibull distribution was preferred to the normal distribution. For the equivalent circular diameter size descriptor, measurement uncertainties of the lognormal distribution scale and width parameters were 9.5% and 22%, respectively. For the aspect ratio shape descriptor, the measurement uncertainties of the Weibull distribution scale and width parameters were 7.0% and 26%, respectively. Both measurement uncertainty estimates and data visualizations should be used to analyze size and shape distributions of particles on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Grulke
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kumagai
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ines Häusler
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Österle
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik Ortel
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jiwen Zheng
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Springs, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Nam Woong Song
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Heon Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - D Schwegler-Berry
- U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | | | - Åsa K Jämting
- National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Jan Herrmann
- National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Woodrow W Burchett
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joshua W Lambert
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Arnold J Stromberg
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Anderson W, Kozak D, Coleman VA, Jämting ÅK, Trau M. A comparative study of submicron particle sizing platforms: accuracy, precision and resolution analysis of polydisperse particle size distributions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 405:322-30. [PMID: 23759321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The particle size distribution (PSD) of a polydisperse or multimodal system can often be difficult to obtain due to the inherent limitations in established measurement techniques. For this reason, the resolution, accuracy and precision of three new and one established, commercially available and fundamentally different particle size analysis platforms were compared by measuring both individual and a mixed sample of monodisperse, sub-micron (220, 330, and 410 nm - nominal modal size) polystyrene particles. The platforms compared were the qNano Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensor, Nanosight LM10 Particle Tracking Analysis System, the CPS Instruments's UHR24000 Disc Centrifuge, and the routinely used Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS Dynamic Light Scattering system. All measurements were subjected to a peak detection algorithm so that the detected particle populations could be compared to 'reference' Transmission Electron Microscope measurements of the individual particle samples. Only the Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensor and Disc Centrifuge platforms provided the resolution required to resolve all three particle populations present in the mixed 'multimodal' particle sample. In contrast, the light scattering based Particle Tracking Analysis and Dynamic Light Scattering platforms were only able to detect a single population of particles corresponding to either the largest (410 nm) or smallest (220 nm) particles in the multimodal sample, respectively. When the particle sets were measured separately (monomodal) each platform was able to resolve and accurately obtain a mean particle size within 10% of the Transmission Electron Microscope reference values. However, the broadness of the PSD measured in the monomodal samples deviated greatly, with coefficients of variation being ~2-6-fold larger than the TEM measurements across all four platforms. The large variation in the PSDs obtained from these four, fundamentally different platforms, indicates that great care must still be taken in the analysis of samples known to have complex PSDs. All of the platforms were found to have high precision, i.e. they gave rise to less than 5% variance in PSD shape descriptors over the replicate measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Anderson
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Jiang W, Hibbert DB, Moran G, Herrmann J, Jämting ÅK, Coleman VA. Characterisation of gold agglomerates: size distribution, shape and optical properties. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra22727h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Pace HE, Rogers NJ, Jarolimek C, Coleman VA, Gray EP, Higgins CP, Ranville JF. Single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: a performance evaluation and method comparison in the determination of nanoparticle size. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:12272-80. [PMID: 22780106 DOI: 10.1021/es301787d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sizing engineered nanoparticles in simple, laboratory systems is now a robust field of science; however, application of available techniques to more complex, natural systems is hindered by numerous challenges including low nanoparticle number concentrations, polydispersity from aggregation and/or dissolution, and interference from other incidental particulates. A new emerging technique, single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (spICPMS), has the potential to address many of these analytical challenges when sizing inorganic nanoparticles in environmental matrices. However, to date, there is little beyond the initial feasibility studies that investigates the performance characteristics and validation of spICPMS as a nanoparticle sizing technique. This study compares sizing of four silver nanoparticle dispersions (nominal diameters of 40, 60, 80, and 100 nm) by spICPMS to four established sizing techniques: dynamic light scattering, differential centrifugal sedimentation, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and TEM. Results show that spICPMS is able to size silver nanoparticles, across different sizes and particle number concentrations, with accuracy similar to the other commercially available techniques. Furthermore, a novel approach to evaluating particle coincidence is presented. In addition, spICPMS size measurements were successfully performed on nanoparticles suspended in algal growth media at low concentrations. Overall, while further development of the technique is needed, spICPMS yields important advantages over other techniques when sizing nanoparticles in environmentally relevant media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Pace
- Nanosafety in the Environment, CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234 Australia
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Pace HE, Rogers NJ, Jarolimek C, Coleman VA, Higgins CP, Ranville JF. Correction to Determining Transport Efficiency for the Purpose of Counting and Sizing Nanoparticles via Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6433. [PMID: 29384348 DOI: 10.1021/ac300942m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Geraets L, Oomen AG, Schroeter JD, Coleman VA, Cassee FR. Tissue distribution of inhaled micro- and nano-sized cerium oxide particles in rats: results from a 28-day exposure study. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:463-73. [PMID: 22430073 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain more insight into the tissue distribution, accumulation, and elimination of cerium oxide nanoparticles after inhalation exposure, blood and tissue kinetics were investigated during and after a 28-day inhalation study in rats with micro- and nanocerium oxide particles (nominal primary particle size: < 5000, 40, and 5-10 nm). Powder aerosolization resulted in comparable mass median aerodynamic diameter (1.40, 1.17, and 1.02 μm). After single exposure, approximately 10% of the inhaled dose was measured in lung tissue, as was also estimated by a multiple path particle dosimetry model (MPPD). Though small differences in pulmonary deposition efficiencies of cerium oxide were observed, no consistent differences in pulmonary deposition between the micro- and nanoparticles were observed. Each cerium oxide sample was also distributed to tissues other than lung after a single 6-h exposure, such as liver, kidney, and spleen and also brain, testis, and epididymis. No clear particle size-dependent effect on extrapulmonary tissue distribution was observed. Repeated exposure to cerium oxide resulted in significant accumulation of the particles in the (extra)pulmonary tissues. In addition, tissue clearance was shown to be slow, and, overall, insignificant amounts of cerium oxide were eliminated from the body at 48- to 72-h post-exposure. In conclusion, no clear effect of the primary particle size or surface area on pulmonary deposition and extrapulmonary tissue distribution could be demonstrated. This is most likely explained by similar aerodynamic diameter of the cerium oxide particles in air because of the formation of aggregates and irrespective possible differences in surface characteristics. The implications of the accumulation of cerium oxide particles for systemic toxicological effects after repeated chronic exposure via ambient air are significant and require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Geraets
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Pinheiro LB, Coleman VA, Hindson CM, Herrmann J, Hindson BJ, Bhat S, Emslie KR. Evaluation of a droplet digital polymerase chain reaction format for DNA copy number quantification. Anal Chem 2011; 84:1003-11. [PMID: 22122760 PMCID: PMC3260738 DOI: 10.1021/ac202578x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
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Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) is
a new technology that was recently commercialized to enable the precise
quantification of target nucleic acids in a sample. ddPCR measures
absolute quantities by counting nucleic acid molecules encapsulated
in discrete, volumetrically defined, water-in-oil droplet partitions.
This novel ddPCR format offers a simple workflow capable of generating
highly stable partitioning of DNA molecules. In this study, we assessed
key performance parameters of the ddPCR system. A linear ddPCR response
to DNA concentration was obtained from 0.16% through to 99.6% saturation
in a 20,000 droplet assay corresponding to more than 4 orders of magnitude
of target DNA copy number per ddPCR. Analysis of simplex and duplex
assays targeting two distinct loci in the Lambda DNA genome using
the ddPCR platform agreed, within their expanded uncertainties, with
values obtained using a lower density microfluidic chamber based digital
PCR (cdPCR). A relative expanded uncertainty under 5% was achieved
for copy number concentration using ddPCR. This level of uncertainty
is much lower than values typically observed for quantification of
specific DNA target sequences using currently commercially available
real-time and digital cdPCR technologies.
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Pace HE, Rogers NJ, Jarolimek C, Coleman VA, Higgins CP, Ranville JF. Determining transport efficiency for the purpose of counting and sizing nanoparticles via single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9361-9. [PMID: 22074486 PMCID: PMC3410750 DOI: 10.1021/ac201952t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently there are few ideal methods for the characterization of nanoparticles in complex, environmental samples, leading to significant gaps in toxicity and exposure assessments of nanomaterials. Single particle-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (spICPMS) is an emerging technique that can both size and count metal-containing nanoparticles. A major benefit of the spICPMS method is its ability to characterize nanoparticles at concentrations relevant to the environment. This paper presents a practical guide on how to count and size nanoparticles using spICPMS. Different methods are investigated for measuring transport efficiency (i.e., nebulization efficiency), an important term in the spICPMS calculations. In addition, an alternative protocol is provided for determining particle size that broadens the applicability of the technique to all types of inorganic nanoparticles. Initial comparison, using well-characterized, monodisperse silver nanoparticles, showed the importance of having an accurate transport efficiency value when determining particle number concentration and, if using the newly presented protocol, particle size. Ultimately, the goal of this paper is to provide improvements to nanometrology by further developing this technique for the characterization of metal-containing nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. Pace
- CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234 Australia
- Colorado School of Mines, Environmental Science and Engineering, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | | | | | - Victoria A. Coleman
- National Measurement Institute, Nanometrology Section, West Lindfield, NSW 2070 Australia
| | | | - James F. Ranville
- Colorado School of Mines, Chemistry and Geochemistry, Golden, CO 80401 USA
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Coleman VA, Bradby JE, Jagadish C, Phillips MR. A Comparison of the Mechanical Properties and the Impact of Contact Induced Damage in a- and c- Axis ZnO Single Crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-0957-k07-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTNanoindentation studies were conducted on a-axis oriented ZnO single crystals. The mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms were monitored and compared to previously determined data from c-axis material. Hardness and modulus values reveal that a-axis ZnO is significantly softer than c-axis material (measured hardness of 2 ± 0.2 GPa) and behaves much more plastically. Additionally, the influence of contact induced damage upon the defect structure of a-axis material was also examined using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy and monochromatic imaging to monitor the luminescence from indent sites. Deformation directly under the indent site enhanced the occurrence of red defect luminescence, and was attributed to a native defect in ZnO that has a higher formation energy than the defects responsible for the green and yellow visible defect bands, which were present in the ZnO during growth and were found to cluster to the indent site during annealing.
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Davis JA, Dao LV, Wen X, Ticknor C, Hannaford P, Coleman VA, Tan HH, Jagadish C, Koike K, Sasa S, Inoue M, Yano M. Suppression of the internal electric field effects in ZnO/Zn(0.7)Mg(0.3)O quantum wells by ion-implantation induced intermixing. Nanotechnology 2008; 19:055205. [PMID: 21817603 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/05/055205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Strong suppression of the effects caused by the internal electric field in ZnO/ZnMgO quantum wells following ion-implantation and rapid thermal annealing, is revealed by photoluminescence, time-resolved photoluminescence, and band structure calculations. The implantation and annealing induces Zn/Mg intermixing, resulting in graded quantum well interfaces. This reduces the quantum-confined Stark shift and increases electron-hole wavefunction overlap, which significantly reduces the exciton lifetime and increases the oscillator strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Davis
- Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia
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Coleman VA. Teaching in a specialized unit. Nurs Times 1973; 69:806-9. [PMID: 4732099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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