1
|
Calhoun DM, Curtis J, Hassan C, Johnson PTJ. Putting infection on the map: Using heatmaps to characterise within- and between-host distributions of trematode metacercariae. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e84. [PMID: 37945271 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x2300069x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The location of parasites within individual hosts is often treated as a static trait, yet many parasite species can occur in multiple locations or organs within their hosts. Here, we apply distributional heat maps to study the within- and between-host infection patterns for four trematodes (Alaria marcianae, Cephalogonimus americanus, Echinostoma spp. and Ribeiroia ondatrae) within the amphibian hosts Pseudacris regilla and two species of Taricha. We developed heatmaps from 71 individual hosts from six locations in California, which illustrate stark differences among parasites both in their primary locations within amphibian hosts as well as their degree of location specificity. While metacercariae (i.e., cysts) of two parasites (C. americanus and A. marcianae) were relative generalists in habitat selection and often occurred throughout the host, two others (R. ondatrae and Echinostoma spp.) were highly localised to a specific organ or organ system. Comparing parasite distributions among these parasite taxa highlighted locations of overlap showing potential areas of interactions, such as the mandibular inner dermis region, chest and throat inner dermis and the tail reabsorption outer epidermis. Additionally, the within-host distribution of R. ondatrae differed between host species, with metacercariae aggregating in the anterior dermis areas of newts, compared with the posterior dermis area in frogs. The ability to measure fine-scale changes or alterations in parasite distributions has the potential to provide further insight about ecological questions concerning habitat preference, resource selection, host pathology and disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Calhoun
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122 CB334, BoulderCO80309, USA
| | - Jamie Curtis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122 CB334, BoulderCO80309, USA
| | - Clara Hassan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122 CB334, BoulderCO80309, USA
| | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122 CB334, BoulderCO80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Buron I, Hill-Spanik KM, Baker T, Fignar G, Broach J. Infection of Atlantic tripletail Lobotes surinamensis (Teleostei: Lobotidae) by brain metacercariae Cardiocephaloides medioconiger (Digenea: Strigeidae). PeerJ 2023; 11:e15365. [PMID: 37214094 PMCID: PMC10194066 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Three juvenile Atlantic tripletail Lobotes surinamensis caught opportunistically in Charleston Harbor (South Carolina, USA) and maintained in captivity for over three months displayed an altered swimming behavior. While no direct causation can be demonstrated herein, fish were infected in their brain by strigeid trematode larvae (metacercariae) of Cardiocephaloides medioconiger, which were identified via ITS2 and 28S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Histology showed nonencysted metacercariae within the brain ventricle between the optic tectum and tegmentum, causing distortion of tegmental parenchyma. Aggregates of mononuclear inflammatory cells were in the ventricle adjacent to metacercariae. Metacercarial infection by Cardiocephaloides medioconiger has been reported from the brain and eyes of only two other fish species from the northern US Atlantic coast: the grey mullet Mugil cephalus and silverside Menidia menidia, but this identification is problematic and needs molecular verification. Atlantic tripletail is a new report as a second intermediate host for C. medioconiger and South Carolina is a new locality. Cardiocephaloides species in general have a low host specificity and infection by C. medioconiger could propagate to other fishes and affect neighboring natural ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaure de Buron
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | | | - Tiffany Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Fignar
- Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Jason Broach
- Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pelegrini LS, Leite LAR, Gião T, Bueno RMR, Serrano TD, da Silva RJ, da Azevedo RK, Abdallah VD. Diversity, similarity, and host–parasite relationships in parasitic infracommunities of Hypostomus spp. from the Tietê-Batalha river basin, southeastern Brazil. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2020.1870033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas A. R. Leite
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Thayana Gião
- Pró-reitoria de Pesquisa e pós-graduação, Centro Universitário do Sagrado Coração (UNISAGRADO), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Regiane M. R. Bueno
- Pró-reitoria de Pesquisa e pós-graduação, Centro Universitário do Sagrado Coração (UNISAGRADO), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Thaissa D. Serrano
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Brazil
| | | | - Rodney K. da Azevedo
- Programa de pós-graduação em Análise de Sistemas Ambientais, Centro Universitário CESMAC, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Vanessa D. Abdallah
- Programa de pós-graduação em Análise de Sistemas Ambientais, Centro Universitário CESMAC, Maceió, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stumbo A, Poulin R, Ruehle B. Altered neuronal activity in the visual processing region of eye-fluke-infected fish. Parasitology 2021; 148:115-121. [PMID: 33059785 PMCID: PMC11010201 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fish, like most vertebrates, are dependent on vision to varying degrees for a variety of behaviours such as predator avoidance and foraging. Disruption of this key sensory system therefore should have some impact on the ability of fish to execute these tasks. Eye-flukes, such as Tylodelphys darbyi, often infect fish where they are known to inflict varying degrees of visual impairment. In New Zealand, T. darbyi infects the eyes of Gobiomorphus cotidianus, a freshwater fish, where it resides in the vitreous chamber between the lens and retina. Here, we investigate whether the presence of the parasite in the eye has an impact on neuronal information transfer using the c-Fos gene as a proxy for neuron activation. We hypothesized that the parasite would reduce visual information entering the eye and therefore result in lower c-Fos expression. Interestingly, however, c-Fos expression increased with T. darbyi intensity when fish were exposed to flashes of light. Our results suggest a mechanism for parasite-induced visual disruption when no obvious pathology is caused by infection. The more T. darbyi present the more visual stimuli the fish is presented with, and as such may experience difficulties in distinguishing various features of its external environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Stumbo
- Otago Museum, 419 Great King St., Dunedin9016, New Zealand
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King St., Dunedin9016, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King St., Dunedin9016, New Zealand
| | - Brandon Ruehle
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King St., Dunedin9016, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Souza DCDM, Santos MCD, Chagas EC. Immune response of teleost fish to helminth parasite infection. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2019; 28:533-547. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Fish immune systems have become the subject of several studies due to the growing development of aquaculture and fisheries, and the demand for healthy produce for human consumption. Among the parasites responsible for diseases in fish farming, helminths stand out because they cause infections in farmed fish and decrease food conversion, zootechnical performance and meat quality. In the present review, the components that participate in the innate and adaptive immune responses of teleost fish that have so far been described are presented in order to summarize the defenses that these hosts have recourse to, in combating different groups of helminth parasites.
Collapse
|
6
|
Molecular and morphological characterisation of four diplostomid metacercariae infecting Tilapia sparrmanii (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in the North West Province, South Africa. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1403-1416. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Chaudhary A, Tripathi R, Gupta S, Shanker Singh H. First report on molecular evidence of Tylodelphys cerebralis (Diplostomulum cerebralis) Chakrabarti, 1968 (Digenea: Diplostomidae) from snakehead fish Channa punctata. Acta Parasitol 2017; 62:386-392. [PMID: 28426418 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2017-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater snakehead fish, Channa punctata (Perciformes: Channidae) from Meerut (U.P.), India were screened for infection with metacercaria from the eye (vitreous humor) and brain (cranial cavity) and were analyzed by molecular methods using PCR and sequencing of the complete internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of the ribosomal RNA gene. Recovered metacercariae from sites, vitreous humor and cranial cavity were previously diagnosed as Diplostomulum cerebralis Chakrabarti, 1968 on the basis of morphological characteristics. A combination of molecular methods in this study depicts that this is a species of genus Tylodelphys Diesing, 1850 which was misinterpreted as Diplostomulum. Hence, in this study, we validated the status of T. cerebralis (=D. cerebralis) after 49 years from its original description. The present work might contribute to expand our knowledge for identification, biodiversity and taxonomy of diplostomids in Indian fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Chaudhary
- Molecular Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut (U.P.)
| | - Richa Tripathi
- Molecular Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut (U.P.)
| | - Shivi Gupta
- Molecular Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut (U.P.)
| | - Hridaya Shanker Singh
- Molecular Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut (U.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Griffin SL, Carpenter N, Smith-Herron A, Herrmann KK. Microhabitat Selection and Eyefluke Infection Levels in the Western Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). J Parasitol 2017; 103:1-5. [DOI: 10.1645/16-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shane L. Griffin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Box T-0100, Stephenville, Texas 76402
| | - Nichole Carpenter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Box T-0100, Stephenville, Texas 76402
| | - Autumn Smith-Herron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Box T-0100, Stephenville, Texas 76402
| | - Kristin K. Herrmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Box T-0100, Stephenville, Texas 76402
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Possible mechanism of host manipulation resulting from a diel behaviour pattern of eye-dwelling parasites? Parasitology 2016; 143:1261-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYParasitic infection often results in alterations to the host's phenotype, and may modify selection pressures for host populations. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying these changes is essential to understand the evolution of host–parasite interactions. A variety of mechanisms may result in changes in the host's behavioural phenotype, ranging from simple by-products of infection to chemicals directly released by the parasite to alter behaviour. Another possibility may involve parasites freely moving to certain sites within tissues, at specific times of the day to induce behavioural changes in the host. We tested the hypothesis that parasites shift to certain sites within the host by quantifying the location and activity of the trematode Tylodelphys sp., whose mobile metacercarial stages remain unencysted in the eyes of the second intermediate fish host, the common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus). This parasite's definitive host is a piscivorous bird feeding exclusively during daytime. Ocular obstruction and metacercarial activity were assessed within the sedated host's eye at three time points 24 h−1 period, using video captured via an ophthalmoscope. Although observed metacercarial activity did not change between time periods, ocular obstruction was significantly reduced at night. Increased visual obstruction specifically during the foraging time of the parasite's definitive host strongly suggests that the parasite's activity pattern is adaptive.
Collapse
|