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Ethier J, Antoniuk ER, Brettmann B. Predicting polymer solubility from phase diagrams to compatibility: a perspective on challenges and opportunities. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:5652-5669. [PMID: 38995233 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00590b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Polymer processing, purification, and self-assembly have significant roles in the design of polymeric materials. Understanding how polymers behave in solution (e.g., their solubility, chemical properties, etc.) can improve our control over material properties via their processing-structure-property relationships. For many decades the polymer science community has relied on thermodynamic and physics-based models to aid in this endeavor, but all rely on disparate data sets and use-case scenarios. Hence, there are still significant challenges to predict a priori the solubility of a polymer, whether it is for selecting sustainable solvents, obtaining thermodynamic parameters for phase separation, or navigating the coexistence curve. This perspective aims to discuss the different approaches of applying computational tools to predict polymer solubility, with a significant focus on machine learning techniques to capture the rapid progress in that space. We examine challenges and opportunities that remain for creating a comprehensive solubility toolset that can accelerate the design of a broad range of applications including films, membranes, and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Ethier
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Evan R Antoniuk
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Blair Brettmann
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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2
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Xu Z, Wang G, Wang Z, Zhang A, Zhao G. High performance plant-derived thermoplastic polyester elastomer foams achieved by manipulating charging order of mixed blowing agents. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126261. [PMID: 37591438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPEE) is an environment friendly polymer known for its exceptional tear strength and mechanical properties, whose monomers are generated from crops. To prepare high-performance TPEE foams is still challenging due to the intrinsic shrinkage behavior. Herein, two microcellular foaming routes with different charging orders of mixed blowing agents, namely "CO2 firstly charging process (CO2-F-process)" and "N2 firstly charging process (N2-F-process)", were developed to elucidate the effects of mixed blowing agents on foaming behavior. Compared with the case in N2-F-process, more carbon dioxide and less nitrogen were adsorbed in CO2-F-process. Thus, TPEE foams prepared by N2-F-process show less shrinkage and higher creep recovery ratio than those prepared by CO2-F-process. Thanks to better structural stability and smaller shrinkage, TPEE foams prepared by N2-F-process exhibited enhanced strength and resilience. For the foams with similar density, compression strength can be increased by 52 %, and energy loss coefficient can be reduced to 50 %, by using N2-F-process. Thus, not only biomass TPEE foams with enhanced mechanical performance shows promising prospects in those areas that needs lightweight, insulation and high resilience, but also novel microcellular foaming technique with mixed blowing agents opens a new way for developing high-performance polymeric foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaorui Xu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Guilong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China.
| | - Zhaozhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Aimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Guoqun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
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3
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Li X, Huang Q, Liu Y, Zhao B, Li J. Review of the Hydrogen Permeation Test of the Polymer Liner Material of Type IV On-Board Hydrogen Storage Cylinders. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5366. [PMID: 37570071 PMCID: PMC10420304 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Type IV hydrogen storage cylinders comprise a polymer liner and offer advantages such as lightweight construction, high hydrogen storage density, and good fatigue performance. However, they are also characterized by higher hydrogen permeability. Consequently, it is crucial for the polymer liner material to exhibit excellent resistance to hydrogen permeation. International organizations have established relevant standards mandating hydrogen permeation tests for the liner material of type IV on-board hydrogen storage cylinders. This paper provides a comprehensive review of existing research on hydrogen permeability and the hydrogen permeation test methods for the polymer liner material of type IV on-board hydrogen storage cylinders. By delving into the hydrogen permeation mechanism, a better understanding can be gained, offering valuable references for subsequent researchers in this field. This paper starts by thoroughly discussing the hydrogen permeation mechanism of the liner material. It then proceeds to compare and analyze the hydrogen permeation test methods specified by various standards. These comparisons encompass sample preparation, sample pretreatment, test device, test temperature and pressure, and qualification indicators. Then, this study offers recommendations aimed at enhancing the hydrogen permeation test method for the liner material. Additionally, the influence of test temperature, test pressure, and polymer material properties on the hydrogen permeability of the liner material is discussed. Finally, the influences of the test temperature, test pressure, and polymer material properties on the hydrogen permeability of the liner material are discussed. Future research direction on the hydrogen permeability and hydrogen permeation test method of the liner material of the type IV hydrogen storage cylinder has been prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (B.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Safety of Hydrogen Energy Storage and Transportation Equipment for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qianghua Huang
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (B.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Safety of Hydrogen Energy Storage and Transportation Equipment for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yitao Liu
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (B.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Safety of Hydrogen Energy Storage and Transportation Equipment for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Baodi Zhao
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (B.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Safety of Hydrogen Energy Storage and Transportation Equipment for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiepu Li
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (B.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Safety of Hydrogen Energy Storage and Transportation Equipment for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
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4
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The Effect of Cooling Rates on Thermal, Crystallization, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Rotational Molding Polyamide 11 as the Liner Material for High-Capacity High-Pressure Vessels. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062425. [PMID: 36985398 PMCID: PMC10053686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of hydrogen fuel cells has been paralleled by increased demand for lightweight type IV hydrogen storage vessels with high hydrogen storage density, which raises the performance requirements of internal plastic liners. An appropriate manufacturing process is important to improve the quality of polymer liners. In this paper, DSC, WAXD, a universal testing machine and a differential pressure gas permeameter were used to investigate the effect of the cooling rate of the rotational molding polyamide 11 on the thermal, crystallization, mechanical and barrier properties. The cooling rate is formulated according to the cooling rate that can be achieved in actual production. The results suggest that two PA11 liner materials initially exhibited two-dimensional (circular) growth under non-isothermal crystallization conditions and shifted to one-dimensional space growth due to spherulite collision and crowding during the secondary crystallization stage. The slower the cooling process, the greater the crystallinity of the specimen. The increase in crystallinity significantly improved the barrier properties of the two PA11 liner materials, and the gas permeability coefficient was 2-3-fold higher than at low crystallinity. Moreover, the tensile strength, the tensile modulus, the flexural strength, and the flexural modulus increased, and the elongation at break decreased as the crystallinity increased.
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Lightweight, low-shrinkage and high elastic poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) foams achieved by microcellular foaming using N2 & CO2 as co-blowing agents. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Effect of Crystallinity on Young’s Modulus of Porous Materials Composed of Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibers in the Presence of Carbon Dioxide. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183724. [PMID: 36145869 PMCID: PMC9505836 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2)-assisted polymer compression method is used for plasticizing polymers with subcritical CO2 and then crimping the polymer fibers. Given that this method is based on crimping after plasticization by CO2, it is very important to know the degree of plasticization. In this study, heat treatment was gently applied on raw material fibers to obtain fibers with different degrees of crystallinity without changing the shape of the fibers. Simultaneously, two types of sheets were placed in a pressure vessel to compare the degree of compression and the degree of hardness. Furthermore, a model was used to derive the relative Young’s modulus of porous materials composed of polymer fibers with different degrees of crystallinity. In the model, the amount of strain was calculated according to the Young’s modulus as a function of porosity and reflected in compression. Young’s modulus of porous polymers in the presence of CO2 has been shown to vary significantly with slight differences in crystallinity, indicating that extremely low crystallinity is significant for plasticizing the polymer by CO2.
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Sorption and permeation study of polyetherimide/hydrophobic silica nanocomposite membrane for effective syngas (H2/CO/CO2) separation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Li M, Tian F, Jiang J, Zhou M, Chen Q, Zhao D, Zhai W. Robust and Multifunctional Porous Polyetheretherketone Fiber Fabricated via a Microextrusion CO 2 Foaming. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100463. [PMID: 34490937 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of multifunctional porous fibers with excellent mechanical properties has attracted abundant attention in the fields of personal thermal management textiles and smart wearable devices. However, the high cost and harsh preparation environment of the traditional solution-solvent phase separation method for making porous fibers aggravates the problems of resource consumption and environmental pollution. Herein, a microextrusion process that combines environmentally friendly CO2 physical foaming with fused deposition modeling technology is proposed, via the dual features of high gas uptake and restricted cell growth, to implement the continuous production of porous polyetheretherketone (PEEK) fibers with a production efficiency of 10.5 cm s-1 . The porous PEEK fiber exhibits excellent stretchability (234.8% strain) and good high-temperature thermal insulation property. The open-cell structure on the surface is favorable for the adsorption to achieve superhydrophobicity (154.4°) and high-efficiency photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (90.4%). Moreover, the parameterized controllability of the cell structure is beneficial to widening the multifunctional window. In short, the first porous PEEK physical foaming fiber, which opens up a new avenue for the application expansion, especially in the medical field, is realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Fangwei Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.,College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.,Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Mengnan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Qiyuan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.,Sun Yat-sen University Nanchang Research Institute, Nanchang, 330224, P. R. China
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9
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Supercritical-derived artemisinin microfibers and microparticles for improving anticancer effects. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kiran E, Sarver JA, Hassler JC. Solubility and Diffusivity of CO2 and N2 in Polymers and Polymer Swelling, Glass Transition, Melting, and Crystallization at High Pressure. A Critical Review and Perspectives on Experimental Methods, Data, and Modeling. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Tammaro D, Lombardi L, Scherillo G, Di Maio E, Ahuja N, Mensitieri G. Modelling Sorption Thermodynamics and Mass Transport of n-Hexane in a Propylene-Ethylene Elastomer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1157. [PMID: 33916594 PMCID: PMC8038456 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization of post polymerization processes of polyolefin elastomers (POE) involving solvents is of considerable industrial interest. To this aim, experimental determination and theoretical interpretation of the thermodynamics and mass transport properties of POE-solvent mixtures is relevant. Sorption behavior of n-hexane vapor in a commercial propylene-ethylene elastomer (V8880 VistamaxxTM from ExxonMobil, Machelen, Belgium) is addressed here, determining experimentally the sorption isotherms at temperatures ranging from 115 to 140 °C and pressure values of n-hexane vapor up to 1 atm. Sorption isotherms have been interpreted using a Non Random Lattice Fluid (NRLF) Equation of State model retrieving, from data fitting, the value of the binary interaction parameter for the n-hexane/V8880 system. Both the cases of temperature-independent and of temperature-dependent binary interaction parameter have been considered. Sorption kinetics was also investigated at different pressures and has been interpreted using a Fick's model determining values of the mutual diffusivity as a function of temperature and of n-hexane/V8880 mixture composition. From these values, n-hexane intra-diffusion coefficient has been calculated interpreting its dependence on mixture concentration and temperature by a semi-empiric model based on free volume arguments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Tammaro
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (D.T.); (L.L.); (G.S.); (E.D.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Lombardi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (D.T.); (L.L.); (G.S.); (E.D.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Scherillo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (D.T.); (L.L.); (G.S.); (E.D.M.)
- UdR of Naples, INSTM (National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology), Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Ernesto Di Maio
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (D.T.); (L.L.); (G.S.); (E.D.M.)
- UdR of Naples, INSTM (National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology), Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Navanshu Ahuja
- Sulzer Chemtech Ltd., Else-Züblinstr. 11, 8404 Winterthur, Switzerland;
| | - Giuseppe Mensitieri
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (D.T.); (L.L.); (G.S.); (E.D.M.)
- UdR of Naples, INSTM (National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology), Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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Extreme Foaming Modes for SCF-Plasticized Polylactides: Quasi-Adiabatic and Quasi-Isothermal Foam Expansion. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051055. [PMID: 32375370 PMCID: PMC7284874 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental evidence on depressurization foaming of the amorphous D,L-polylactide, which is plasticized by subcritical (initial pressures below the critical value) or supercritical (initial pressures above the critical value) carbon dioxide at a temperature above the critical value, relates to two extreme cases: a slow quasi-isothermal foam expansion, and a rapid quasi-adiabatic expansion. Under certain conditions, the quasi-isothermal mode is characterized by the non-monotonic dependencies of the foam volume on the external pressure that are associated with the expansion-to-shrinkage transition. The quasi-adiabatic and quasi-isothermal expansions are characterized by a significant increase in the degree of foam expansion under conditions where the CO2 initial pressure approaches the critical value. The observed features are interpreted in terms of the energy balance in the foam volume and the phenomenological model based on the equation of the foam state. The expansion-to-shrinkage condition is based on the relationship between the average bubble radius and the pressure derivative of the surface tension for the plasticized polylactide. The maximum expansion ratio of the rapidly foamed polylactide in the vicinity of the critical point is interpreted in terms of the maximum decrement of the specific internal energy of the foaming agent (carbon dioxide) in the course of depressurization.
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Cassanelli M, Prosapio V, Norton I, Mills T. Design of a Cost-Reduced Flexible Plant for Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Applications. Chem Eng Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Cassanelli
- University of Birmingham; School of Chemical Engineering; Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham UK
| | - Valentina Prosapio
- University of Birmingham; School of Chemical Engineering; Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham UK
| | - Ian Norton
- University of Birmingham; School of Chemical Engineering; Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham UK
| | - Thomas Mills
- University of Birmingham; School of Chemical Engineering; Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham UK
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