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Marroquin A, Holmes K, Salazar D. Soil salinization and chemically mediated plant-insect interactions in a changing climate. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 60:101130. [PMID: 37839579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Increase in soil salinization due to climate change is a global phenomenon that can induce significant changes in plant growth, physiology, and chemistry, exacerbating growing threats to insect biodiversity. Insects that rely on plants are likely to be indirectly impacted by changes in soil salt content through changes in plant chemistry, yet few studies link changes in plant metabolism to impacts on higher trophic levels. Some salinity-mediated changes in specialized metabolites may be predictable due to highly conserved metabolic pathways shared between herbivore defense and stress resistance, but recent studies also suggest substantial variation across plant species and habitats. To date, most of the research on salinity and chemically mediated plant-insect interactions has focused on herbivores, particularly in agricultural systems. Published effects of salinity on pollinators and parasitoids are scarce. Future research will need to focus more on the role of plant chemistry to bridge the divide between studies of plant and insect responses to salinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marroquin
- Florida International University, International Center of Tropical Botany, Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Katherine Holmes
- Florida International University, International Center of Tropical Botany, Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Diego Salazar
- Binghamton University, Department of Integrative Biology, Binghamton, NY, USA
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Zhu JN, Yu YJ, Dai MD, Zeng YL, Lu XJ, Wang L, Liu XH, Su ZZ, Lin FC. A New Species in Pseudophialophora From Wild Rice and Beneficial Potential. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845104. [PMID: 35359723 PMCID: PMC8963453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild rice (Oryza granulata) is a natural resource pool containing abundant unknown endophytic fungi species. There are few reports on the endophytic fungi in wild rice. Here, one isolate recovered from wild rice roots was identified as a new species Pseudophialophora oryzae sp. nov based on the molecular phylogeny and morphological characteristics. Fluorescent protein-expressing P. oryzae was used to monitor the fungal colonization pattern. Hyphae invaded the epidermis to the inner cortex but not into the root stele. The inoculation of P. oryzae promoted the rice growth, with the growth parameters of chlorophyll content, shoot height, root length, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight and dry weight increasing by 24.10, 35.32, 19.35, 90.00, 33.3, and 79.17%, respectively. P. oryzae induced up-regulation of nitrate transporter OsPTR9 and potassium transporter OsHAK16 by 7.28 ± 0.84 and 2.57 ± 0.80 folds, promoting nitrogen and potassium elements absorption. In addition, P. oryzae also conferred a systemic resistance against rice blast, showing a 72.65 and 75.63% control rate in sterile plates and potting conditions. This systemic resistance was mediated by the strongly up-regulated expression of resistance-related genes NAC, OsSAUR2, OsWRKY71, EL5, and PR1α. Since P. oryzae can promote rice growth, biomass and induce systemic disease resistance, it can be further developed as a new biogenic agent for agricultural production, providing a new approach for biocontrol of rice blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Nan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Jun Yu
- Department of Agriculture and Rural of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Di Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Lan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuan-Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Zhu Su
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen-Zhu Su,
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Fu-Cheng Lin,
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Glucosinolate Biosynthesis and the Glucosinolate–Myrosinase System in Plant Defense. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insect pests represent a major global challenge to important agricultural crops. Insecticides are often applied to combat such pests, but their use has caused additional challenges such as environmental contamination and human health issues. Over millions of years, plants have evolved natural defense mechanisms to overcome insect pests and pathogens. One such mechanism is the production of natural repellents or specialized metabolites like glucosinolates. There are three types of glucosinolates produced in the order Brassicales: aliphatic, indole, and benzenic glucosinolates. Upon insect herbivory, a “mustard oil bomb” consisting of glucosinolates and their hydrolyzing enzymes (myrosinases) is triggered to release toxic degradation products that act as insect deterrents. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of glucosinolate biosynthesis, the “mustard oil bomb”, and how these metabolites function in plant defense against pathogens and insects. Understanding these defense mechanisms will not only allow us to harness the benefits of this group of natural metabolites for enhancing pest control in Brassicales crops but also to transfer the “mustard oil bomb” to non-glucosinolate producing crops to boost their defense and thereby reduce the use of chemical pesticides.
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