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Lee HE, Jung M, Choi K, Jang JH, Hwang SK, Chae S, Lee JH, Mun JY. L-serine restored lysosomal failure in cells derived from patients with BPAN reducing iron accumulation with eliminating lipofuscin. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 221:273-282. [PMID: 38740102 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Defective mitochondria and autophagy, as well as accumulation of lipid and iron in WDR45 mutant fibroblasts, is related to beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN). In this study, we found that enlarged lysosomes in cells derived from patients with BPAN had low enzyme activity, and most of the enlarged lysosomes had an accumulation of iron and oxidized lipid. Cryo-electron tomography revealed elongated lipid accumulation, and spectrometry-based elemental analysis showed that lysosomal iron and oxygen accumulation superimposed with lipid aggregates. Lysosomal lipid aggregates superimposed with autofluorescence as free radical generator, lipofuscin. To eliminate free radical stress by iron accumulation in cells derived from patients with BPAN, we investigated the effects of the iron chelator, 2,2'-bipyridine (bipyridyl, BIP). To study whether the defects in patient-derived cells can be rescued by an iron chelator BIP, we tested whether the level of iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells and genes related to oxidative stress were rescued BIP treatment. Although BIP treatment decreased some iron accumulation in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, the accumulation of iron in the lysosomes and levels of cellular ROS were unaffected. In addition, the change of specific RNA levels related to free radical stress in patient fibroblasts was not rescued by BIP. To alleviate free radical stress, we investigated whether l-serine can regulate abnormal structures in cells derived from patients with BPAN through the regulation of free radical stress. l-serine treatment alleviated increase of enlarged lysosomes and iron accumulation and rescued impaired lysosomal activity by reducing oxidized lipid accumulation in the lysosomes of the cells. Lamellated lipids in the lysosomes of the cells were identified as lipofuscin through correlative light and electron microscopy, and l-serine treatment reduced the increase of lipofuscin. These data suggest that l-serine reduces oxidative stress-mediated lysosomal lipid oxidation and iron accumulation by rescuing lysosomal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Eun Lee
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea; School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Minkyo Jung
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kiju Choi
- Division of Structural Biology, Baobab AiBIO, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyuck Jang
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea; Electron Microscopy Group for Materials Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Su-Kyeong Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Astrogen Inc., Techno-Building 313, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Sehyun Chae
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea; Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea.
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea.
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2
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Gopaldass N, Chen KE, Collins B, Mayer A. Assembly and fission of tubular carriers mediating protein sorting in endosomes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00746-8. [PMID: 38886588 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Endosomes are central protein-sorting stations at the crossroads of numerous membrane trafficking pathways in all eukaryotes. They have a key role in protein homeostasis and cellular signalling and are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Endosome-associated protein assemblies or coats collect transmembrane cargo proteins and concentrate them into retrieval domains. These domains can extend into tubular carriers, which then pinch off from the endosomal membrane and deliver the cargoes to appropriate subcellular compartments. Here we discuss novel insights into the structure of a number of tubular membrane coats that mediate the recruitment of cargoes into these carriers, focusing on sorting nexin-based coats such as Retromer, Commander and ESCPE-1. We summarize current and emerging views of how selective tubular endosomal carriers form and detach from endosomes by fission, highlighting structural aspects, conceptual challenges and open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Gopaldass
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Kai-En Chen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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3
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Peng Q, Cui Y, Wu J, Wu L, Liu J, Han Y, Lu G. A c.726C>G (p.Tyr242Ter) nonsense mutation-associated with splicing alteration (NASA) of WDR45 gene underlies β-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN). Heliyon 2024; 10:e30438. [PMID: 38765101 PMCID: PMC11098806 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease characterized by increased iron deposition in the basal ganglia and progressive degeneration of the nervous system in adulthood. However, in early childhood, there were no characteristic features to perform early diagnosis. In our study, a female child exhibited global developmental delay, intellectual disability, and febrile seizure without other distinct clinical phenotypes. Through whole exome sequencing (WES), a de novo nonsense mutation (c.726C > G, p. Tyr242Ter) of WDR45 gene was identified in this child. She was finally diagnosed as β-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN), one of the recently identified subtypes of NBIA. This mutation could act as a premature stop codon (PSC) which rendered the mutated transcripts to be degraded by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), leading to decreased levels of PSC-containing mRNAs. Additionally, through mini-gene splicing assays, this mutation could result in an unprecedented novel transcript with the exon 9 of WDR45 excluded by nonsense-associated splicing alteration (NASA). Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) on total RNAs from PBMCs of the trio revealed three types of alternative splicing events in the patient. Further research implied that downregulation of iron transport genes (TFRC, TFR2, SCARA5) might be the underlying mechanism for the iron accumulation in patients with deficient WDR45. This is the first report about NASA happening in WDR45. It implies that nonsense mutations approximal to splicing sites could affect the disease pathogenesis through more than one molecular mechanism and should be taken into consideration when conducting genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongling Peng
- Department of Child Healthcare, Shenzhen Bao'an Women's and Children's Hospital, 56 Yulyu Road, Bao'an District, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine Research, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Deyang People's Hospital of Sichuan Traditional Medical University, No. 103 First Section of Taishanbei Road, Jingyang District, Deyang, 618000, China
- Deyang Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Research, No. 103 First Section of Taishanbei Road, Jingyang District, Deyang, 618000, China
| | - Lianying Wu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine Research, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Deyang People's Hospital of Sichuan Traditional Medical University, No. 103 First Section of Taishanbei Road, Jingyang District, Deyang, 618000, China
- Deyang Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Research, No. 103 First Section of Taishanbei Road, Jingyang District, Deyang, 618000, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Shenzhen Bao'an Women's and Children's Hospital, 56 Yulyu Road, Bao'an District, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yangyun Han
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, No. 103 First Section of Taishanbei Road, Jingyang District, Deyang, 618000, China
| | - Guanting Lu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine Research, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Deyang People's Hospital of Sichuan Traditional Medical University, No. 103 First Section of Taishanbei Road, Jingyang District, Deyang, 618000, China
- Deyang Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Research, No. 103 First Section of Taishanbei Road, Jingyang District, Deyang, 618000, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, No. 103 First Section of Taishanbei Road, Jingyang District, Deyang, 618000, China
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4
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Guerrini R, Conti V. Epileptic encephalopathies and progressive neurodegeneration. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024; 180:363-367. [PMID: 38582661 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Developmental encephalopathies (DE), epileptic encephalopathies (EE) and developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) are overlapping neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by early-onset, often severe epileptic seizures, developmental delay, or regression and have multiple etiologies. Classical nosology in child neurology distinguished progressive and nonprogressive conditions. A progressive course with global cognitive worsening in DEE is usually attributed to severe seizures and electroencephalographic abnormalities whose deleterious effects interfere with developmental processes both in an apparently healthy brain and in an anatomically compromised one. Next generation sequencing and functional studies have helped identifying and characterizing clinical conditions, each with a broad spectrum of clinical and anatomic severity corresponding to a variable level of neurodegeneration, such that both a rapidly progressive course and considerably milder phenotypes with no obvious deterioration can be configured with mutations in the same gene. In this mini review, we present examples of genetic DEE that draw connections between neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Guerrini
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - V Conti
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
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5
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Proikas-Cezanne T, Haas ML, Pastor-Maldonado CJ, Schüssele DS. Human WIPI β-propeller function in autophagy and neurodegeneration. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:127-139. [PMID: 38058212 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The four human WIPI β-propellers, WIPI1 through WIPI4, belong to the ancient PROPPIN family and fulfill scaffold functions in the control of autophagy. In this context, WIPI β-propellers function as PI3P effectors during autophagosome formation and loss of WIPI function negatively impacts autophagy and contributes to neurodegeneration. Of particular interest are mutations in WDR45, the human gene that encodes WIPI4. Sporadic WDR45 mutations are the cause of a rare human neurodegenerative disease called BPAN, hallmarked by high brain iron accumulation. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the functions of human WIPI β-propellers and address unanswered questions with a particular focus on the role of WIPI4 in autophagy and BPAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassula Proikas-Cezanne
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian L Haas
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carmen J Pastor-Maldonado
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - David S Schüssele
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Mollereau B, Hayflick SJ, Escalante R, Mauthe M, Papandreou A, Iuso A, Celle M, Aniorte S, Issa AR, Lasserre JP, Lesca G, Thobois S, Burger P, Walter L. A burning question from the first international BPAN symposium: is restoration of autophagy a promising therapeutic strategy for BPAN? Autophagy 2023; 19:3234-3239. [PMID: 37565733 PMCID: PMC10621268 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2247314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) is a rare neurodegenerative disease associated with severe cognitive and motor deficits. BPAN pathophysiology and phenotypic spectrum are still emerging due to the fact that mutations in the WDR45 (WD repeat domain 45) gene, a regulator of macroautophagy/autophagy, were only identified a decade ago. In the first international symposium dedicated to BPAN, which was held in Lyon, France, a panel of international speakers, including several researchers from the autophagy community, presented their work on human patients, cellular and animal models, carrying WDR45 mutations and their homologs. Autophagy researchers found an opportunity to explore the defective function of autophagy mechanisms associated with WDR45 mutations, which underlie neuronal dysfunction and early death. Importantly, BPAN is one of the few human monogenic neurological diseases targeting a regulator of autophagy, which raises the possibility that it is a relevant model to directly assess the roles of autophagy in neurodegeneration and to develop autophagy restorative therapeutic strategies for more common disorders.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; BPAN: beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; KO: knockout; NBIA: neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WDR45: WD repeat domain 45; WIPI: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Mollereau
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, ENS of Lyon, University of Lyon, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Susan J Hayflick
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Pediatrics, and Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ricardo Escalante
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Apostolos Papandreou
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Arcangela Iuso
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Celle
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, ENS of Lyon, University of Lyon, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Sahra Aniorte
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, ENS of Lyon, University of Lyon, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Abdul Raouf Issa
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, ENS of Lyon, University of Lyon, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Paul Lasserre
- Laboratory of NRGEN, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institut Neuromyogene, Laboratoire Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, CNRS UMR 5261-INSERM U1315, Université de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Thobois
- Service de Neurologie C, Movement disorders unit, Hopital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, CNRS, Bron, France
- Faculté de Médecine et de Maieutique Charles Mérieux, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Burger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France
| | - Ludivine Walter
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, ENS of Lyon, University of Lyon, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Lyon, France
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7
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Suárez-Carrillo A, Álvarez-Córdoba M, Romero-González A, Talaverón-Rey M, Povea-Cabello S, Cilleros-Holgado P, Piñero-Pérez R, Reche-López D, Gómez-Fernández D, Romero-Domínguez JM, Munuera-Cabeza M, Díaz A, González-Granero S, García-Verdugo JM, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Antioxidants Prevent Iron Accumulation and Lipid Peroxidation, but Do Not Correct Autophagy Dysfunction or Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Cellular Models of BPAN. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14576. [PMID: 37834028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of rare neurogenetic disorders frequently associated with iron accumulation in the basal nuclei of the brain. Among NBIA subtypes, β-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) is associated with mutations in the autophagy gene WDR45. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the autophagic defects and secondary pathological consequences in cellular models derived from two patients harboring WDR45 mutations. Both protein and mRNA expression levels of WDR45 were decreased in patient-derived fibroblasts. In addition, the increase of LC3B upon treatments with autophagy inducers or inhibitors was lower in mutant cells compared to control cells, suggesting decreased autophagosome formation and impaired autophagic flux. A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed mitochondrial vacuolization associated with the accumulation of lipofuscin-like aggregates containing undegraded material. Autophagy dysregulation was also associated with iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. In addition, mutant fibroblasts showed altered mitochondrial bioenergetics. Antioxidants such as pantothenate, vitamin E and α-lipoic prevented lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation. However, antioxidants were not able to correct the expression levels of WDR45, neither the autophagy defect nor cell bioenergetics. Our study demonstrated that WDR45 mutations in BPAN cellular models impaired autophagy, iron metabolism and cell bioenergetics. Antioxidants partially improved cell physiopathology; however, autophagy and cell bioenergetics remained affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Suárez-Carrillo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, ABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, ABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Romero-González
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, ABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, ABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, ABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Paula Cilleros-Holgado
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, ABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Piñero-Pérez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, ABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Diana Reche-López
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, ABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - David Gómez-Fernández
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, ABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Munuera-Cabeza
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, ABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Susana González-Granero
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia and CIBERNED-ISCIII, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia and CIBERNED-ISCIII, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, ABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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8
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Nechushtai L, Frenkel D, Pinkas-Kramarski R. Autophagy in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1435. [PMID: 37892117 PMCID: PMC10604695 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a devastating disease associated with accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) within dopaminergic neurons, leading to neuronal death. PD is characterized by both motor and non-motor clinical symptoms. Several studies indicate that autophagy, an important intracellular degradation pathway, may be involved in different neurodegenerative diseases including PD. The autophagic process mediates the degradation of protein aggregates, damaged and unneeded proteins, and organelles, allowing their clearance, and thereby maintaining cell homeostasis. Impaired autophagy may cause the accumulation of abnormal proteins. Incomplete or impaired autophagy may explain the neurotoxic accumulation of protein aggregates in several neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Indeed, studies have suggested the contribution of impaired autophagy to α-Syn accumulation, the death of dopaminergic neurons, and neuroinflammation. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on the involvement of autophagy in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (L.N.); (D.F.)
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9
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Marquardt L, Thumm M. Autophagic and non-autophagic functions of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PROPPINs Atg18, Atg21 and Hsv2. Biol Chem 2023; 404:813-819. [PMID: 37139661 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Atg18, Atg21 and Hsv2 are homologous β-propeller proteins binding to PI3P and PI(3,5)P2. Atg18 is thought to organize lipid transferring protein complexes at contact sites of the growing autophagosome (phagophore) with both the ER and the vacuole. Atg21 is restricted to the vacuole phagophore contact, where it organizes part of the Atg8-lipidation machinery. The role of Hsv2 is less understood, it partly affects micronucleophagy. Atg18 is further involved in regulation of PI(3,5)P2 synthesis. Recently, a novel Atg18-retromer complex and its role in vacuole homeostasis and membrane fission was uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marquardt
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medicine, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Thumm
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medicine, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Salamon A, Nagy ZF, Pál M, Szabó M, Csősz Á, Szpisjak L, Gárdián G, Zádori D, Széll M, Klivényi P. Genetic Screening of a Hungarian Cohort with Focal Dystonia Identified Several Novel Putative Pathogenic Gene Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10745. [PMID: 37445923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a rare movement disorder which is characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal and often repetitive movements, postures, or both. The two most common forms of adult-onset focal dystonia are cervical dystonia (CD) and benign essential blepharospasm (BSP). A total of 121 patients (CD, 74; BSP, 47) were included in the study. The average age of the patients was 64 years. For the next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach, 30 genes were selected on the basis of a thorough search of the scientific literature. Assessment of 30 CD- and BSP-associated genes from 121 patients revealed a total of 209 different heterozygous variants in 24 genes. Established clinical and genetic validity was determined for nine heterozygous variations (three likely pathogenic and six variants of uncertain significance). Detailed genetic examination is an important part of the work-up for focal dystonia forms. To our knowledge, our investigation is the first such study to be carried out in the Middle-European region.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Salamon
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, 6, Semmelweis Str., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Flóra Nagy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 4, Somogyi Béla Str., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, 78/b, Üllői Str., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Margit Pál
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 4, Somogyi Béla Str., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Functional Clinical Genetics Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 4, Somogyi Béla Str., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Máté Szabó
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, 6, Semmelweis Str., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ádám Csősz
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, 6, Semmelweis Str., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Szpisjak
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, 6, Semmelweis Str., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Gárdián
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, 6, Semmelweis Str., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dénes Zádori
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, 6, Semmelweis Str., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márta Széll
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 4, Somogyi Béla Str., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Functional Clinical Genetics Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 4, Somogyi Béla Str., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, 6, Semmelweis Str., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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11
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Susgun S, Demirel M, Yalcin Cakmakli G, Salman B, K Oguz K, Elibol B, Ugur Iseri SA, Yapıcı Z. Targeted resequencing reveals high-level mosaicism for a novel frameshift variant in WDR45 associated with beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37099669 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2208279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) is a rare X-linked dominant neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by iron accumulation in the basal ganglia. BPAN is associated with pathogenic variation in WDR45, which has been reported almost exclusively in females most probably due to male lethality in the hemizygous state. METHODS Whole exome sequencing (WES) and targeted deep sequencing were performed for a male with a clinical diagnosis of BPAN at the age of 37. RESULTS The novel frameshift variant in WDR45 detected by WES was further analyzed with targeted resequencing to detect a mosaicism level of 85.5% in the blood sample of the proband. DISCUSSION Although the main role of WDR45 remains elusive, recent studies show that WDR45 may contribute to neurodegeneration through defects in autophagy, iron storage and ferritin metabolism, mitochondria organization, and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. The extend of spatiotemporal haploinsufficiency of WDR45 frameshifting variants caused by mosaicism in males may lead to variable clinical severity, which may be hard to elaborate clinically. Promising genetic analysis strategies using targeted deep sequencing may help determine the clinical outcome of somatic mosaicism in neurological disorders including BPAN. Additionally, we suggest that deep sequencing should be conducted in cerebrospinal fluid samples to provide more reliable results in terms of reflecting the mosaicism level in the brain for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Susgun
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mert Demirel
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gul Yalcin Cakmakli
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Baris Salman
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kader K Oguz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Elibol
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Aylin Ugur Iseri
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yapıcı
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Xiang J, Huang N, Ouyang Q, Yi Y, Ding Y, An Y. Generation of an induced pluripotent stem cell line FDHPIi001-A derived from a female patient with WDR45-related neurodegeneration disease carrying non-canonical splice site c.344 + 5G > T. Stem Cell Res 2023; 66:102992. [PMID: 36502619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The WDR45 encodes a beta-propeller scaffold protein which leads to β-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) with iron accumulation in the brain. Using episomal reprogramming approach, we generated an iPSC line from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a 9-year-old girl with a non-canonical splice site c.344 + 5G > T in the WDR45 gene. The iPSC line had been fully examined about pluripotency marker, karyotype, and three germ layer differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xiang
- Center for Repxroduction and Genetics, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nana Huang
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Ouyang
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Yi
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Ding
- Center for Repxroduction and Genetics, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yu An
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Vargas Duarte P, Reggiori F. The Organization and Function of the Phagophore-ER Membrane Contact Sites. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2023; 6:25152564231183898. [PMID: 37465355 PMCID: PMC10350784 DOI: 10.1177/25152564231183898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is characterized by the de novo formation of double-membrane vesicles termed autophagosomes. The precursor structure of autophagosomes is a membrane cistern called phagophore, which elongates through a massive acquisition of lipids until closure. The phagophore establishes membrane-contact sites (MCSs) with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where conserved ATG proteins belonging to the ATG9 lipid scramblase, ATG2 lipid transfer and Atg18/WIPI4 β-propeller families concentrate. Several recent in vivo and in vitro studies have uncovered the relevance of these proteins and MCSs in the lipid supply required for autophagosome formation. Although important conceptual advances have been reached, the functional interrelationship between ATG9, ATG2 and Atg18/WIPI4 proteins at the phagophore-ER MCSs and their role in the phagophore expansion are not completely understood. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about the structure, interactions, localizations, and molecular functions of these proteins, with a particular emphasis on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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14
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Zhang X, Liu J, Wang H. The cGAS-STING-autophagy pathway: Novel perspectives in neurotoxicity induced by manganese exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120412. [PMID: 36240967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic high-level heavy metal exposure increases the risk of developing different neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic excessive manganese (Mn) exposure is known to lead to neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, some evidence suggests that autophagy dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Over the past decade, the DNA-sensing receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream signal-efficient interferon gene stimulator (STING), as well as the molecular composition and regulatory mechanisms of this pathway have been well understood. The cGAS-STING pathway has emerged as a crucial mechanism to induce effective innate immune responses by inducing type I interferons in mammalian cells. Moreover, recent studies have found that Mn2+ is the second activator of the cGAS-STING pathway besides dsDNA, and inducing autophagy is a primitive function for the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. However, overactivation of the immune response can lead to tissue damage. This review discusses the mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by Mn exposure from the cGAS-STING-autophagy pathway. Future work exploiting the cGAS-STING-autophagy pathway may provide a novel perspective for manganese neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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15
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Tsukida K, Muramatsu SI, Osaka H, Yamagata T, Muramatsu K. WDR45 variants cause ferrous iron loss due to impaired ferritinophagy associated with nuclear receptor coactivator 4 and WD repeat domain phosphoinositide interacting protein 4 reduction. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac304. [PMID: 36751498 PMCID: PMC9897194 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Static encephalopathy of childhood with neurodegeneration in adulthood/β-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration is a neurodegenerative disorder with brain iron accumulation caused by the variants of WDR45, a core autophagy-related gene that encodes WD repeat domain phosphoinositide interacting protein 4. However, the pathophysiology of the disease, particularly the function of WDR45/WD repeat domain phosphoinositide interacting protein 4 in iron metabolism, is largely unknown. As no other variants of core autophagy-related genes show abnormalities in iron metabolism, the relation between autophagy and iron metabolism remains to be elucidated. Since iron deposition in the brain is the hallmark of static encephalopathy of childhood with neurodegeneration in adulthood/β-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration, iron chelation therapy has been attempted, but it was found to worsen the symptoms; thus, the establishment of a curative treatment is essential. Here, we evaluated autophagy and iron metabolism in patient-derived cells. The expression of ferritin and ferric iron increased and that of ferrous iron decreased in the patient cells with WDR45 variants. In addition, the expression of nuclear receptor coactivator 4 was markedly reduced in patient-derived cells. Furthermore, divalent metal transporter 1, which takes in ferrous iron, was upregulated, while ferroportin, which exports ferrous iron, was downregulated in patient-derived cells. The transfer of WDR45 via an adeno-associated virus vector restored WD repeat domain phosphoinositide interacting protein 4 and nuclear receptor coactivator 4 expression, reduced ferritin levels, and improved other phenotypes observed in patient-derived cells. As nuclear receptor coactivator 4 mediates the ferritin-specific autophagy, i.e. ferritinophagy, its deficiency impaired ferritinophagy, leading to the accumulation of ferric iron-containing ferritin and insufficiency of ferrous iron. Because ferrous iron is required for various essential biochemical reactions, the changes in divalent metal transporter 1 and ferroportin levels may indicate a compensatory response for maintaining the intracellular levels of ferrous iron. Our study revealed that the pathophysiology of static encephalopathy of childhood with neurodegeneration in adulthood/β-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration involves ferrous iron insufficiency via impaired ferritinophagy through nuclear receptor coactivator 4 expression reduction. Our findings could aid in developing a treatment strategy involving WDR45 manipulation, which may have clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwako Tsukida
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Muramatsu
- Division of Neurological Gene Therapy, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan,Center for Gene & Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Osaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Takanori Yamagata
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Muramatsu
- Correspondence to: Kazuhiro Muramatsu, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-city, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan E-mail:
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16
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Almannai M, Marafi D, El-Hattab AW. WIPI proteins: Biological functions and related syndromes. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1011918. [PMID: 36157071 PMCID: PMC9500159 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1011918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
WIPI (WD-repeat protein Interacting with PhosphoInositides) are important effectors in autophagy. These proteins bind phosphoinositides and recruit autophagy proteins. In mammals, there are four WIPI proteins: WIPI1, WIPI2, WIPI3 (WDR45B), and WIPI4 (WDR45). These proteins consist of a seven-bladed β-propeller structure. Recently, pathogenic variants in genes encoding these proteins have been recognized to cause human diseases with a predominant neurological phenotype. Defects in WIPI2 cause a disease characterized mainly by intellectual disability and variable other features while pathogenic variants in WDR45B and WDR45 have been recently reported to cause El-Hattab-Alkuraya syndrome and beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN), respectively. Whereas, there is no disease linked to WIPI1 yet, one study linked it neural tube defects (NTD). In this review, the role of WIPI proteins in autophagy is discussed first, then syndromes related to these proteins are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Almannai
- Genetics and Precision Medicine Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Almannai
| | - Dana Marafi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Ayman W. El-Hattab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Genetics and Metabolic Department, KidsHeart Medical Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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17
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Cerebral Iron Deposition in Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050714. [PMID: 35625641 PMCID: PMC9138489 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of cerebral iron regulation appears to have a role in aging and in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. Possible unfavorable impacts of iron accumulation include reactive oxygen species generation, induction of ferroptosis, and acceleration of inflammatory changes. Whole-brain iron-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques allow the examination of macroscopic patterns of brain iron deposits in vivo, while modern analytical methods ex vivo enable the determination of metal-specific content inside individual cell-types, sometimes also within specific cellular compartments. The present review summarizes the whole brain, cellular, and subcellular patterns of iron accumulation in neurodegenerative diseases of genetic and sporadic origin. We also provide an update on mechanisms, biomarkers, and effects of brain iron accumulation in these disorders, focusing on recent publications. In Parkinson’s disease, Friedreich’s disease, and several disorders within the neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation group, there is a focal siderosis, typically in regions with the most pronounced neuropathological changes. The second group of disorders including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis shows iron accumulation in the globus pallidus, caudate, and putamen, and in specific cortical regions. Yet, other disorders such as aceruloplasminemia, neuroferritinopathy, or Wilson disease manifest with diffuse iron accumulation in the deep gray matter in a pattern comparable to or even more extensive than that observed during normal aging. On the microscopic level, brain iron deposits are present mostly in dystrophic microglia variably accompanied by iron-laden macrophages and in astrocytes, implicating a role of inflammatory changes and blood–brain barrier disturbance in iron accumulation. Options and potential benefits of iron reducing strategies in neurodegeneration are discussed. Future research investigating whether genetic predispositions play a role in brain Fe accumulation is necessary. If confirmed, the prevention of further brain Fe uptake in individuals at risk may be key for preventing neurodegenerative disorders.
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18
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Ferritinophagy and α-Synuclein: Pharmacological Targeting of Autophagy to Restore Iron Regulation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042378. [PMID: 35216492 PMCID: PMC8878351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A major hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the fatal destruction of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta. This event is preceded by the formation of Lewy bodies, which are cytoplasmic inclusions composed of α-synuclein protein aggregates. A triad contribution of α-synuclein aggregation, iron accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction plague nigral neurons, yet the events underlying iron accumulation are poorly understood. Elevated intracellular iron concentrations up-regulate ferritin expression, an iron storage protein that provides cytoprotection against redox stress. The lysosomal degradation pathway, autophagy, can release iron from ferritin stores to facilitate its trafficking in a process termed ferritinophagy. Aggregated α-synuclein inhibits SNARE protein complexes and destabilizes microtubules to halt vesicular trafficking systems, including that of autophagy effectively. The scope of this review is to describe the physiological and pathological relationship between iron regulation and α-synuclein, providing a detailed understanding of iron metabolism within nigral neurons. The underlying mechanisms of autophagy and ferritinophagy are explored in the context of PD, identifying potential therapeutic targets for future investigation.
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19
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Biallelic in-frame deletion of SOX4 is associated with developmental delay, hypotonia and intellectual disability. Eur J Hum Genet 2022; 30:243-247. [PMID: 34750527 PMCID: PMC8821644 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-021-00968-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) represents an extremely heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by significant limitations in intellectual function and adaptive behavior. Among the monogenic causes, autosomal recessive genes (ARID) are responsible for more than 50% of ID. Here, we report a novel in-frame homozygous deletion variant [c.730_753del; p.(Ala244_Gly251del)] in SOX4 (sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility group box 4), segregating with moderate to severe ID, hypotonia, and developmental delay in a Pakistani family. Our identified variant p.(Ala244_Gly251del) is predicted to remove evolutionarily conserved residues from the interdomain region and may destabilize the protein secondary structure. SOX4 belongs to group C of the SOX transcription regulating family known to be involved in early embryo development. Single-cell RNA data analysis of developing telencephalon revealed highly overlapping expression of SOX4 with SOX11 and DCX, known neurogenesis regulators. Our study expands the mutational landscape of SOX4 and the repertoire of the known genetic causes of ARID.
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20
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Manti F, Panteghini C, Garavaglia B, Leuzzi V. Neurodevelopmental Disorder and Late-Onset Degenerative Parkinsonism in a Patient with a WDR45 Defect. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:110-112. [PMID: 35005074 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Manti
- Department of Human Neuroscience-Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Celeste Panteghini
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta" Milan Italy
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta" Milan Italy
| | - Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Department of Human Neuroscience-Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
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21
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Saffari A, Schröter J, Garbade SF, Alecu JE, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Hoffmann GF, Kölker S, Ries M, Syrbe S. Quantitative retrospective natural history modeling of WDR45-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy - a systematic cross-sectional analysis of 160 published cases. Autophagy 2021; 18:1715-1727. [PMID: 34818117 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1990671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
WDR45-related neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) is a clinically-heterogenous congenital disorder of macroautophagy/autophagy. The natural history of this ultra-orphan disease remains incompletely understood, leading to delays in diagnosis and lack of quantifiable outcome measures. In this cross-sectional study, we model quantitative natural history data for WDR45-related NDD using a standardized analysis of 160 published cases, representing the largest cohort to date. The primary outcome of this study was survival. Age at disease onset, diagnostic delay and geographic distribution were quantified as secondary endpoints. Our tertiary aim was to explore and quantify the spectrum of WDR45-related phenotypes. Survival estimations showed low mortality until 39 years of age. Median age at onset was 10 months, with a median diagnostic delay of 6.2 years. Geographic distribution appeared worldwide with clusters in North America, East Asia, Western Europe and the Middle East. The clinical spectrum was highly variable with a bi-phasic evolution characterized by early-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy during childhood followed by a progressive dystonia-parkinsonism syndrome along with cognitive decline during early adulthood. Female individuals showed milder disease severity. The majority of pathogenic WDR45 variants were predicted to result in a loss of WDR45 expression, without clear genotype-phenotype associations. Our results provide clinical and epidemiological data that may facilitate an earlier diagnosis, enable anticipatory guidance and counseling of affected families and provide the foundation for endpoints for future interventional trials.Abbreviations: BPAN: beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration; CNS: central nervous system; DEE: developmental and epileptic encephalopathy; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; NBIA: neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation; NDD: neurodevelopmental disorder; NGS: next-generation sequencing; WDR45/WIPI4: WD repeat domain 45.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Saffari
- Division of Pediatric Epileptology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Neuropediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Schröter
- Division of Pediatric Epileptology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Neuropediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven F Garbade
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian E Alecu
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Ries
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Syrbe
- Division of Pediatric Epileptology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Vincent O, Antón-Esteban L, Bueno-Arribas M, Tornero-Écija A, Navas MÁ, Escalante R. The WIPI Gene Family and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights From Yeast and Dictyostelium Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:737071. [PMID: 34540850 PMCID: PMC8442847 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.737071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
WIPIs are a conserved family of proteins with a characteristic 7-bladed β-propeller structure. They play a prominent role in autophagy, but also in other membrane trafficking processes. Mutations in human WIPI4 cause several neurodegenerative diseases. One of them is BPAN, a rare disease characterized by developmental delay, motor disorders, and seizures. Autophagy dysfunction is thought to play an important role in this disease but the precise pathological consequences of the mutations are not well established. The use of simple models such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum provides valuable information on the molecular and cellular function of these proteins, but also sheds light on possible pathways that may be relevant in the search for potential therapies. Here, we review the function of WIPIs as well as disease-causing mutations with a special focus on the information provided by these simple models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Vincent
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Antón-Esteban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alba Tornero-Écija
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Ángeles Navas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Escalante
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
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