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de Talhouët C, Esteras N, Soutar MPM, O'Callaghan B, Plun-Favreau H. KAT8 compound inhibition inhibits the initial steps of PINK1-dependant mitophagy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11721. [PMID: 38777823 PMCID: PMC11111795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
It has recently been shown that KAT8, a genome-wide association study candidate risk gene for Parkinson's Disease, is involved in PINK1/Parkin-dependant mitophagy. The KAT8 gene encodes a lysine acetyltransferase and represents the catalytically active subunit of the non-specific lethal epigenetic remodelling complex. In the current study, we show that contrary to KAT5 inhibition, dual inhibition of KAT5 and KAT8 via the MG149 compound inhibits the initial steps of the PINK1-dependant mitophagy process. More specifically, our study shows that following mitochondrial depolarisation induced by mitochondrial toxins, MG149 treatment inhibits PINK1-dependant mitophagy initiation by impairing PINK1 activation, and subsequent phosphorylation of Parkin and ubiquitin. While this inhibitory effect of MG149 on PINK1-activation is potent, MG149 treatment in the absence of mitochondrial toxins is sufficient to depolarise the mitochondrial membrane, recruit PINK1 and promote partial downstream recruitment of the autophagy receptor p62, leading to an increase in mitochondrial delivery to the lysosomes. Altogether, our study provides additional support for KAT8 as a regulator of mitophagy and autophagy processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine de Talhouët
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Noemi Esteras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc P M Soutar
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Benjamin O'Callaghan
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Helene Plun-Favreau
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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2
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Bitarafan S, Pybus AF, Rivera Moctezuma FG, Adibi M, Franklin TC, Singer AC, Wood LB. Frequency and duration of sensory flicker controls astrocyte and neuron specific transcriptional profiles in 5xFAD mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.20.594705. [PMID: 38826251 PMCID: PMC11142106 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.20.594705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Current clinical trials are investigating gamma frequency sensory stimulation as a potential therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease, yet we lack a comprehensive picture of the effects of this stimulation on multiple aspects of brain function. While most prior research has focused on gamma frequency sensory stimulation, we previously showed that exposing mice to visual flickering stimulation increased MAPK and NFκB signaling in the visual cortex in a manner dependent on duration and frequency of sensory stimulation exposure. Because these pathways control multiple neuronal and glial functions and are differentially activated based on the duration and frequency of flicker stimulation, we aimed to define the transcriptional effects of different frequencies and durations of flicker stimulation on multiple brain functions. Methods We exposed 5xFAD mice to different frequencies of audio/visual flicker stimulation (constant light, 10Hz, 20Hz, 40Hz) for durations of 0.5hr, 1hr, or 4hr, then used bulk RNAseq to profile transcriptional changes within the visual cortex and hippocampus tissues. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified modules of co-expressed genes controlled by frequency and/or duration of stimulation. Results Within the visual cortex, we found that all stimulation frequencies caused fast activation of a module of immune genes within 1hr and slower suppression of synaptic genes after 4hrs of stimulation. Interestingly, all frequencies of stimulation led to slow suppression of astrocyte specific gene sets, while activation of neuronal gene sets was frequency and duration specific. In contrast, in the hippocampus, immune and synaptic modules were suppressed based on the frequency of stimulation. Specifically,10Hz activated a module of genes associated with mitochondrial function, metabolism, and synaptic translation while 10Hz rapidly suppressed a module of genes linked to neurotransmitter activity. Conclusion Collectively, our data indicate that the frequency and duration of flicker stimulation controls immune, neuronal, and metabolic genes in multiple regions of the brain affected by Alzheimer's disease. Flicker stimulation may thus represent a potential therapeutic strategy that can be tuned based on the brain region and the specific cellular process to be modulated.
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3
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Yang L, Liao W, Dong J, Chen X, Huang L, Yang W, Jiang S. Zearalenone Promotes Uterine Hypertrophy through AMPK/mTOR Mediated Autophagy. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:73. [PMID: 38393151 PMCID: PMC10892946 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a non-steroidal Fusarium graminearum with an estrogen effect, can cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract, immune organs, liver, and reproductive system. Further analysis of the mechanism of ZEN has become an important scientific issue. We have established in vivo and in vitro models of ZEN intervention, used AMPK/mTOR as a targeted pathway for ZEN reproductive toxicity, and explored the molecular mechanism by which ZEN may induce uterine hypertrophy in weaned piglets. Our study strongly suggested that ZEN can activate the phosphorylation of AMPK in uterine endometrial epithelium cells, affect the phosphorylation level of mTOR through TSC2 and Rheb, induce autophagy, upregulate the expression of proliferative genes PCNA and BCL2, downregulate the expression of apoptotic gene BAX, promote uterine endometrial epithelium cells proliferation, and ultimately lead to thickening of the endometrial and myometrium, increased density of uterine glands, and induce uterine hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shuzhen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (L.Y.); (W.L.); (J.D.); (X.C.); (L.H.); (W.Y.)
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4
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Csabai L, Bohár B, Türei D, Prabhu S, Földvári-Nagy L, Madgwick M, Fazekas D, Módos D, Ölbei M, Halka T, Poletti M, Kornilova P, Kadlecsik T, Demeter A, Szalay-Bekő M, Kapuy O, Lenti K, Vellai T, Gul L, Korcsmáros T. AutophagyNet: high-resolution data source for the analysis of autophagy and its regulation. Autophagy 2024; 20:188-201. [PMID: 37589496 PMCID: PMC10761021 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2247737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a highly-conserved catabolic procss eliminating dysfunctional cellular components and invading pathogens. Autophagy malfunction contributes to disorders such as cancer, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. Understanding autophagy regulation in health and disease has been the focus of the last decades. We previously provided an integrated database for autophagy research, the Autophagy Regulatory Network (ARN). For the last eight years, this resource has been used by thousands of users. Here, we present a new and upgraded resource, AutophagyNet. It builds on the previous database but contains major improvements to address user feedback and novel needs due to the advancement in omics data availability. AutophagyNet contains updated interaction curation and integration of over 280,000 experimentally verified interactions between core autophagy proteins and their protein, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators as well as their potential upstream pathway connections. AutophagyNet provides annotations for each core protein about their role: 1) in different types of autophagy (mitophagy, xenophagy, etc.); 2) in distinct stages of autophagy (initiation, expansion, termination, etc.); 3) with subcellular and tissue-specific localization. These annotations can be used to filter the dataset, providing customizable download options tailored to the user's needs. The resource is available in various file formats (e.g. CSV, BioPAX and PSI-MI), and data can be analyzed and visualized directly in Cytoscape. The multi-layered regulation of autophagy can be analyzed by combining AutophagyNet with tissue- or cell type-specific (multi-)omics datasets (e.g. transcriptomic or proteomic data). The resource is publicly accessible at http://autophagynet.org.Abbreviations: ARN: Autophagy Regulatory Network; ATG: autophagy related; BCR: B cell receptor pathway; BECN1: beclin 1; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; IIP: innate immune pathway; LIR: LC3-interacting region; lncRNA: long non-coding RNA; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; miRNA: microRNA; NHR: nuclear hormone receptor; PTM: post-translational modification; RTK: receptor tyrosine kinase; TCR: T cell receptor; TLR: toll like receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Csabai
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Bohár
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dénes Türei
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - László Földvári-Nagy
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Matthew Madgwick
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Dávid Fazekas
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dezső Módos
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Márton Ölbei
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Themis Halka
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martina Poletti
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Tamás Kadlecsik
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Orsolya Kapuy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lenti
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Vellai
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH/MTA-ELTE Genetics Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lejla Gul
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tamás Korcsmáros
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
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5
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Wu MY, Li ZW, Lu JH. Molecular Modulators and Receptors of Selective Autophagy: Disease Implication and Identification Strategies. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:751-764. [PMID: 38169614 PMCID: PMC10758101 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.83205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved physiological process that maintains cellular homeostasis by recycling cellular contents. Selective autophagy is based on the specificity of cargo recognition and has been implicated in various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Selective autophagy receptors and modulators play key roles in this process. Identifying these receptors and modulators and their roles is critical for understanding the machinery and physiological function of selective autophagy and providing therapeutic value for diseases. Using modern researching tools and novel screening technologies, an increasing number of selective autophagy receptors and modulators have been identified. A variety of Strategies and approaches, including protein-protein interactions (PPIs)-based identification and genome-wide screening, have been used to identify selective autophagy receptors and modulators. Understanding the strengths and challenges of these approaches not only promotes the discovery of even more such receptors and modulators but also provides a useful reference for the identification of regulatory proteins or genes involved in other cellular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the functions, disease association, and identification strategies of selective autophagy receptors and modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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6
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Lu C, Zhang J, Wang B, Gao Q, Ma K, Pei S, Li J, Cui S. Casein kinase 1α is required to maintain murine hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin expression. iScience 2023; 26:106670. [PMID: 37168577 PMCID: PMC10165255 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron development is considered to play an essential role in the development of obesity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Casein kinase 1α (CK1α) was expressed in the embryonic mouse hypothalamus at high levels and colocalized with POMC neurons. CK1α deletion in POMC neurons caused weight gain, metabolic defects, and increased food intake. The number of POMC-expressing cells was considerably decreased in Csnk1a1fl/fl;POMCcre (PKO) mice from embryonic day 15.5 to postnatal day 60, while apoptosis of POMC neurons was not affected. Furthermore, unchanged POMC progenitor cells and a decreased POMC phenotype established CK1α function in hypothalamic POMC neuron development. CK1α deletion led to elevated Notch intracellular domain (NICD) protein expression, and NICD inhibition rescued the PKO mouse phenotype. In summary, CK1α is involved in hypothalamic POMC expression via NICD-POMC signaling, deepening our understanding of POMC neuron development and control of systemic metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinglin Zhang
- Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kezhe Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaona Pei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juxue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding author
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7
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Metur SP, Lei Y, Zhang Z, Klionsky DJ. Regulation of autophagy gene expression and its implications in cancer. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260631. [PMID: 37199330 PMCID: PMC10214848 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic cellular process that targets and eliminates superfluous cytoplasmic components via lysosomal degradation. This evolutionarily conserved process is tightly regulated at multiple levels as it is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis. Research in the past decade has established that dysregulation of autophagy plays a major role in various diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration. However, modulation of autophagy as a therapeutic strategy requires identification of key players that can fine tune the induction of autophagy without complete abrogation. In this Review, we summarize the recent discoveries on the mechanism of regulation of ATG (autophagy related) gene expression at the level of transcription, post transcription and translation. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the role of aberrant expression of ATG genes in the context of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree Padma Metur
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuchen Lei
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhihai Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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8
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López-Méndez TB, Sánchez-Álvarez M, Trionfetti F, Pedraz JL, Tripodi M, Cordani M, Strippoli R, González-Valdivieso J. Nanomedicine for autophagy modulation in cancer therapy: a clinical perspective. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:44. [PMID: 36871010 PMCID: PMC9985235 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00986-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, progress in nanotechnology provided new tools to treat cancer more effectively. Advances in biomaterials tailored for drug delivery have the potential to overcome the limited selectivity and side effects frequently associated with traditional therapeutic agents. While autophagy is pivotal in determining cell fate and adaptation to different challenges, and despite the fact that it is frequently dysregulated in cancer, antitumor therapeutic strategies leveraging on or targeting this process are scarce. This is due to many reasons, including the very contextual effects of autophagy in cancer, low bioavailability and non-targeted delivery of existing autophagy modulatory compounds. Conjugating the versatile characteristics of nanoparticles with autophagy modulators may render these drugs safer and more effective for cancer treatment. Here, we review current standing questions on the biology of autophagy in tumor progression, and precursory studies and the state-of-the-art in harnessing nanomaterials science to enhance the specificity and therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania B López-Méndez
- NanoBioCel Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIB), Madrid, Spain
| | - Flavia Trionfetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - José L Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Marco Tripodi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Juan González-Valdivieso
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA.
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9
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Behrouj H, Mokarram P. BAMLET (Bovine α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) inhibits autophagy flux and induces apoptosis via down-regulation of protein kinase CK1α and attenuation of the AKT/p-ß-catenin (S552) pathway in RAS-mutated human colorectal HCT 116 cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:1212-1219. [PMID: 37736507 PMCID: PMC10510486 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.69343.15114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Oncogenic RAS mutations occur in nearly 50% of colorectal cancer cases and are usually dependent on the autophagy mechanism to maintain tumorigenesis. We have recently demonstrated that CK1α controls autophagy machinery possibly through the AKT/p-ß-catenin (S552) signaling in colorectal cancer cells harboring RAS mutation. It has been found that a lipid-protein complex comprising oleic acid binds to human α-lactalbumin, known as HAMLET (human α -lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells), targets a broad range of kinases including CK1α. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of BAMLET (bovine α -lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells, the bovine counterpart of HAMLET) on CK1α expression, AKT/Phospho-ß-catenin (S552) pathway, and autophagy flux in RAS-mutated human colorectal HCT 116 cells. Materials and Methods For this purpose, HCT116 cells were treated with BAMLET and casein kinase 1 inhibitor (D4476), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis were used to measure the proteins and genes of the AKT/Phospho-ß-catenin (S552) pathway and autophagy. Apoptosis was measured by flow-cytometry. Results We found that BAMLET significantly reduced cell viability and decreased the expression of CK1α. Additionally, BAMLET inhibited autophagy flux and enhanced the ability of CK1α inhibitor D4476 to impair autophagy flux, which was accompanied by an increase in the apoptosis percentage. We also observed that BAMLET empowered D4476 to down-regulate the AKT/Phospho-ß-catenin (S552) axis. Conclusion BAMLET hampers autophagy flux and leads to apoptosis induction, possibly, by reducing the expression of CK1α and attenuation of the AKT/Phospho-ß-catenin (S552) axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Behrouj
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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10
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Soutar MPM, Melandri D, O’Callaghan B, Annuario E, Monaghan AE, Welsh NJ, D’Sa K, Guelfi S, Zhang D, Pittman A, Trabzuni D, Verboven AHA, Pan KS, Kia DA, Bictash M, Gandhi S, Houlden H, Cookson MR, Kasri NN, Wood NW, Singleton AB, Hardy J, Whiting PJ, Blauwendraat C, Whitworth AJ, Manzoni C, Ryten M, Lewis PA, Plun-Favreau H. Regulation of mitophagy by the NSL complex underlies genetic risk for Parkinson's disease at 16q11.2 and MAPT H1 loci. Brain 2022; 145:4349-4367. [PMID: 36074904 PMCID: PMC9762952 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common incurable neurodegenerative disease. The identification of genetic variants via genome-wide association studies has considerably advanced our understanding of the Parkinson's disease genetic risk. Understanding the functional significance of the risk loci is now a critical step towards translating these genetic advances into an enhanced biological understanding of the disease. Impaired mitophagy is a key causative pathway in familial Parkinson's disease, but its relevance to idiopathic Parkinson's disease is unclear. We used a mitophagy screening assay to evaluate the functional significance of risk genes identified through genome-wide association studies. We identified two new regulators of PINK1-dependent mitophagy initiation, KAT8 and KANSL1, previously shown to modulate lysine acetylation. These findings suggest PINK1-mitophagy is a contributing factor to idiopathic Parkinson's disease. KANSL1 is located on chromosome 17q21 where the risk associated gene has long been considered to be MAPT. While our data do not exclude a possible association between the MAPT gene and Parkinson's disease, they provide strong evidence that KANSL1 plays a crucial role in the disease. Finally, these results enrich our understanding of physiological events regulating mitophagy and establish a novel pathway for drug targeting in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P M Soutar
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Daniela Melandri
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Benjamin O’Callaghan
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Emily Annuario
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Amy E Monaghan
- UCL Alzheimer’s Research UK, Drug Discovery Institute, London, UK
- UCL Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Natalie J Welsh
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karishma D’Sa
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Guelfi
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Zhang
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Alan Pittman
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St Georges University, London, UK
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Anouk H A Verboven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kylie S Pan
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Demis A Kia
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Magda Bictash
- UCL Alzheimer’s Research UK, Drug Discovery Institute, London, UK
- UCL Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- UCL Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Paul J Whiting
- UCL Alzheimer’s Research UK, Drug Discovery Institute, London, UK
- UCL Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Claudia Manzoni
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Mina Ryten
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, LondonUK
| | - Hélène Plun-Favreau
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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11
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Gong ZG, Zhao Y, Wang ZY, Fan RF, Liu ZP, Wang L. Epigenetic regulator BRD4 is involved in cadmium-induced acute kidney injury via contributing to lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy blockade and oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127110. [PMID: 34523489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a known nephrotoxic heavy metal and proximal tubules are the major target of Cd-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). We previously demonstrated that lysosomal dysfunction and dysregulated autophagy contribute to Cd-induced AKI. Recent studies have revealed that bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is a transcriptional repressor of autophagy and lysosomal function. Hence, in vivo and in vitro studies were performed to clarify the role of BRD4 in Cd-induced AKI. Firstly, Cd has no effect on BRD4 expression levels, but increases H4K16 acetylation. Resultantly, Cd promotes the recruitment of BRD4 to lysosomal gene promoter regions to make it as a transcriptional regulator. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of BRD4 alleviates Cd-inhibited lysosomal gene transcript levels and lysosomal function, leading to the alleviation of Cd-induced autophagy inhibition. Moreover, inhibition of BRD4 relieves Cd-induced oxidative stress and concurrent cytotoxicity, which is counteracted by the inhibition of autophagy via Atg5 knockdown, indicating that alleviation of oxidative stress by BRD4 inhibition is ascribed to its restoration of autophagic flux. Collectively, these results demonstrate that BRD4 acts as a transcriptional repressor to mediate lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy blockade and oxidative stress during Cd exposure, which may be a potential therapeutic target for Cd-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Gui Gong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, People's Republic of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Feng Fan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Nguyen Hoang AT, Lee H, Lee SJ. Casein kinase I inhibitor D4476 influences autophagy and apoptosis in chloroquine-induced adult retinal pigment epithelial-19 cells. Exp Eye Res 2022; 218:109004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Activation of Non-Canonical Autophagic Pathway through Inhibition of Non-Integrin Laminin Receptor in Neuronal Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030466. [PMID: 35159276 PMCID: PMC8833926 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To fight neurodegenerative diseases, several therapeutic strategies have been proposed that, to date, are either ineffective or at the early preclinical stages. Intracellular protein aggregates represent the cause of about 70% of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, autophagy, i.e., lysosomal degradation of macromolecules, could be employed in this context as a therapeutic strategy. Searching for a compound that stimulates this process led us to the identification of a 37/67kDa laminin receptor inhibitor, NSC48478. We have analysed the effects of this small molecule on the autophagic process in mouse neuronal cells and found that NSC48478 induces the conversion of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3-I) into the LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II). Interestingly, upon NSC48478 treatment, the contribution of membranes to the autophagic process derived mainly from the non-canonical m-TOR-independent endocytic pathway, involving the Rab proteins that control endocytosis and vesicle recycling. Finally, qRT-PCR analysis suggests that, while the expression of key genes linked to canonical autophagy was unchanged, the main genes related to the positive regulation of endocytosis (pinocytosis and receptor mediated), along with genes regulating vesicle fusion and autolysosomal maturation, were upregulated under NSC48478 conditions. These results strongly suggest that 37/67 kDa inhibitor could be a useful tool for future studies in pathological conditions.
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14
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Tang H, Lin Y, Huang L, Hu J. MiR-223-3p Regulates Autophagy and Inflammation by Targeting ATG16L1 in Fusarium solani-Induced Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:41. [PMID: 35089329 PMCID: PMC8802027 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Increasing evidence suggested that microRNAs (miRs) are implicated in the regulation of the inflammatory response and autophagy in multiple diseases. The present study aimed to explore the effect of miR-223-3p on inflammation and autophagy in fungal keratitis (FK). Methods An FK mouse model was established, and primary corneal stromal cells were isolated by inoculation with Fusarium solani. The expression of miR-223-3p was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Subsequently, the target gene of miR-223-3p was identified by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. The levels of miR-223-3p were altered by transfecting miR agomir/antagomir to evaluate its effects. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy and hematoxylin and eosin staining were employed to detect corneal damage. The levels of autophagy were assessed by immunofluorescence, Western blotting, mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy. In addition, inflammation was demonstrated by determining the proinflammatory mediators IL-1β and TNF-ɑ. Results Our data suggested that miR-223-3p was increased and that autophagic flux was impaired in mouse FK. Then, we confirmed that autophagy-related gene 16L1 (ATG16L1) was a potential target of miR-223-3p and that this miR negatively regulated the expression of ATG16L1. The inhibition of miR-223-3p attenuated inflammation in FK, reduced P62 expression, and increased the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, whereas the overexpression of miR-223-3p displayed the opposite results. Conclusions Taken together, miR-223-3p might regulate autophagy via targeting ATG16L1 in experimental F. solani keratitis and is associated with the inflammatory response. MiR-223-3p might be a potential therapeutic target for FK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfeng Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fu Zhou, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fu Zhou, China
| | - Liwei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fu Zhou, China
| | - Jianzhang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fu Zhou, China
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15
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Siddique Y. Neurodegenerative Disorders and the Current State, Pathophysiology, and Management of Parkinson's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 21:574-595. [PMID: 34477534 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210903101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, major knowledge has been gained about pathophysiological aspects and molecular pathways behind Parkinson's Disease (PD). Based on neurotoxicological studies and postmortem investigations, there is a general concept of how environmental toxicants (neurotoxins, pesticides, insecticides) and genetic factors (genetic mutations in PD-associated proteins) cause depletion of dopamine from substantia nigra pars compacta region of the midbrain and modulate cellular processes leading to the pathogenesis of PD. α-Synuclein, a neuronal protein accumulation in oligomeric form, called protofibrils, is associated with cellular dysfunction and neuronal death, thus possibly contributing to PD propagation. With advances made in identifying loci that contribute to PD, molecular pathways involved in disease pathogenesis are now clear, and introducing therapeutic strategy at the right time may delay the progression. Biomarkers for PD have helped monitor PD progression; therefore, personalized therapeutic strategies can be facilitated. In order to further improve PD diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, independent validation of biomarkers is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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16
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Ciprut S, Berberich A, Knoll M, Pusch S, Hoffmann D, Furkel J, Ward Gahlawat A, Kahlert-Konzelamnn L, Sahm F, Warnken U, Winter M, Schnölzer M, Pusch S, von Deimling A, Abdollahi A, Wick W, Lemke D. AAMP is a binding partner of costimulatory human B7-H3. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdac098. [PMID: 35919070 PMCID: PMC9341442 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted immunotherapies are of growing interest in the treatment of various cancers. B7 homolog 3 protein (B7-H3), a member of the co-stimulatory/-inhibitory B7-family, exerts immunosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic functions in various cancer types and is under evaluation in ongoing clinical trials. Unfortunately, interaction partner(s) remain unknown which restricts the druggability. Methods Aiming to identify potential binding partner(s) of B7-H3, a yeast two-hybrid and a mass spectrometry screen were performed. Potential candidates were evaluated by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), and functionally in a 3H-thymidine proliferation assay of Jurkat cells, a T-cell lineage cell line. Prognostic value of angio-associated migratory cell protein (AAMP) and B7-H3 expression was evaluated in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 wildtype (IDH1wt) glioblastoma (GBM) patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-GBM cohort. Results Of the screening candidates, CD164, AAMP, PTPRA, and SLAMF7 could be substantiated via BiFC. AAMP binding could be further confirmed via co-IP and on a functional level. AAMP was ubiquitously expressed in glioma cells, immune cells, and glioma tissue, but did not correlate with glioma grade. Finally, an interaction between AAMP and B7-H3 could be observed on expression level, hinting toward a combined synergistic effect. Conclusions AAMP was identified as a novel interaction partner of B7-H3, opening new possibilities to create a targeted therapy against the pro-tumorigenic costimulatory protein B7-H3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ciprut
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Anne Berberich
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Maximilian Knoll
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Stefan Pusch
- German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmann
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Jennifer Furkel
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Aoife Ward Gahlawat
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Lena Kahlert-Konzelamnn
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Uwe Warnken
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- Department of Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Department of Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Sonja Pusch
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core Center Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Dieter Lemke
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Medical School and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
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17
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Zhao J, Jia Y, Zhao W, Chen H, Zhang X, Ngo FY, Luo D, Song Y, Lao L, Rong J. Botanical Drug Puerarin Ameliorates Liposaccharide-Induced Depressive Behaviors in Mice via Inhibiting RagA/mTOR/p70S6K Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:7716201. [PMID: 34707778 PMCID: PMC8545548 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7716201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The depressive symptom hallmarks the progression of the neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease. Bacterial infection is related to inflammation and depression. The present project thereby examined whether botanical drug puerarin could attenuate liposaccharide- (LPS-) induced depressive behaviors in mice. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6N mice were sequentially treated with LPS and puerarin and evaluated for the depressive behaviors by tail suspension test and forced swim test. The brain tissues were profiled for the molecular targets of puerarin by next-generation RNA sequencing technique. Candidate targets were further verified in LPS-treated mice, neural stem cells, and highly differentiated PC12 cell line. RESULTS Puerarin ameliorated LPS-induced depression in the mice. RNA sequencing profiles revealed that puerarin altered the expression of 16 genes while markedly downregulated Ras-related GTP-binding protein A (RagA) in LPS-treated mice. The effect of puerarin on RagA expression was confirmed by immunostaining, Western blot, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Biochemical studies showed that puerarin inhibited RagA/mTOR/p70S6K pathway, attenuated the accumulation of mTORC1 in close proximity to lysosome, and reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Botanical drug puerarin attenuated inflammation and depressive behaviors in LPS-challenged mice by inhibiting RagA/mTOR/p70S6K pathways. Puerarin may be a lead compound for the new antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Zhu Nansun's Workstation, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Yu Jin's Workstation, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yizhen Jia
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huixin Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fung Yin Ngo
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youqiang Song
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lixing Lao
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
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18
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Insights into the Interaction of Lysosomal Amino Acid Transporters SLC38A9 and SLC36A1 Involved in mTORC1 Signaling in C2C12 Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091314. [PMID: 34572527 PMCID: PMC8467208 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are critical for mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation on the lysosomal surface. Amino acid transporters SLC38A9 and SLC36A1 are the members of the lysosomal amino acid sensing machinery that activates mTORC1. The current study aims to clarify the interaction of SLC38A9 and SLC36A1. Here, we discovered that leucine increased expressions of SLC38A9 and SLC36A1, leading to mTORC1 activation. SLC38A9 interacted with SLC36A1 and they enhanced each other's expression levels and locations on the lysosomal surface. Additionally, the interacting proteins of SLC38A9 in C2C12 cells were identified to participate in amino acid sensing mechanism, mTORC1 signaling pathway, and protein synthesis, which provided a resource for future investigations of skeletal muscle mass.
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19
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Bastien J, Menon S, Messa M, Nyfeler B. Molecular targets and approaches to restore autophagy and lysosomal capacity in neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:101018. [PMID: 34489092 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that promotes cellular fitness by clearing aggregated protein species, pathogens and damaged organelles through lysosomal degradation. The autophagic process is particularly important in the nervous system where post-mitotic neurons rely heavily on protein and organelle quality control in order to maintain cellular health throughout the lifetime of the organism. Alterations of autophagy and lysosomal function are hallmarks of various neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we conceptualize some of the mechanistic and genetic evidence pointing towards autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction as a causal driver of neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we discuss rate-limiting pathway nodes and potential approaches to restore pathway activity, from autophagy initiation, cargo sequestration to lysosomal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bastien
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suchithra Menon
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mirko Messa
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Beat Nyfeler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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Arango D, Bittar A, Esmeral NP, Ocasión C, Muñoz-Camargo C, Cruz JC, Reyes LH, Bloch NI. Understanding the Potential of Genome Editing in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9241. [PMID: 34502143 PMCID: PMC8430539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR is a simple and cost-efficient gene-editing technique that has become increasingly popular over the last decades. Various CRISPR/Cas-based applications have been developed to introduce changes in the genome and alter gene expression in diverse systems and tissues. These novel gene-editing techniques are particularly promising for investigating and treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, for which we currently lack efficient disease-modifying treatment options. Gene therapy could thus provide treatment alternatives, revolutionizing our ability to treat this disease. Here, we review our current knowledge on the genetic basis of Parkinson's disease to highlight the main biological pathways that become disrupted in Parkinson's disease and their potential as gene therapy targets. Next, we perform a comprehensive review of novel delivery vehicles available for gene-editing applications, critical for their successful application in both innovative research and potential therapies. Finally, we review the latest developments in CRISPR-based applications and gene therapies to understand and treat Parkinson's disease. We carefully examine their advantages and shortcomings for diverse gene-editing applications in the brain, highlighting promising avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Arango
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.A.); (A.B.); (N.P.E.); (C.M.-C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Amaury Bittar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.A.); (A.B.); (N.P.E.); (C.M.-C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Natalia P. Esmeral
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.A.); (A.B.); (N.P.E.); (C.M.-C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Camila Ocasión
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (C.O.); (L.H.R.)
| | - Carolina Muñoz-Camargo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.A.); (A.B.); (N.P.E.); (C.M.-C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.A.); (A.B.); (N.P.E.); (C.M.-C.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Luis H. Reyes
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (C.O.); (L.H.R.)
| | - Natasha I. Bloch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.A.); (A.B.); (N.P.E.); (C.M.-C.); (J.C.C.)
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21
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Zehender A, Li YN, Lin NY, Stefanica A, Nüchel J, Chen CW, Hsu HH, Zhu H, Ding X, Huang J, Shen L, Györfi AH, Soare A, Rauber S, Bergmann C, Ramming A, Plomann M, Eckes B, Schett G, Distler JHW. TGFβ promotes fibrosis by MYST1-dependent epigenetic regulation of autophagy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4404. [PMID: 34285225 PMCID: PMC8292318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of fibroblasts is essential for physiological tissue repair. Uncontrolled activation of fibroblasts, however, may lead to tissue fibrosis with organ dysfunction. Although several pathways capable of promoting fibroblast activation and tissue repair have been identified, their interplay in the context of chronic fibrotic diseases remains incompletely understood. Here, we provide evidence that transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) activates autophagy by an epigenetic mechanism to amplify its profibrotic effects. TGFβ induces autophagy in fibrotic diseases by SMAD3-dependent downregulation of the H4K16 histone acetyltransferase MYST1, which regulates the expression of core components of the autophagy machinery such as ATG7 and BECLIN1. Activation of autophagy in fibroblasts promotes collagen release and is both, sufficient and required, to induce tissue fibrosis. Forced expression of MYST1 abrogates the stimulatory effects of TGFβ on autophagy and re-establishes the epigenetic control of autophagy in fibrotic conditions. Interference with the aberrant activation of autophagy inhibits TGFβ-induced fibroblast activation and ameliorates experimental dermal and pulmonary fibrosis. These findings link uncontrolled TGFβ signaling to aberrant autophagy and deregulated epigenetics in fibrotic diseases and may contribute to the development of therapeutic interventions in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariella Zehender
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yi-Nan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Neng-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Adrian Stefanica
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Nüchel
- Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hsiao-Han Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jingang Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lichong Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea-Hermina Györfi
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alina Soare
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Rauber
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Bergmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ramming
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Plomann
- Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Beate Eckes
- Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg H W Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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22
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Abstract
Autophagy is an important intracellular lysosomal degradation process in cells, which is highly conserved from yeast to mammals. The process of autophagy is roughly divided into the following key steps: the formation of a membrane structure called ISM (isolated membrane) after stimulation, the biogenesis and maturation of autophagosomes, and finally the degradation of autophagosomes. A number of proteins are required to function in the whole process of autophagy. Since the initial genetic screening in yeast cells, multiple genes that play pivotal roles in autophagy have been discovered. These molecules have been named ATG genes (AuTophaGy related genes). The screening for new key molecules involved in autophagy has greatly promoted the characterization of the mechanism of the autophagy machinery and provides multiple targets for the development of autophagy-based regulatory drugs.
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23
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Orlov YL, Galieva AG, Orlova NG, Ivanova EN, Mozyleva YA, Anashkina AA. [Reconstruction of gene network associated with Parkinson disease for gene targets search]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2021; 67:222-230. [PMID: 34142529 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216703222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of genetic data in the field of Parkinson's disease research culminated in identifying risk factors and confident prediction of the disease occurrence. To find new gene-targets for diagnostics and therapy we have to reconstruct gene network of the disease, to cluster genes in the network, to reveal key (hub) genes with largest number of interactions in the network. Using the on-line bioinformatics tools OMIM, PANTHER, g:Profiler, GeneMANIA, and STRING-DB, we have analyzed the current array of data related to Parkinson's disease, calculated the categories of gene ontologies for a large list of genes, visualized them, and built gene networks containing the identified key objects and their relationships. However, translating the results into biological understanding is still a promising major challenge. The analysis of the genes associated with the disease, the assessment of their place in the gene network (connectivity) allows us to evaluate them as target genes for medicinal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Orlov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A G Galieva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N G Orlova
- Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - E N Ivanova
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Y A Mozyleva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Anashkina
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Engelgardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
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24
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N6-methyladenosine demethyltransferase FTO-mediated autophagy in malignant development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2021; 40:3885-3898. [PMID: 33972683 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal mRNA modification in eukaryotes and plays an important role in tumorigenesis. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we established a cell model of rapamycin-induced autophagy to screen m6A-modifying enzymes. We found that m6A demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) plays a key role in regulating autophagy and tumorigenesis by targeting the gene encoding eukaryotic translation initiation factor gamma 1 (eIF4G1) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Knocked down of FTO expression in OSCC cell lines, resulting in downregulation of eIF4G1 along with enhanced autophagic flux and inhibition of tumorigenesis. Rapamycin inhibited FTO activity, and directly targeted eIF4G1 transcripts and mediated their expression in an m6A-dependent manner. Dual-luciferase reporter and mutagenesis assays confirmed that YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA-binding protein 2 (YTHDF2) targets eIF4G1. Conclusively, after FTO silencing, YTHDF2 captured eIF4G1 transcripts containing m6A, resulting in mRNA degradation and decreased expression of eIF4G1 protein, thereby promoting autophagy and reducing tumor occurrence. Therefore, rapamycin may regulate m6A levels, determining the autophagic flux of OSCC, thereby affecting the biological characteristics of cancer cells. This insight expands our understanding of the crosstalk between autophagy and RNA methylation in tumorigenesis, which is essential for therapeutic strategy development for OSCC.
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25
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Mimura K, Sakamaki JI, Morishita H, Kawazu M, Mano H, Mizushima N. Genome-wide CRISPR screening reveals nucleotide synthesis negatively regulates autophagy. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100780. [PMID: 34000301 PMCID: PMC8191307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter, autophagy) is a process that directs the degradation of cytoplasmic material in lysosomes. In addition to its homeostatic roles, autophagy undergoes dynamic positive and negative regulation in response to multiple forms of cellular stress, thus enabling the survival of cells. However, the precise mechanisms of autophagy regulation are not fully understood. To identify potential negative regulators of autophagy, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR screen using the quantitative autophagic flux reporter GFP-LC3-RFP. We identified phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase, a component of the de novo purine synthesis pathway, as one such negative regulator of autophagy. Autophagy was activated in cells lacking phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase or phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, another de novo purine synthesis enzyme, or treated with methotrexate when exogenous levels of purines were insufficient. Purine starvation-induced autophagy activation was concomitant with mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) suppression and was profoundly suppressed in cells deficient for tuberous sclerosis complex 2, which negatively regulates mTORC1 through inhibition of Ras homolog enriched in brain, suggesting that purines regulate autophagy through the tuberous sclerosis complex-Ras homolog enriched in brain-mTORC1 signaling axis. Moreover, depletion of the pyrimidine synthesis enzymes carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activated autophagy as well, although mTORC1 activity was not altered by pyrimidine shortage. These results suggest a different mechanism of autophagy induction between purine and pyrimidine starvation. These findings provide novel insights into the regulation of autophagy by nucleotides and possibly the role of autophagy in nucleotide metabolism, leading to further developing anticancer strategies involving nucleotide synthesis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Mimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sakamaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Kawazu
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mano
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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26
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Zhang Q, Presswalla F, Ali RR, Zacks DN, Thompson DA, Miller JML. Pharmacologic activation of autophagy without direct mTOR inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for treating dry macular degeneration. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:10866-10890. [PMID: 33872219 PMCID: PMC8109132 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is marked by the accumulation of extracellular and intracellular lipid-rich deposits within and around the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Inducing autophagy, a conserved, intracellular degradative pathway, is a potential treatment strategy to prevent disease by clearing these deposits. However, mTOR inhibition, the major mechanism for inducing autophagy, disrupts core RPE functions. Here, we screened autophagy inducers that do not directly inhibit mTOR for their potential as an AMD therapeutic in primary human RPE culture. Only two out of more than thirty autophagy inducers tested reliably increased autophagy flux in RPE, emphasizing that autophagy induction mechanistically differs across distinct tissues. In contrast to mTOR inhibitors, these compounds preserved RPE health, and one inducer, the FDA-approved compound flubendazole (FLBZ), reduced the secretion of apolipoprotein that contributes to extracellular deposits termed drusen. Simultaneously, FLBZ increased production of the lipid-degradation product β-hydroxybutyrate, which is used by photoreceptor cells as an energy source. FLBZ also reduced the accumulation of intracellular deposits, termed lipofuscin, and alleviated lipofuscin-induced cellular senescence and tight-junction disruption. FLBZ triggered compaction of lipofuscin-like granules into a potentially less toxic form. Thus, induction of RPE autophagy without direct mTOR inhibition is a promising therapeutic approach for dry AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitao Zhang
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Feriel Presswalla
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Robin R. Ali
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- KCL Centre for Cell and Gene Therapy, London, England WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - David N. Zacks
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Debra A. Thompson
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jason ML. Miller
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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27
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Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) serves the liberation of energy resources through the degradation of cellular components and is characterized by the formation of double-membraned vesicles, commonly referred to as autophagosomes. Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (hereafter referred to as LC3) plays a crucial role during autophagosome formation, as cleavage of its immature form and subsequent conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine facilitates autophagosomal membrane biogenesis. Indeed, the redistribution of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-conjugated LC3 from a diffuse cytosolic pattern into forming autophagosomes constitutes a morphological phenotype (commonly referred to as LC3 puncta) applicable to phenotypic analysis. The quantification of LC3 puncta in end-point assays has extensively been used in the past, allowing for the identification of autophagy modulators. Here, we describe a robust method employing automated confocal live cell imaging for the study of time-resolved LC3 dynamics. Furthermore, this method can be used to differentiate between phenotypes such as the homogeneous distribution of LC3 puncta in the cytoplasm, and the aggregation of LC3 clusters juxtaposed to the nucleus thus allowing for functional predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cerrato
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Équipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France; Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Sud, Paris Saclay, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Allan Sauvat
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Équipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Équipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France.
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Équipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Behrouj H, Seghatoleslam A, Mokarram P, Ghavami S. Effect of casein kinase 1α inhibition on autophagy flux and the AKT/phospho-β-catenin (S552) axis in HCT116, a RAS-mutated colorectal cancer cell line. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:284-293. [PMID: 33635146 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which interferes with cell proliferation, differentiation, and autophagy, is commonly dysregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). Mutation of the RAS oncogene is the most prevalent genetic alteration in CRC and has been linked to activation of protein kinase B (AKT) signaling. Phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser 552 by AKT contributes to β-catenin stability, transcriptional activity, and increase of cell proliferation. Casein kinase 1 alpha (CK1α) is an enzyme that simultaneously regulates Wnt/β-catenin and AKT. The link of the AKT and Wnt pathway to autophagy in RAS-mutated CRC cells has not well identified. Therefore, we investigated how pharmacological CK1α inhibition (D4476) is involved in regulation of autophagy, Wnt/β-catenin, and AKT pathways in RAS-mutated CRC cell lines. qRT-PCR and immunoblotting experiments revealed that phospho-AKT (S473) and phospho-β-catenin (S552) are constitutively increased in RAS-mutated CRC cell lines, in parallel with augmented CK1α expression. The results also showed that D4476 significantly reduced the AKT/phospho-β-catenin (S552) axis concomitantly with autophagy flux inhibition in RAS-mutated CRC cells. Furthermore, D4476 significantly induced apoptosis in RAS-mutated CRC cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that CK1α inhibition reduces autophagy flux and promotes apoptosis by interfering with the AKT/phospho-β-catenin (S552) axis in RAS-mutated CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Behrouj
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Atefeh Seghatoleslam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, Katowice, Poland
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29
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Zhang XW, Lv XX, Zhou JC, Jin CC, Qiao LY, Hu ZW. Autophagic Flux Detection: Significance and Methods Involved. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1208:131-173. [PMID: 34260026 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-2830-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is an important biological process in eukaryotic cells by which longevity proteins, misfolded proteins, and damaged organelles are degraded. The autophagy process consists of three key steps: (1) the formation of autophagosomes; (2) the fusion of the autophagosomes with lysosomes; and (3) the degradation of the contents of autolysosomes. If any of the three steps is impaired, autophagy will not be able to complete its biological function. Dysfunctional or blocked autophagy is closely involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. The accurate determination of the autophagy activity in vivo and in vitro has become a challenge in the field of autophagy research. At present, the most widely used detection method to determine autophagy activity in mammalian cells is to quantify LC3B in the cells by Western blot, or to observe the formation and changes of autophagosomes and autolysosomes by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. However, ignoring the dynamic characteristics of autophagy and only evaluating the number of autophagosomes or the presence of LC3B cannot completely reflect the activation or a blockage of the autophagy system, and objectively analyze its real role in the occurrence and development of a disease. For example, the accumulation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes can occur through an increase in substrate to be degraded after the activation of autophagy, or it may be caused by the partial obstruction or blockage of autophagy. In this chapter, new and familiar ways to detect the autophagic flux are methodically summarized to provide researchers with a multi-angled viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Lv
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Chao Zhou
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Cai Jin
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Yao Qiao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo-Wei Hu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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30
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Mizushima N, Murphy LO. Autophagy Assays for Biological Discovery and Therapeutic Development. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:1080-1093. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Autophagy is an adaptive catabolic process functioning to promote cell survival in the event of inappropriate living conditions such as nutrient shortage and to cope with diverse cytotoxic insults. It is regarded as one of the key survival mechanisms of living organisms. Cells undergo autophagy to accomplish the lysosomal digestion of intracellular materials including damaged proteins, organelles, and foreign bodies, in a bulk, non-selective or a cargo-specific manner. Studies in the past decades have shed light on the association of autophagy pathways with various diseases and also highlighted the therapeutic value of autophagy modulation. Hence, it is crucial to develop effective approaches for monitoring intracellular autophagy dynamics, as a comprehensive account of methodology establishment is far from complete. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the major current fluorescence-based techniques utilized for visualizing, sensing or measuring autophagic activities in cells or tissues, which are categorized firstly by targets detected and further by the types of fluorescence tools. We will mainly focus on the working mechanisms of these techniques, put emphasis on the insight into their roles in biomedical science and provide perspectives on the challenges and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne Victoria 3086, Australia.
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Bisht I, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. An integrated approach to unravel a putative crosstalk network in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Neuropeptides 2020; 83:102078. [PMID: 32807513 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Integration of multiple profiling data and construction of functional regulatory networks provide a powerful approach to uncover functional relationships and significant molecular entities from transcriptomic data, highlighting the molecular mechanisms of complex diseases. Despite having an overlap in the neuropathologies of AD and PD, the molecular entities overlapped and mechanisms behind them are less known. Here we used an integrated strategy to analyze miRNA and gene transcriptomic data to understand the role of miRNAs and genes in regulatory activities taking place in cells, and find transcriptomic signatures linking AD and PD. We preprocessed and analyzed publicly available microarray datasets and identified 97 DEGs and 21 DEmiRs that may be involved in the overlapped mechanisms between these two disorders. Among the DEGs, we found HSPA9, PGK1, SDHC, FH, DLD, YWHAZ and ACLY as the major protein-coding genes involved in the crosstalk for AD-PD pathogenesis. Further we integrated these DEGs and DEmiRs with regulatory TFs to construct an overlapped dysregulated network of AD and PD. In the network, miR-27a-3p, miR-148a-3p and miR-15a-5p were found to be the most relevant with maximum interactions, describing their significance in the potential crosstalk. We also looked into the dysregulated biological processes and pathways overlapped in AD and PD. In conclusion, we highlighted the DEGs, DEmiRs, their interactions and related pathways overlapped in AD and PD pathogenesis, also describing a potential crosstalk at molecular level. Besides, our findings can further be used for molecular studies to reveal an assured AD-PD crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Bisht
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, 110042, India.
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Russell KL, Gorgulho CM, Allen A, Vakaki M, Wang Y, Facciabene A, Lee D, Roy P, Buchser WJ, Appleman LJ, Maranchie J, Storkus WJ, Lotze MT. Inhibiting Autophagy in Renal Cell Cancer and the Associated Tumor Endothelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:165-177. [PMID: 31135523 PMCID: PMC10395074 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The clear cell subtype of kidney cancer encompasses most renal cell carcinoma cases and is associated with the loss of von Hippel-Lindau gene function or expression. Subsequent loss or mutation of the other allele influences cellular stress responses involving nutrient and hypoxia sensing. Autophagy is an important regulatory process promoting the disposal of unnecessary or degraded cellular components, tightly linked to almost all cellular processes. Organelles and proteins that become damaged or that are no longer needed in the cell are sequestered and digested in autophagosomes upon fusing with lysosomes, or alternatively, released via vesicular exocytosis. Tumor development tends to disrupt the regulation of the balance between this process and apoptosis, permitting prolonged cell survival and increased replication. Completed trials of autophagic inhibitors using hydroxychloroquine in combination with other anticancer agents including rapalogues and high-dose interleukin 2 have now been reported. The complex nature of autophagy and the unique biology of clear cell renal cell carcinoma warrant further understanding to better develop the next generation of relevant anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abigail Allen
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | - Andrea Facciabene
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Partha Roy
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Guangjing L, Cuiping Z. Research on static image recognition of sports based on machine learning. JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/jifs-179203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guangjing
- Department of Physical Education, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhang Cuiping
- Tianjin Huaxin Zhiyuan Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
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Zhao J, Lao L, Cui W, Rong J. Potential link between the RagA-mTOR-p70S6K axis and depressive-behaviors during bacterial liposaccharide challenge. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:211. [PMID: 31711501 PMCID: PMC6844034 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial infection is a potential risk factor for depression. However, little is known about the mechanistic link between bacterial endotoxin and depressive-like behaviors. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether liposaccharide (LPS) could induce depressive-like behaviors in mice via sequentially activating small GTPase RagA, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p70S6K. METHODS C57BL/6 N mice were treated with 0.83 mg/kg LPS by intraperitoneal injection for 24 h. The animals were assessed for depressive-like behaviors by forced swim test and tail suspension test. The expression levels of RagA, mTOR, and p70S6K were determined in mice, primary cortical neurons, neural stem cells, and PC12 cells. RESULTS LPS effectively induced depressive-like behaviors in mice. Biochemical examination revealed that LPS not only upregulated RagA expression but also activated mTOR/p70S6K pathway in mouse brains. LPS challenge also achieved a similar effect in primary cortical neurons, neural stem cells, and PC12 cells. Following the silencing of RagA expression with specific siRNA, LPS failed to induce mTORC1 translocation to the lysosomal membranes in PC12 cells. These results suggested that LPS might sequentially upregulate RagA and activate mTOR and p70S6K pathways in mice and neural stem cells. CONCLUSIONS This study for the first time demonstrated that LPS might induce depressive-like behaviors in mice via the upregulation of RagA and subsequent activation of mTOR/p70S6K pathway. Such information may highlight the RagA-mTOR-p70S6K signaling cascade as a novel therapeutic target for the development of new anti-depressant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hongkong, China.,Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Hong Kong Branch of Zhu's School of Gynecology of Chinese Medicine from Shanghai Workstation of Zhu Nansun, National Master of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong, China.,Yu Jin, Master of Gynaecology of Chinese Medicine and Integrative Medicine, Integrative Medicine Workstation for Training and Research (Hong Kong Branch), Hong Kong, China
| | - Lixing Lao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hongkong, China.,Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Hong Kong Branch of Zhu's School of Gynecology of Chinese Medicine from Shanghai Workstation of Zhu Nansun, National Master of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong, China.,Yu Jin, Master of Gynaecology of Chinese Medicine and Integrative Medicine, Integrative Medicine Workstation for Training and Research (Hong Kong Branch), Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hongkong, China. .,The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China.
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Song H, Feng X, Zhang H, Luo Y, Huang J, Lin M, Jin J, Ding X, Wu S, Huang H, Yu T, Zhang M, Hong H, Yao S, Zhao Y, Zhang Z. METTL3 and ALKBH5 oppositely regulate m 6A modification of TFEB mRNA, which dictates the fate of hypoxia/reoxygenation-treated cardiomyocytes. Autophagy 2019; 15:1419-1437. [PMID: 30870073 PMCID: PMC6613905 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1586246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA modifications play critical roles in various biological processes. However, no study addresses the role of m6A in macroautophagy/autophagy. Here, we show that m6A modifications are increased in H/R-treated cardiomyocytes and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-treated mice heart. We found that METTL3 (methyltransferase like 3) is the primary factor involved in aberrant m6A modification. Silencing METTL3 enhances autophagic flux and inhibits apoptosis in H/R-treated cardiomyocytes. However, overexpression of METTL3 or inhibition of the RNA demethylase ALKBH5 has an opposite effect, suggesting that METTL3 is a negative regulator of autophagy. Mechanistically, METTL3 methylates TFEB, a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy genes, at two m6A residues in the 3'-UTR, which promotes the association of the RNA-binding protein HNRNPD with TFEB pre-mRNA and subsequently decreases the expression levels of TFEB. Further experiments show that autophagic flux enhanced by METTL3 deficiency is TFEB dependent. In turn, TFEB regulates the expression levels of METTL3 and ALKBH5 in opposite directions: it induces ALKBH5 and inhibits METTL3. TFEB binds to the ALKBH5 promoter and activates its transcription. In contrast, inhibition of METTL3 by TFEB does not involve transcriptional repression but rather downregulation of mRNA stability, thereby establishing a negative feedback loop. Together, our work uncovers a critical link between METTL3-ALKBH5 and autophagy, providing insight into the functional importance of the reversible mRNA m6A methylation and its modulators in ischemic heart disease. Abbreviations: ACTB, actin beta; ALKBH5, alkB homolog 5, RNA demethylase; ANXA5, annexin A5; ATG, autophagy-related; BafA, bafilomycin A1; CASP3, caspase 3; ELAVL1, ELAV like RNA binding protein 1; FTO, FTO, alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GST, glutathione S-transferase; HNRNPD, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D; H/R, hypoxia/reoxygenation; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; LAD, left anterior descending; m6A, N6-methyladenosine; MEFs, mouse embryo fibroblasts; Mer, mutated estrogen receptor domains; METTL3, methyltransferase like 3; METTL14, methyltransferase like 14; mRFP, monomeric red fluorescent protein; MTORC1, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; NMVCs, neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI, propidium iodide; PTMs, post-translational modifications; PVDF, polyvinylidenedifluoride; RIP, RNA-immunoprecipitation; siRNA, small interfering RNA; SQSTM1, sequestosome 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TUBA: tublin alpha; WTAP, WT1 associated protein; YTHDF, YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Song
- Longju Medical Research Center; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Feng
- Longju Medical Research Center; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiang Ya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunmei Luo
- Longju Medical Research Center; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Longju Medical Research Center; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Meihua Lin
- Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfei Jin
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xue Ding
- Department of Cardiology; the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shujing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The ChengGong Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiang Ya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Digestive Cancer Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of Anesthesia, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mukun Zhang
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, China
| | - Haiou Hong
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, China
| | - Shihua Yao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy (Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research), Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Longju Medical Research Center; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Surgery; Robert-Wood-Johnson Medical School University Hospital, Rutgers University, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ USA
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Carrino M, Quotti Tubi L, Fregnani A, Canovas Nunes S, Barilà G, Trentin L, Zambello R, Semenzato G, Manni S, Piazza F. Prosurvival autophagy is regulated by protein kinase CK1 alpha in multiple myeloma. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:98. [PMID: 31123604 PMCID: PMC6529432 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor of plasma cells (PCs). Due to the intense immunoglobulin secretion, PCs are prone to endoplasmic reticulum stress and activate several stress-managing pathways, including autophagy. Indeed, autophagy deregulation is maladaptive for MM cells, resulting in cell death. CK1α, a pro-survival kinase in MM, has recently been involved as a regulator of the autophagic flux and of the transcriptional competence of the autophagy-related transcription factor FOXO3a in several cancers. In this study, we investigated the role of CK1α in autophagy in MM. To study the autophagic flux we generated clones of MM cell lines expressing the mCherry-eGFP-LC3B fusion protein. We observed that CK1 inhibition with the chemical ATP-competitive CK1 α/δ inhibitor D4476 resulted in an impaired autophagic flux, likely due to an alteration of lysosomes acidification. However, D4476 caused the accumulation of the transcription factor FOXO3a in the nucleus, and this was paralleled by the upregulation of mRNA coding for autophagic genes. Surprisingly, silencing of CK1α by RNA interference triggered the autophagic flux. However, FOXO3a did not shuttle into the nucleus and the transcription of autophagy-related FOXO3a-dependent genes was not observed. Thus, while the chemical inhibition with the dual CK1α/δ inhibitor D4476 induced cell death as a consequence of an accumulation of ineffective autophagic vesicles, on the opposite, CK1α silencing, although it also determined apoptosis, triggered a full activation of the early autophagic flux, which was then not supported by the upregulation of autophagic genes. Taken together, our results indicate that the family of CK1 kinases may profoundly influence MM cells survival also through the modulation of the autophagic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Carrino
- 1Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,2Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Quotti Tubi
- 1Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,2Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Fregnani
- 1Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,2Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Canovas Nunes
- 1Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,2Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy.,Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Gregorio Barilà
- 1Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,2Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- 1Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,2Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Renato Zambello
- 1Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,2Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- 1Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,2Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Manni
- 1Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,2Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Piazza
- 1Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,2Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
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Panda PK, Fahrner A, Vats S, Seranova E, Sharma V, Chipara M, Desai P, Torresi J, Rosenstock T, Kumar D, Sarkar S. Chemical Screening Approaches Enabling Drug Discovery of Autophagy Modulators for Biomedical Applications in Human Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:38. [PMID: 30949479 PMCID: PMC6436197 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway for malfunctioning aggregation-prone proteins, damaged organelles, unwanted macromolecules and invading pathogens. This process is essential for maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis that contribute to organismal survival. Autophagy dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse human diseases, and therefore, therapeutic exploitation of autophagy is of potential biomedical relevance. A number of chemical screening approaches have been established for the drug discovery of autophagy modulators based on the perturbations of autophagy reporters or the clearance of autophagy substrates. These readouts can be detected by fluorescence and high-content microscopy, flow cytometry, microplate reader and immunoblotting, and the assays have evolved to enable high-throughput screening and measurement of autophagic flux. Several pharmacological modulators of autophagy have been identified that act either via the classical mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway or independently of mTOR. Many of these autophagy modulators have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in transgenic models of neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, infectious diseases, liver diseases, myopathies as well as in lifespan extension. This review describes the commonly used chemical screening approaches in mammalian cells and the key autophagy modulators identified through these methods, and highlights the therapeutic benefits of these compounds in specific disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanta Kumar Panda
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Fahrner
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Somya Vats
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Elena Seranova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Vartika Sharma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Miruna Chipara
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Priyal Desai
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Torresi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Rosenstock
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Mueller AJ, Proikas-Cezanne T. Automated Detection of Autophagy Response Using Single Cell-Based Microscopy Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1880:429-445. [PMID: 30610713 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8873-0_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence microscopy-based detection of intracellular LC3, p62, and/or WIPI punctate structures is a robust tool to monitor and assess macroautophagy/autophagy in single cells. This method was established for automated high-throughput/content analysis to reliably detect narrow differences in autophagy activity/capacity and to provide screening opportunities for biological and chemical libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie J Mueller
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School "From Molecules to Organisms", Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tassula Proikas-Cezanne
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,International Max Planck Research School "From Molecules to Organisms", Tübingen, Germany.
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Seranova E, Ward C, Chipara M, Rosenstock TR, Sarkar S. In Vitro Screening Platforms for Identifying Autophagy Modulators in Mammalian Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1880:389-428. [PMID: 30610712 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8873-0_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital homeostatic pathway essential for cellular survival and human health. It primarily functions as an intracellular degradation process for the turnover of aggregation-prone proteins and unwanted organelles. Dysregulation of autophagy underlying diverse human diseases reduces cell viability, whereas stimulation of autophagy is cytoprotective in a number of transgenic disease models including neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, therapeutic exploitation of autophagy is considered a potential treatment strategy in certain human diseases, and therefore, chemical inducers of autophagy have tremendous biomedical relevance. In this review, we describe the in vitro screening platforms to identify autophagy modulators in mammalian cells using various methodologies including fluorescence and high-content imaging, flow cytometry, fluorescence and luminescence detection by microplate reader, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence. The commonly used autophagy reporters in these screening platforms are either based on autophagy marker like LC3 or autophagy substrate such as aggregation-prone proteins or p62/SQSTM1. The reporters and assays for monitoring autophagy are evolving over time to become more sensitive in measuring autophagic flux with the capability of high-throughput applications for drug discovery. Here we highlight these developments and also describe the stringent secondary autophagy assays for characterizing the autophagy modulators arising from the primary screen. Since autophagy is implicated in myriad human physiological and pathological conditions, these technologies will enable identifying novel chemical modulators or genetic regulators of autophagy that will be of biomedical and fundamental importance to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Seranova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carl Ward
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Miruna Chipara
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tatiana R Rosenstock
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Jacomin AC, Gul L, Sudhakar P, Korcsmaros T, Nezis IP. What We Learned From Big Data for Autophagy Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:92. [PMID: 30175097 PMCID: PMC6107789 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the process by which cytoplasmic components are engulfed in double-membraned vesicles before being delivered to the lysosome to be degraded. Defective autophagy has been linked to a vast array of human pathologies. The molecular mechanism of the autophagic machinery is well-described and has been extensively investigated. However, understanding the global organization of the autophagy system and its integration with other cellular processes remains a challenge. To this end, various bioinformatics and network biology approaches have been developed by researchers in the last few years. Recently, large-scale multi-omics approaches (like genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics) have been developed and carried out specifically focusing on autophagy, and generating multi-scale data on the related components. In this review, we outline recent applications of in silico investigations and big data analyses of the autophagy process in various biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lejla Gul
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Padhmanand Sudhakar
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis P. Nezis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Morita K, Hama Y, Izume T, Tamura N, Ueno T, Yamashita Y, Sakamaki Y, Mimura K, Morishita H, Shihoya W, Nureki O, Mano H, Mizushima N. Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies TMEM41B as a gene required for autophagosome formation. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3817-3828. [PMID: 30093494 PMCID: PMC6219718 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201804132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is an intracellular degradation process that requires multiple autophagy-related (ATG) genes. In this study, we performed a genome-wide screen using the autophagic flux reporter GFP-LC3-RFP and identified TMEM41B as a novel ATG gene. TMEM41B is a multispanning membrane protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It has a conserved domain also found in vacuole membrane protein 1 (VMP1), another ER multispanning membrane protein essential for autophagy, yeast Tvp38, and the bacterial DedA family of putative half-transporters. Deletion of TMEM41B blocked the formation of autophagosomes at an early step, causing accumulation of ATG proteins and small vesicles but not elongating autophagosome-like structures. Furthermore, lipid droplets accumulated in TMEM41B-knockout (KO) cells. The phenotype of TMEM41B-KO cells resembled those of VMP1-KO cells. Indeed, TMEM41B and VMP1 formed a complex in vivo and in vitro, and overexpression of VMP1 restored autophagic flux in TMEM41B-KO cells. These results suggest that TMEM41B and VMP1 function together at an early step of autophagosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Morita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Hama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamaki Izume
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norito Tamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Ueno
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamashita
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sakamaki
- Research Core, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaito Mimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Shihoya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mano
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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43
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Billingsley KJ, Bandres-Ciga S, Saez-Atienzar S, Singleton AB. Genetic risk factors in Parkinson's disease. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:9-20. [PMID: 29536161 PMCID: PMC6201690 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, we have witnessed a revolution in the field of Parkinson's disease (PD) genetics. Great advances have been made in identifying many loci that confer a risk for PD, which has subsequently led to an improved understanding of the molecular pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. Despite this success, it is predicted that only a relatively small proportion of the phenotypic variability has been explained by genetics. Therefore, it is clear that common heritable components of disease are still to be identified. Dissecting the genetic architecture of PD constitutes a critical effort in identifying therapeutic targets and although such substantial progress has helped us to better understand disease mechanism, the route to PD disease-modifying drugs is a lengthy one. In this review, we give an overview of the known genetic risk factors in PD, focusing not on individual variants but the larger networks that have been implicated following comprehensive pathway analysis. We outline the challenges faced in the translation of risk loci to pathobiological relevance and illustrate the need for integrating big-data by noting success in recent work which adopts a broad-scale screening approach. Lastly, with PD genetics now progressing from identifying risk to predicting disease, we review how these models will likely have a significant impact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Billingsley
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX, Liverpool, UK
| | - S Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - S Saez-Atienzar
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - A B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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44
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Jiang S, Zhang M, Sun J, Yang X. Casein kinase 1α: biological mechanisms and theranostic potential. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:23. [PMID: 29793495 PMCID: PMC5968562 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase 1α (CK1α) is a multifunctional protein belonging to the CK1 protein family that is conserved in eukaryotes from yeast to humans. It regulates signaling pathways related to membrane trafficking, cell cycle progression, chromosome segregation, apoptosis, autophagy, cell metabolism, and differentiation in development, circadian rhythm, and the immune response as well as neurodegeneration and cancer. Given its involvement in diverse cellular, physiological, and pathological processes, CK1α is a promising therapeutic target. In this review, we summarize what is known of the biological functions of CK1α, and provide an overview of existing challenges and potential opportunities for advancing theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaofeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jihong Sun
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310016, Hangzhou, China. .,Image-Guided Bio-Molecular Intervention Research, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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45
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Bingol B. Autophagy and lysosomal pathways in nervous system disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:167-208. [PMID: 29729319 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for delivering cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes for degradation. In its classically studied form, autophagy is a stress response induced by starvation to recycle building blocks for essential cellular processes. In addition, autophagy maintains basal cellular homeostasis by degrading endogenous substrates such as cytoplasmic proteins, protein aggregates, damaged organelles, as well as exogenous substrates such as bacteria and viruses. Given their important role in homeostasis, autophagy and lysosomal machinery are genetically linked to multiple human disorders such as chronic inflammatory diseases, cardiomyopathies, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple targets within the autophagy and lysosomal pathways offer therapeutic opportunities to benefit patients with these disorders. Here, I will summarize the mechanisms of autophagy pathways, the evidence supporting a pathogenic role for disturbed autophagy and lysosomal degradation in nervous system disorders, and the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Bingol
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Neuroscience, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco 94080, United States.
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46
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A large-scale RNA interference screen identifies genes that regulate autophagy at different stages. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2822. [PMID: 29434216 PMCID: PMC5809370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated autophagy is central to the pathogenesis and therapeutic development of cancer. However, how autophagy is regulated in cancer is not well understood and genes that modulate cancer autophagy are not fully defined. To gain more insights into autophagy regulation in cancer, we performed a large-scale RNA interference screen in K562 human chronic myeloid leukemia cells using monodansylcadaverine staining, an autophagy-detecting approach equivalent to immunoblotting of the autophagy marker LC3B or fluorescence microscopy of GFP-LC3B. By coupling monodansylcadaverine staining with fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we successfully isolated autophagic K562 cells where we identified 336 short hairpin RNAs. After candidate validation using Cyto-ID fluorescence spectrophotometry, LC3B immunoblotting, and quantitative RT-PCR, 82 genes were identified as autophagy-regulating genes. 20 genes have been reported previously and the remaining 62 candidates are novel autophagy mediators. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that most candidate genes were involved in molecular pathways regulating autophagy, rather than directly participating in the autophagy process. Further autophagy flux assays revealed that 57 autophagy-regulating genes suppressed autophagy initiation, whereas 21 candidates promoted autophagy maturation. Our RNA interference screen identified genes that regulate autophagy at different stages, which helps decode autophagy regulation in cancer and offers novel avenues to develop autophagy-related therapies for cancer.
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47
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Sakamaki JI, Long JS, New M, Van Acker T, Tooze SA, Ryan KM. Emerging roles of transcriptional programs in autophagy regulation. Transcription 2017; 9:131-136. [PMID: 28980873 PMCID: PMC5834222 DOI: 10.1080/21541264.2017.1372045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular process that degrades cytoplasmic organelles and components. Precise control of autophagic activity is achieved by context-dependent signaling pathways. Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of transcriptional programs during autophagic responses to various signals. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the transcriptional regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaclyn S. Long
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria New
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Tim Van Acker
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Kevin M. Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
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48
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Chang D, Nalls MA, Hallgrímsdóttir IB, Hunkapiller J, van der Brug M, Cai F, Kerchner GA, Ayalon G, Bingol B, Sheng M, Hinds D, Behrens TW, Singleton AB, Bhangale TR, Graham RR. A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies 17 new Parkinson's disease risk loci. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1511-1516. [PMID: 28892059 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 767] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Common variant genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have, to date, identified >24 risk loci for Parkinson's disease (PD). To discover additional loci, we carried out a GWAS comparing 6,476 PD cases with 302,042 controls, followed by a meta-analysis with a recent study of over 13,000 PD cases and 95,000 controls at 9,830 overlapping variants. We then tested 35 loci (P < 1 × 10-6) in a replication cohort of 5,851 cases and 5,866 controls. We identified 17 novel risk loci (P < 5 × 10-8) in a joint analysis of 26,035 cases and 403,190 controls. We used a neurocentric strategy to assign candidate risk genes to the loci. We identified protein-altering or cis-expression quantitative trait locus (cis-eQTL) variants in linkage disequilibrium with the index variant in 29 of the 41 PD loci. These results indicate a key role for autophagy and lysosomal biology in PD risk, and suggest potential new drug targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Chang
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Fang Cai
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gai Ayalon
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Baris Bingol
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Hinds
- 23andMe Inc., Mountain View, California, USA
| | | | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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49
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Li B, Orton D, Neitzel LR, Astudillo L, Shen C, Long J, Chen X, Kirkbride KC, Doundoulakis T, Guerra ML, Zaias J, Fei DL, Rodriguez-Blanco J, Thorne C, Wang Z, Jin K, Nguyen DM, Sands LR, Marchetti F, Abreu MT, Cobb MH, Capobianco AJ, Lee E, Robbins DJ. Differential abundance of CK1α provides selectivity for pharmacological CK1α activators to target WNT-dependent tumors. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaak9916. [PMID: 28655862 PMCID: PMC5555225 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aak9916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive WNT activity drives the growth of various human tumors, including nearly all colorectal cancers (CRCs). Despite this prominence in cancer, no WNT inhibitor is currently approved for use in the clinic largely due to the small number of druggable signaling components in the WNT pathway and the substantial toxicity to normal gastrointestinal tissue. We have shown that pyrvinium, which activates casein kinase 1α (CK1α), is a potent inhibitor of WNT signaling. However, its poor bioavailability limited the ability to test this first-in-class WNT inhibitor in vivo. We characterized a novel small-molecule CK1α activator called SSTC3, which has better pharmacokinetic properties than pyrvinium, and found that it inhibited the growth of CRC xenografts in mice. SSTC3 also attenuated the growth of a patient-derived metastatic CRC xenograft, for which few therapies exist. SSTC3 exhibited minimal gastrointestinal toxicity compared to other classes of WNT inhibitors. Consistent with this observation, we showed that the abundance of the SSTC3 target, CK1α, was decreased in WNT-driven tumors relative to normal gastrointestinal tissue, and knocking down CK1α increased cellular sensitivity to SSTC3. Thus, we propose that distinct CK1α abundance provides an enhanced therapeutic index for pharmacological CK1α activators to target WNT-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Darren Orton
- StemSynergy Therapeutics Inc., Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Leif R Neitzel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Luisana Astudillo
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Chen Shen
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jun Long
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julia Zaias
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Dennis Liang Fei
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jezabel Rodriguez-Blanco
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Curtis Thorne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ke Jin
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Dao M Nguyen
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Laurence R Sands
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Floriano Marchetti
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Maria T Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anthony J Capobianco
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ethan Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David J Robbins
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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50
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Sakamaki JI, Wilkinson S, Hahn M, Tasdemir N, O'Prey J, Clark W, Hedley A, Nixon C, Long JS, New M, Van Acker T, Tooze SA, Lowe SW, Dikic I, Ryan KM. Bromodomain Protein BRD4 Is a Transcriptional Repressor of Autophagy and Lysosomal Function. Mol Cell 2017; 66:517-532.e9. [PMID: 28525743 PMCID: PMC5446411 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a membrane-trafficking process that directs degradation of cytoplasmic material in lysosomes. The process promotes cellular fidelity, and while the core machinery of autophagy is known, the mechanisms that promote and sustain autophagy are less well defined. Here we report that the epigenetic reader BRD4 and the methyltransferase G9a repress a TFEB/TFE3/MITF-independent transcriptional program that promotes autophagy and lysosome biogenesis. We show that BRD4 knockdown induces autophagy in vitro and in vivo in response to some, but not all, situations. In the case of starvation, a signaling cascade involving AMPK and histone deacetylase SIRT1 displaces chromatin-bound BRD4, instigating autophagy gene activation and cell survival. Importantly, this program is directed independently and also reciprocally to the growth-promoting properties of BRD4 and is potently repressed by BRD4-NUT, a driver of NUT midline carcinoma. These findings therefore identify a distinct and selective mechanism of autophagy regulation.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Animals
- Autophagy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromatin/genetics
- Chromatin/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Drosophila Proteins/genetics
- Drosophila Proteins/metabolism
- Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
- Drosophila melanogaster/metabolism
- Energy Metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HEK293 Cells
- Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens/metabolism
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism
- Humans
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Lysosomes/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Aggregates
- Protein Binding
- Proteolysis
- RNA Interference
- Signal Transduction
- Sirtuin 1/genetics
- Sirtuin 1/metabolism
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Sakamaki
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Simon Wilkinson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Marcel Hahn
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nilgun Tasdemir
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jim O'Prey
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - William Clark
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ann Hedley
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jaclyn S Long
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Maria New
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Tim Van Acker
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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