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Shang J, Mu G, Qi Y, Zhang X, Shen W, Xie Y, Ge M, He Y, Qiao F, Qiu QS. NHX5/NHX6/SPY22 complex regulates BRI1 and brassinosteroid signaling in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 302:154318. [PMID: 39059150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
NHX5 and NHX6, Arabidopsis endosomal antiporters, play a vital role in facilitating ion and pH homeostasis in endosomal compartments. Studies have found that NHX5 and NHX6 are essential for protein trafficking, auxin homeostasis, and plant growth and development. Here, we report the role of NHX5 and NHX6 in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. We found that hypocotyl growth was enhanced in nhx5 nhx6 under epibrassinolide (eBR) treatment. nhx5 nhx6 bri1 was insensitive to eBR treatment, indicating that NHX5 and NHX6 are downstream of the BRI1 receptor in BR signaling. Moreover, confocal observation with both hypocotyls and root tips showed that BRI1-YFP localization in the plasma membrane (PM) was reduced in nhx5 nhx6. Interestingly, brefeldin A (BFA) treatment showed that formation of the BFA bodies containing BRI1 and their disassembling were disrupted in nhx5 nhx6. Further genetic analysis showed that NHX5/NHX6 and SYP22 may act coordinately in BR signaling. NHX5 and NHX6 may regulate SYP22 function by modulating cellular K+ and pH homeostasis. Importantly, NHX5 and NHX6 colocalize and interact with SYP22, but do not interact with BRI1. In summary, our findings indicate that NHX5/NHX6/SYP22 complex is essential for the regulation of BRI1 recycling and PM localization. The H+-leak facilitated by NHX5 and NHX6 offers a means of controlling BR signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shang
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810000, China
| | - Guoxiu Mu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yuting Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Wei Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yujie Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Mingrui Ge
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yu He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Feng Qiao
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810000, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
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Zhang X, Wang L, Pan T, Wu X, Shen J, Jiang L, Tajima H, Blumwald E, Qiu QS. Plastid KEA-type cation/H + antiporters are required for vacuolar protein trafficking in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2157-2174. [PMID: 37252889 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis plastid antiporters KEA1 and KEA2 are critical for plastid development, photosynthetic efficiency, and plant development. Here, we show that KEA1 and KEA2 are involved in vacuolar protein trafficking. Genetic analyses found that the kea1 kea2 mutants had short siliques, small seeds, and short seedlings. Molecular and biochemical assays showed that seed storage proteins were missorted out of the cell and the precursor proteins were accumulated in kea1 kea2. Protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) were smaller in kea1 kea2. Further analyses showed that endosomal trafficking in kea1 kea2 was compromised. Vacuolar sorting receptor 1 (VSR1) subcellular localizations, VSR-cargo interactions, and p24 distribution on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus were affected in kea1 kea2. Moreover, plastid stromule growth was reduced and plastid association with the endomembrane compartments was disrupted in kea1 kea2. Stromule growth was regulated by the cellular pH and K+ homeostasis maintained by KEA1 and KEA2. The organellar pH along the trafficking pathway was altered in kea1 kea2. Overall, KEA1 and KEA2 regulate vacuolar trafficking by controlling the function of plastid stromules via adjusting pH and K+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810000, China
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810000, China
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ting Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, China
| | - Xuexia Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hiromi Tajima
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810000, China
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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3
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Deng H, Li Q, Cao R, Ren Y, Wang G, Guo H, Bu S, Liu J, Ma P. Overexpression of SmMYC2 enhances salt resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana and Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 280:153862. [PMID: 36399834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity significantly affects both Salvia miltiorrhiza growth and development as well as seed germination throughout field cultivation and production. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF) MYC2 contributes significantly to plant stress resistance as a key regulator of the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. In transgenic S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots, SmMYC2 has been shown to promote the accumulation of tanshinone and salvianolic acid, but its role in S. miltiorrhiza of resistance to abiotic stress is unclear. Herein, we found methyl jasmonate (MeJA), NaCl, and PEG treatment all significantly increased SmMYC2 expression. In response to salt stress, SmMYC2 overexpression in yeast increased its rate of growth. Additionally, overexpression of SmMYC2 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and S. miltiorrhiza hairy root showed that it might improve salt resistance in transgenic plant. In particular, compared to WT, overexpression of SmMYC2 transgenic Arabidopsis had higher levels of three antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)), proline (Pro) content, and ABA-dependent and ABA-independent genes expression. They also had lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. What's more, overexpression of SmMYC2 increases the expression of flavonoid synthesis genes and the accumulation of related components in Arabidopsis. These findings imply that SmMYC2 functions as a positive regulator that regulates plant tolerance to salt through ABA-dependent and independent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Deng
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruizhi Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yafei Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guanfeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuhai Bu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Jingying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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Jin T, An J, Xu H, Chen J, Pan L, Zhao R, Wang N, Gai J, Li Y. A soybean sodium/hydrogen exchanger GmNHX6 confers plant alkaline salt tolerance by regulating Na +/K + homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:938635. [PMID: 36204047 PMCID: PMC9531905 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.938635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline soil has a high pH due to carbonate salts and usually causes more detrimental effects on crop growth than saline soil. Sodium hydrogen exchangers (NHXs) are pivotal regulators of cellular Na+/K+ and pH homeostasis, which is essential for salt tolerance; however, their role in alkaline salt tolerance is largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the function of a soybean NHX gene, GmNHX6, in plant response to alkaline salt stress. GmNHX6 encodes a Golgi-localized sodium/hydrogen exchanger, and its transcript abundance is more upregulated in alkaline salt tolerant soybean variety in response to NaHCO3 stress. Ectopic expression of GmNHX6 in Arabidopsis enhanced alkaline salt tolerance by maintaining high K+ content and low Na+/K+ ratio. Overexpression of GmNHX6 also improved soybean tolerance to alkaline salt stress. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of NHX6 is associated with the alkaline salt tolerance in soybean germplasm. A superior promoter of GmNHX6 was isolated from an alkaline salt tolerant soybean variety, which showed stronger activity than the promoter from an alkaline salt sensitive soybean variety in response to alkali stress, by luciferase transient expression assays. Our results suggested soybean NHX6 gene plays an important role in plant tolerance to alkaline salt stress.
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Genome-Wide Identification, Primary Functional Characterization of the NHX Gene Family in Canavalia rosea, and Their Possible Roles for Adaptation to Tropical Coral Reefs. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:genes13010033. [PMID: 35052375 PMCID: PMC8774410 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canavalia rosea, distributed in the coastal areas of tropical and subtropical regions, is an extremophile halophyte with good adaptability to high salinity/alkaline and drought tolerance. Plant sodium/hydrogen (Na+/H+) exchanger (NHX) genes encode membrane transporters involved in sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), and lithium ion (Li+) transport and pH homeostasis, thereby playing key roles in salinity tolerance. However, the NHX family has not been reported in this leguminous halophyte. In the present study, a genome-wide comprehensive analysis was conducted and finally eight CrNHXs were identified in C. rosea genome. Based on the bioinformatics analysis about the chromosomal location, protein domain, motif organization, and phylogenetic relationships of CrNHXs and their coding proteins, as well as the comparison with plant NHXs from other species, the CrNHXs were grouped into three major subfamilies (Vac-, Endo-, and PM-NHX). Promoter analyses of cis-regulatory elements indicated that the expression of different CrNHXs was affected by a series of stress challenges. Six CrNHXs showed high expression levels in five tested tissues of C. rosea in different levels, while CrNHX1 and CrNHX3 were expressed at extremely low levels, indicating that CrNHXs might be involved in regulating the development of C. rosea plant. The expression analysis based on RNA-seq showed that the transcripts of most CrNHXs were obviously decreased in mature leaves of C. rosea plant growing on tropical coral reefs, which suggested their involvement in this species' adaptation to reefs and specialized islands habitats. Furthermore, in the single-factor stress treatments mimicking the extreme environments of tropical coral reefs, the RNA-seq data also implied CrNHXs holding possible gene-specific regulatory roles in the environmental adaptation. The qRT-PCR based expression profiling exhibited that CrNHXs responded to different stresses to varying degrees, which further confirmed the specificity of CrNHXs' in responding to abiotic stresses. Moreover, the yeast functional complementation test proved that some CrNHXs could partially restore the salt tolerance of the salt-sensitive yeast mutant AXT3. This study provides comprehensive bio-information and primary functional identification of NHXs in C. rosea, which could help improve the salt/alkaline tolerance of genetically modified plants for further studies. This research also contributes to our understanding of the possible molecular mechanism whereby NHXs maintain the ion balance in the natural ecological adaptability of C. rosea to tropical coral islands and reefs.
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Ali AAM, Romdhane WB, Tarroum M, Al-Dakhil M, Al-Doss A, Alsadon AA, Hassairi A. Analysis of Salinity Tolerance in Tomato Introgression Lines Based on Morpho-Physiological and Molecular Traits. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122594. [PMID: 34961065 PMCID: PMC8704676 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of salt-tolerant tomato genotypes is a basic requirement to overcome the challenges of tomato production under salinity in the field or soil-free farming. Two groups of eight tomato introgression lines (ILs) each, were evaluated for salinity tolerance. Group-I and the group-II resulted from the following crosses respectively: Solanum lycopersicum cv-6203 × Solanum habrochaites and Solanum lycopersicum M82 × Solanum pennellii. Salt tolerance level was assessed based on a germination percentage under NaCl (0, 75, 100 mM) and in the vegetative stage using a hydroponic growing system (0, 120 mM NaCl). One line from group I (TA1648) and three lines from group II (IL2-1, IL2-3, and IL8-3) were shown to be salt-tolerant since their germination percentages were significantly higher at 75 and 100 mM NaCl than that of their respective cultivated parents cvE6203 and cvM82. Using the hydroponic system, IL TA1648 and IL 2-3 showed the highest value of plant growth traits and chlorophyll concentration. The expression level of eight salt-responsive genes in the leaves and roots of salt-tolerant ILs (TA1648 and IL 2-3) was estimated. Interestingly, SlSOS1, SlNHX2, SlNHX4, and SlERF4 genes were upregulated in leaves of both TA1648 and IL 2-3 genotypes under NaCl stress. While SlHKT1.1, SlNHX2, SlNHX4, and SlERF4 genes were upregulated under salt stress in the roots of both TA1648 and IL 2-3 genotypes. Furthermore, SlSOS2 and SlSOS3 genes were upregulated in TA1648 root and downregulated in IL 2-3. On the contrary, SlSOS1 and SlHKT1.2 genes were upregulated in the IL 2-3 root and downregulated in the TA1648 root. Monitoring of ILs revealed that some of them have inherited salt tolerance from S. habrochaites and S. pennellii genetic background. These ILs can be used in tomato breeding programs to develop salt-tolerant tomatoes or as rootstocks in grafting techniques under saline irrigation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelrahim Mohamed Ali
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.M.A.); (W.B.R.); (M.A.-D.); (A.A.-D.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Walid Ben Romdhane
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.M.A.); (W.B.R.); (M.A.-D.); (A.A.-D.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Mohamed Tarroum
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 11451, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Al-Dakhil
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.M.A.); (W.B.R.); (M.A.-D.); (A.A.-D.); (A.A.A.)
- Natural Resources and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Doss
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.M.A.); (W.B.R.); (M.A.-D.); (A.A.-D.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Abdullah A. Alsadon
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.M.A.); (W.B.R.); (M.A.-D.); (A.A.-D.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Afif Hassairi
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.M.A.); (W.B.R.); (M.A.-D.); (A.A.-D.); (A.A.A.)
- Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
- Correspondence:
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Pabuayon ICM, Jiang J, Qian H, Chung JS, Shi H. Gain-of-function mutations of AtNHX1 suppress sos1 salt sensitivity and improve salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. STRESS BIOLOGY 2021; 1:14. [PMID: 37676545 PMCID: PMC10441915 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity severely hampers agricultural productivity. Under salt stress, excess Na+ accumulation causes cellular damage and plant growth retardation, and membrane Na+ transporters play central roles in Na+ uptake and exclusion to mitigate these adverse effects. In this study, we performed sos1 suppressor mutant (named sup) screening to uncover potential genetic interactors of SOS1 and additional salt tolerance mechanisms. Map-based cloning and sequencing identified a group of mutants harboring dominant gain-of-function mutations in the vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene AtNHX1. The gain-of-function variants of AtNHX1 showed enhanced transporter activities in yeast cells and increased salt tolerance in Arabidopsis wild type plants. Ion content measurements indicated that at the cellular level, these gain-of-function mutations resulted in increased cellular Na+ accumulation likely due to enhanced vacuolar Na+ sequestration. However, the gain-of-function suppressor mutants showed reduced shoot Na+ but increased root Na+ accumulation under salt stress, indicating a role of AtNHX1 in limiting Na+ translocation from root to shoot. We also identified another group of sos1 suppressors with loss-of-function mutations in the Na+ transporter gene AtHKT1. Loss-of-function mutations in AtHKT1 and gain-of-function mutations in AtNHX1 additively suppressed sos1 salt sensitivity, which indicates that the three transporters, SOS1, AtNHX1 and AtHKT1 function independently but coordinately in controlling Na+ homeostasis and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Our findings provide valuable information about the target amino acids in NHX1 for gene editing to improve salt tolerance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA
- Current address: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongjia Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA
| | - Jung-Sung Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA
- Current address: Department of Agronomy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Huazhong Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA.
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Jia Q, Li MW, Zheng C, Xu Y, Sun S, Li Z, Wong FL, Song J, Lin WW, Li Q, Zhu Y, Liang K, Lin W, Lam HM. The soybean plasma membrane-localized cation/H + exchanger GmCHX20a plays a negative role under salt stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:714-727. [PMID: 33094482 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cation/H+ -exchanger (CHX) perform diverse functions in plants, including being a part of the protective mechanisms to cope with salt stress. GmCHX1 has been previously identified as the causal gene in a major salt-tolerance quantitative trait locus (QTL) in soybean, but little is known about another close paralog, GmCHX20a, found in the same QTL. In this study, GmCHX20a was characterized along with GmCHX1. The expression patterns of the two genes and the direction of Na+ flux directed by overexpression of these two transporters are different, suggesting that they are functionally distinct. The ectopic expression of GmCHX20a led to an increase in salt sensitivity and osmotic tolerance, which was consistent with its role in increasing Na+ uptake into the root. Although this seems counter-intuitive, it may in fact be part of the mechanism by which soybean could counter act the effects of osmotic stress, which is commonly manifested in the initial stage of salinity stress. On the other hand, GmCHX1 from salt-tolerant soybean was shown to protect plants via Na+ exclusion under salt stress. Taken together these results suggest that GmCHX20a and GmCHX1 might work complementally through a concerted effort to address both osmotic stress and ionic stress as a result of elevated salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jia
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Wah Li
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chengwen Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiyue Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Song Sun
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fuk-Ling Wong
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junliang Song
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Putian Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Putian, China
| | - Yebao Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kangjing Liang
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Sun T, Ma N, Wang C, Fan H, Wang M, Zhang J, Cao J, Wang D. A Golgi-Localized Sodium/Hydrogen Exchanger Positively Regulates Salt Tolerance by Maintaining Higher K +/Na + Ratio in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:638340. [PMID: 33767722 PMCID: PMC7985447 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.638340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress caused by soil salinization, is one of the main factors that reduce soybean yield and quality. A large number of genes have been found to be involved in the regulation of salt tolerance. In this study, we characterized a soybean sodium/hydrogen exchanger gene GmNHX5 and revealed its functional mechanism involved in the salt tolerance process in soybean. GmNHX5 responded to salt stress at the transcription level in the salt stress-tolerant soybean plants, but not significantly changed in the salt-sensitive ones. GmNHX5 was located in the Golgi apparatus, and distributed in new leaves and vascular, and was induced by salt treatment. Overexpression of GmNHX5 improved the salt tolerance of hairy roots induced by soybean cotyledons, while the opposite was observed when GmNHX5 was knockout by CRISPR/Cas9. Soybean seedlings overexpressing GmNHX5 also showed an increased expression of GmSOS1, GmSKOR, and GmHKT1, higher K+/Na+ ratio, and higher viability when exposed to salt stress. Our findings provide an effective candidate gene for the cultivation of salt-tolerant germplasm resources and new clues for further understanding of the salt-tolerance mechanism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Nan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Caiqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Huifen Fan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Mengxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jinfeng Cao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Salt-Alkali Stress Tolerance Evaluation and Genetic Improvement, Cangzhou, China
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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10
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Lv S, Wang L, Zhang X, Li X, Fan L, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Xie H, Sawchuk MG, Scarpella E, Qiu QS. Arabidopsis NHX5 and NHX6 regulate PIN6-mediated auxin homeostasis and growth. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 255:153305. [PMID: 33129075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
NHX5 and NHX6, endosomal Na+,K+/H+ antiporters in Arabidopsis thaliana, play a vital role in growth and development. Our previous study has shown that NHX5 and NHX6 function as H+ leak to regulate auxin-mediated growth in Arabidopsis. In this report, we investigated the function of NHX5 and NHX6 in controlling PIN6-mediated auxin homeostasis and growth in Arabidopsis. Phenotypic analyses found that NHX5 and NHX6 were critical for the function of PIN6, an auxin transporter. We further showed that PIN6 depended on NHX5 and NHX6 in regulating auxin homeostasis. NHX5 and NHX6 were colocalized with PIN6, but they did not interact physically. The conserved acidic residues that are vital for the activity of NHX5 and NHX6 were critical for PIN6 function. Together, NHX5 and NHX6 may regulate PIN6 function by their transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Lv
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Lu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Ligang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Yanli Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Yingjia Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Huichun Xie
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Megan G Sawchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China.
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11
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Zhang X, Li Z, Li X, Xu Y, Xie H, Qiu QS. CBL3 and CIPK18 are required for the function of NHX5 and NHX6 in mediating Li + homeostasis in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 255:153295. [PMID: 33129077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis NHX5 and NHX6 are endosomal Na+,K+/H+ antiporters that function in mediating Na+, K+ and pH homeostasis. Here, we report that NHX5 and NHX6 mediate Li+ homeostasis in Arabidopsis. We found that the nhx5 nhx6 double mutant was defective in growth and had a high pale rate under Li+ stress; complementation with either NHX5 or NHX6 restored the growth of the double mutant under LiCl treatments. We further found that CBL3 and CIPK18 collaborate with NHX5 and NHX6 in controlling seedling growth. CBL3 and CIPK18 are involved in the NHX5- and NHX6-mediated response to Li+ stress but not to salt or low K+ stress. In addition, NHX5 and NHX6 coordinate NHX8, a plasma membrane antiporter, in mediating Li+ homeostasis. NHX8 may function differently from NHX5 and NHX6 in mediating Li+ homeostasis. NHX8 was not controlled by CBL3 and CIPK18. Overall, CBL3 and CIPK18 are required for the function of NHX5 and NHX6 in mediating Li+ homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhanchao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanli Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Huichun Xie
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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12
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Long L, Zhao JR, Guo DD, Ma XN, Xu FC, Yang WW, Gao W. Identification of NHXs in Gossypium species and the positive role of GhNHX1 in salt tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:147. [PMID: 32268879 PMCID: PMC7140369 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant Na+/H+ antiporters (NHXs) are membrane-localized proteins that maintain cellular Na+/K+ and pH homeostasis. Considerable evidence highlighted the critical roles of NHX family in plant development and salt response; however, NHXs in cotton are rarely studied. RESULTS The comprehensive and systematic comparative study of NHXs in three Gossypium species was performed. We identified 12, 12, and 23 putative NHX proteins from G. arboreum, G. raimondii, and G. hirsutum, respectively. Phylogenetic study revealed that repeated polyploidization of Gossypium spp. contributed to the expansion of NHX family. Gene structure analysis showed that cotton NHXs contain many introns, which will lead to alternative splicing and help plants to adapt to high salt concentrations in soil. The expression changes of NHXs indicate the possible differences in the roles of distinct NHXs in salt response. GhNHX1 was proved to be located in the vacuolar system and intensively induced by salt stress in cotton. Silencing of GhNHX1 resulted in enhanced sensitivity of cotton seedlings to high salt concentrations, which suggests that GhNHX1 positively regulates cotton tolerance to salt stress. CONCLUSION We characterized the gene structure, phylogenetic relationship, chromosomal location, and expression pattern of NHX genes from G. arboreum, G. raimondii, and G. hirsutum. Our findings indicated that the cotton NHX genes are regulated meticulously and differently at the transcription level with possible alternative splicing. The tolerance of plants to salt stress may rely on the expression level of a particular NHX, rather than the number of NHXs in the genome. This study could provide significant insights into the function of plant NHXs, as well as propose promising candidate genes for breeding salt-resistant cotton cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan P. R. China
| | - Jing-Ruo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Nan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan P. R. China
| | - Fu-Chun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan P. R. China
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13
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Zhu J, Ren Y, Wang Y, Liu F, Teng X, Zhang Y, Duan E, Wu M, Zhong M, Hao Y, Zhu X, Lei J, Wang Y, Yu Y, Pan T, Bao Y, Wang Y, Wan J. OsNHX5-mediated pH homeostasis is required for post-Golgi trafficking of seed storage proteins in rice endosperm cells. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:295. [PMID: 31277576 PMCID: PMC6612104 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the major storage protein in rice seeds, glutelins are synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as proglutelins and transported to protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) called PBIIs (Protein body IIs), where they are cleaved into mature forms by the vacuolar processing enzymes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying glutelin trafficking are largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, we report a rice mutant, named glutelin precursor accumulation6 (gpa6), which abnormally accumulates massive proglutelins. Cytological analyses revealed that in gpa6 endosperm cells, proglutelins were mis-sorted, leading to the presence of dense vesicles (DVs) and the formation paramural bodies (PMBs) at the apoplast, consequently, smaller PBII were observed. Mutated gene in gpa6 was found to encode a Na+/H+ antiporter, OsNHX5. OsNHX5 is expressed in all tissues analyzed, and its expression level is much higher than its closest paralog OsNHX6. The OsNHX5 protein colocalizes to the Golgi, the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the pre-vacuolar compartment (PVC) in tobacco leaf epidermal cells. In vivo pH measurements indicated that the lumens of Golgi, TGN and PVC became more acidic in gpa6. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated an important role of OsNHX5 in regulating endomembrane luminal pH, which is essential for seed storage protein trafficking in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yuanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Erchao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Mingming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Mingsheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yuanyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xiaopin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jie Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yongfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yanfang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Tian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yiqun Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
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14
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Flowers TJ, Glenn EP, Volkov V. Could vesicular transport of Na+ and Cl- be a feature of salt tolerance in halophytes? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1-18. [PMID: 30247507 PMCID: PMC6344095 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Halophytes tolerate external salt concentrations of 200 mm and more, accumulating salt concentrations of 500 mm and more in their shoots; some, recretohalophytes, excrete salt through glands on their leaves. Ions are accumulated in central vacuoles, but the pathway taken by these ions from the outside of the roots to the vacuoles inside the cells is poorly understood. Do the ions cross membranes through ion channels and transporters or move in vesicles, or both? Vesicular transport from the plasma membrane to the vacuole would explain how halophytes avoid the toxicity of high salt concentrations on metabolism. There is also a role for vesicles in the export of ions via salt glands. Scope and Methods We have collected data on the fluxes of sodium and chloride ions in halophytes, based on the weight of the transporting organs and on the membrane area across which the flux occurs; the latter range from 17 nmol m-2 s-1 to 4.2 μmol m-2 s-1 and values up to 1 μmol m-2 s-1 need to be consistent with whatever transport system is in operation. We have summarized the sizes and rates of turnover of vesicles in plants, where clathrin-independent vesicles are 100 nm or more in diameter and can merge with the plasma membrane at rates of 100 s-1. We gathered evidence for vesicular transport of ions in halophytes and evaluated whether vesicular transport could account for the observable fluxes. Conclusions There is strong evidence in favour of vesicular transport in plants and circumstantial evidence in favour of the movement of ions in vesicles. Estimated rates of vesicle turnover could account for ion transport at the lower reported fluxes (around 20 nmol m-2 s-1), but the higher fluxes may require vesicles of the order of 1 μm or more in diameter. The very high fluxes reported in some salt glands might be an artefact of the way they were measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Flowers
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Edward P Glenn
- Environmental Research Laboratory of the University of Arizona, 1601 East, Airport Drive, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Vadim Volkov
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London N7, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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15
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Zhu X, Pan T, Zhang X, Fan L, Quintero FJ, Zhao H, Su X, Li X, Villalta I, Mendoza I, Shen J, Jiang L, Pardo JM, Qiu QS. K + Efflux Antiporters 4, 5, and 6 Mediate pH and K + Homeostasis in Endomembrane Compartments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1657-1678. [PMID: 30309966 PMCID: PMC6288736 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
KEA4, KEA5, and KEA6 are members of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) K+ efflux antiporter (KEA) family that share high sequence similarity but whose function remains unknown. Here, we show their gene expression pattern, subcellular localization, and physiological function in Arabidopsis. KEA4, KEA5, and KEA6 had similar tissue expression patterns, and the three KEA proteins localized to the Golgi, the trans-Golgi network, and the prevacuolar compartment/multivesicular bodies, suggesting overlapping roles of these proteins in the endomembrane system. Phenotypic analyses of single, double, and triple mutants confirmed functional redundancy. The triple mutant kea4 kea5 kea6 had small rosettes, short seedlings, and was sensitive to low K+ availability and to the sodicity imposed by high salinity. Also, the kea4 kea5 kea6 mutant plants had a reduced luminal pH in the Golgi, trans-Golgi network, prevacuolar compartment, and vacuole, in accordance with the K/H exchange activity of KEA proteins. Genetic analysis indicated that KEA4, KEA5, and KEA6 as well as endosomal Na+/H+exchanger5 (NHX5) and NHX6 acted coordinately to facilitate endosomal pH homeostasis and salt tolerance. Neither cancelling nor overexpressing the vacuolar antiporters NHX1 and NHX2 in the kea4 kea5 kea6 mutant background altered the salt-sensitive phenotype. The NHX1 and NHX2 proteins in the kea4 kea5 kea6 mutant background could not suppress the acidity of the endomembrane system but brought the vacuolar pH close to wild-type values. Together, these data signify that KEA4, KEA5, and KEA6 are endosomal K+ transporters functioning in maintaining pH and ion homeostasis in the endomembrane network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China 730000
| | - Ting Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China 730000
| | - Xiao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China 730000
| | - Ligang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China 730000
| | - Francisco J Quintero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Hong Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China 730000
| | - Xiaomeng Su
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China 730000
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China 730000
| | - Irene Villalta
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Imelda Mendoza
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Jinbo Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jose M Pardo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China 730000
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16
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Fan L, Zhao L, Hu W, Li W, Novák O, Strnad M, Simon S, Friml J, Shen J, Jiang L, Qiu QS. Na + ,K + /H + antiporters regulate the pH of endoplasmic reticulum and auxin-mediated development. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:850-864. [PMID: 29360148 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 are endosomal Na+ ,K+ /H+ antiporters that are critical for growth and development in Arabidopsis, but the mechanism behind their action remains unknown. Here, we report that AtNHX5 and AtNHX6, functioning as H+ leak, control auxin homeostasis and auxin-mediated development. We found that nhx5 nhx6 exhibited growth variations of auxin-related defects. We further showed that nhx5 nhx6 was affected in auxin homeostasis. Genetic analysis showed that AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 were required for the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized auxin transporter PIN5. Although AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 were colocalized with PIN5 at ER, they did not interact directly. Instead, the conserved acidic residues in AtNHX5 and AtNHX6, which are essential for exchange activity, were required for PIN5 function. AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 regulated the pH in ER. Overall, AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 may regulate auxin transport across the ER via the pH gradient created by their transport activity. H+ -leak pathway provides a fine-tuning mechanism that controls cellular auxin fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Wei Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Weina Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sibu Simon
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jinbo Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
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17
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Pan T, Liu Y, Su X, An L, Qiu QS. Domain-switch analysis of PeNHX3 from Populus euphratica reveals the critical role of the transmembrane domain 11 in Na + and Li + transport. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 219:1-11. [PMID: 28946051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Populus euphratica, the well-known tree halophyte, tolerates the stress of high levels of salt. We previously showed that the transmembrane domain 11 (TM11) of PeNHX3, a Na+,K+/H+ antiporter from P. euphratica, was crucial for Na+ and Li+ transport in a yeast growth assay. Here, we examined the role of TM11 in catalyzing Na+ and Li+ transport in transgenic Arabidopsis. We found that PeNHX3 localized to the tonoplasts in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of PeNHX3 in Arabidopsis improved seedling growth and enhanced salt tolerance and Li+ detoxification. However, overexpression of PeNHX3 did not improve Arabidopsis growth at KCl concentrations higher than 0.1mM, suggesting a low K+ transport activity for PeNHX3 in plants. We performed in planta domain-switch analysis by replacing the C-terminal domain of AtNHX1 with a C-terminal segment of PeNHX3 containing the TM11 domain. We demonstrated that TM11 was critical for the Na+ and Li+ transport activities by PeNHX3. Taken together, PeNHX3 plays an important role in salt tolerance and Li+ detoxification in plants. TM11 controls the Na+ and Li+ transport activities of PeNHX3 in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Yafen Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Xiaomeng Su
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Lizhe An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China.
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Assaha DVM, Ueda A, Saneoka H, Al-Yahyai R, Yaish MW. The Role of Na + and K + Transporters in Salt Stress Adaptation in Glycophytes. Front Physiol 2017; 8:509. [PMID: 28769821 PMCID: PMC5513949 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic stress is one of the most important components of salinity and is brought about by excess Na+ accumulation, especially in the aerial parts of plants. Since Na+ interferes with K+ homeostasis, and especially given its involvement in numerous metabolic processes, maintaining a balanced cytosolic Na+/K+ ratio has become a key salinity tolerance mechanism. Achieving this homeostatic balance requires the activity of Na+ and K+ transporters and/or channels. The mechanism of Na+ and K+ uptake and translocation in glycophytes and halophytes is essentially the same, but glycophytes are more susceptible to ionic stress than halophytes. The transport mechanisms involve Na+ and/or K+ transporters and channels as well as non-selective cation channels. Thus, the question arises of whether the difference in salt tolerance between glycophytes and halophytes could be the result of differences in the proteins or in the expression of genes coding the transporters. The aim of this review is to seek answers to this question by examining the role of major Na+ and K+ transporters and channels in Na+ and K+ uptake, translocation and intracellular homeostasis in glycophytes. It turns out that these transporters and channels are equally important for the adaptation of glycophytes as they are for halophytes, but differential gene expression, structural differences in the proteins (single nucleotide substitutions, impacting affinity) and post-translational modifications (phosphorylation) account for the differences in their activity and hence the differences in tolerance between the two groups. Furthermore, lack of the ability to maintain stable plasma membrane (PM) potentials following Na+-induced depolarization is also crucial for salt stress tolerance. This stable membrane potential is sustained by the activity of Na+/H+ antiporters such as SOS1 at the PM. Moreover, novel regulators of Na+ and K+ transport pathways including the Nax1 and Nax2 loci regulation of SOS1 expression and activity in the stele, and haem oxygenase involvement in stabilizing membrane potential by activating H+-ATPase activity, favorable for K+ uptake through HAK/AKT1, have been shown and are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekoum V. M. Assaha
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos UniversityMuscat, Oman
| | - Akihiro Ueda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Saneoka
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
| | - Rashid Al-Yahyai
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos UniversityMuscat, Oman
| | - Mahmoud W. Yaish
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos UniversityMuscat, Oman
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Qiu QS. AtNHX5 and AtNHX6: Roles in protein transport. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1184810. [PMID: 27175802 PMCID: PMC4973783 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1184810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
AtNHX5 and AtNHX6, endosomal Na(+),K(+)/H(+) antiporters in Arabidopsis, are localized in the Golgi, trans-Golgi network, and prevacuolear compartment. It becomes evident that AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 play an important role in protein transport toward the vacuole. Studies have shown that AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 regulate the transport of seed storage proteins as well as the biogenesis of the protein storage vacuoles. Three distinct mechanisms have been revealed for the roles of AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 in protein transport. AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 control: (i) the binding of VSR to its cargoes; (ii) the recycling of VSRs; and (iii) subcellular localization of the SNARE complex. Moreover, it has been found that the endosomal pH homeostasis maintained by AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 is critical for the transport of seed storage proteins. Taken together, AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 regulate the trafficking of seed storage proteins into the vacuole; the H(+) leak pathway conducted by AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 is critical for protein transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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