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Wang M, Chen Y, Li S, Yu J, Yang L, Hong L. Widely Targeted Metabolomic Analysis Provides New Insights into the Effect of Rootstocks on Citrus Fruit Quality. Metabolites 2024; 14:242. [PMID: 38668370 PMCID: PMC11052146 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of different rootstocks has a significant effect on the content of flavor components and overall fruit quality. However, little information is available about the metabolic basis of the nutritional value of citrus plants. In this study, UPLC-MS/MS (ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) was performed to analyze the metabolites of three late-maturing hybrid mandarin varieties ('Gold Nugget', 'Tango' and 'Orah') grafted on four rootstocks ('Trifoliate orange', 'Carrizo citrange', 'Red tangerine' and 'Ziyang Xiangcheng'). A total of 1006 metabolites were identified through OPLS-DA (Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis) analysis. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis revealed the most critical pathways among the different pathways associated with genes grafted on the four rootstocks that were differentially activated, including tryptophan metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism in 'Gold Nugget'; tryptophan metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and sphingolipid metabolism in 'Tango'; and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis- and photosynthesis-related biosynthesis in 'Orah'. A considerable difference between the different rootstocks was also observed in the accumulation of lipids, phenolic acids and flavonoids; further analysis revealed that the rootstocks regulated specific metabolites, including deacetylnomylinic acid, sudachinoid A, amoenin evodol, rutaevin, cyclo (phenylalanine-glutamic acid), cyclo (proline-phenylalanine), 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid, and 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid. The results of this study provide a useful foundation for further investigation of rootstock selection for late-maturation hybrid mandarin varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Fruit Tree Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China; (M.W.); (S.L.); (J.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Utilization for Special Crops Germplasm Resource in the Southwest Mountains, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China;
| | - Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Utilization for Special Crops Germplasm Resource in the Southwest Mountains, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China;
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Fruit Tree Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China; (M.W.); (S.L.); (J.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Utilization for Special Crops Germplasm Resource in the Southwest Mountains, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China;
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Fruit Tree Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China; (M.W.); (S.L.); (J.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Utilization for Special Crops Germplasm Resource in the Southwest Mountains, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China;
| | - Lei Yang
- Fruit Tree Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China; (M.W.); (S.L.); (J.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Utilization for Special Crops Germplasm Resource in the Southwest Mountains, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China;
| | - Lin Hong
- Fruit Tree Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China; (M.W.); (S.L.); (J.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Utilization for Special Crops Germplasm Resource in the Southwest Mountains, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China;
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Advances in Plant Metabolomics and Its Applications in Stress and Single-Cell Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136985. [PMID: 35805979 PMCID: PMC9266571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, the post-genomic era envisaged high-throughput technologies, resulting in more species with available genome sequences. In-depth multi-omics approaches have evolved to integrate cellular processes at various levels into a systems biology knowledge base. Metabolomics plays a crucial role in molecular networking to bridge the gaps between genotypes and phenotypes. However, the greater complexity of metabolites with diverse chemical and physical properties has limited the advances in plant metabolomics. For several years, applications of liquid/gas chromatography (LC/GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been constantly developed. Recently, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)-MS has shown utility in resolving isomeric and isobaric metabolites. Both MS and NMR combined metabolomics significantly increased the identification and quantification of metabolites in an untargeted and targeted manner. Thus, hyphenated metabolomics tools will narrow the gap between the number of metabolite features and the identified metabolites. Metabolites change in response to environmental conditions, including biotic and abiotic stress factors. The spatial distribution of metabolites across different organs, tissues, cells and cellular compartments is a trending research area in metabolomics. Herein, we review recent technological advancements in metabolomics and their applications in understanding plant stress biology and different levels of spatial organization. In addition, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in multiple stress interactions, multi-omics, and single-cell metabolomics.
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Jones SE, Killiny N. Influence of Rootstock on the Leaf Volatile Organic Compounds of Citrus Scion Is More Pronounced after the Infestation with Diaphorina citri. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112422. [PMID: 34834785 PMCID: PMC8623621 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, citrus greening or Huanglongbing is considered the most destructive disease in the citrus industry worldwide. In the Americas and Asia, the disease is caused by the putative pathogen, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and transmitted by the psyllid vector, Diaphorina citri. It has been shown that volatile organic compounds (VOC) that are released from citrus leaves attract the psyllid vector. Herein, we tested whether the rootstock influenced the stored VOC profile in the scion leaves and if these influences were altered after infestation with D. citri. The VOC profiles of the hexane-extracted leaves of the mandarin hybrid ‘Sugar Belle’ that were grafted on three different rootstocks (C-35, sour orange (SO), and US-897) with and without infestation with D. citri were studied. The GC-MS analysis showed that the scion VOC profiles of the non-infested control trees were similar to each other, and rootstock was not a strong influence. However, after one month of infestation with D. citri, clear differences in the scion VOC profiles appeared that were rootstock dependent. Although the total scion leaf VOC content did not differ between the three rootstocks, the infestation increased scion monoterpenes significantly on US-897 and C-35 rootstock, increased terpene alcohols on US-897 and SO rootstock, and increased sesquiterpenes on SO. Infestation with D. citri significantly reduced fatty acids and fatty acid esters across all of the rootstocks. Therefore, our results suggest that rootstock choice could influence scions with an inducible volatile defense by enhancing the amounts of VOCs that are available for repelling vectors or for signaling to their natural enemies or parasitoids. According to this study, US-897 may be the best choice among the three that were studied herein, due to its diverse and robust VOC defense response to infestation with D. citri.
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Dong T, Xiong B, Huang S, Liao L, Qiu X, Sun G, He Y, Duan C, Wang X, Zhang X, Li S, Zhu J, Wang Z. Investigation of the cause of reduced sugar content in Kiyomi tangor fruit of Ziyang xiangcheng (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) rootstock. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19263. [PMID: 31848437 PMCID: PMC6917820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ziyang xiangcheng (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) (Cj) rootstock is effective in Citrus production; however, when Cj rootstock was used, sugar content in Kiyomi tangor fruit was significantly lower than that in the fruit produced using Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. rootstock (Pt). Therefore, using K. tangor, we explored the cause of this difference, determining sugar accumulation, sucrose-metabolism enzyme activities, and gene expression. Before ripening, sugar content in fruits with Cj rootstock was significantly lower than that in fruits with Pt rootstock, due to low fructose and sucrose content. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity of Pt was higher than that of Cj in the early growth stage (at 90–210 days after anthesis), however it was opposite at 240–300 days after anthesis. Additionally, neutral invertase (NI) activity of Pt was higher than that of Cj. Gene expression in Pt was higher than that in Cj, but is was essentially the same at maturity. SPS and NI activities and CitSPS1 expression were positively correlated with sucrose, fructose, and glucose content, but CSCW1 expression was negatively correlated with the sugars. Overall, the weak flavour of K. tangor fruit with Cj rootstock was regulated by the sucrose metabolism-related enzymes and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Dong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengjia Huang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Liao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Qiu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guochao Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunzhenzi He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Changwen Duan
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Sichen Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Sichuan Horticultural Crop Extension Station, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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