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Metzinger A, Meyer LCR, Buss P, Hooijberg EH, Huber N, Viljoen FP, Leiberich M, Pohlin F. Dehorning Does Not Alter the Stress Response in Southern White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) during Transport: A Preliminary Investigation. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:490-495. [PMID: 38314875 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Translocation and dehorning are common and important practices for rhinoceros management and conservation. It is not known if dehorning causes a stress response or negatively affects rhinoceroses during transport. Twenty-three subadult wild Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) bulls were immobilized and translocated >280 km for population management reasons. Ten animals were dehorned at capture, and 13 animals were transported without dehorning. For transport, five dehorned and six nondehorned rhinoceroses were sedated with azaperone (62.38±9.54 μg/kg) and five dehorned and seven nondehorned rhinoceroses with midazolam (64.61±9.28 μg/kg). Blood samples were collected at capture, start of transport, and after 6 h of transport. Measurements included 10 physiologic variables: hematocrit, total serum protein, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatinine, urea, cholesterol, β-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose; and four stress response variables: cortisol, epinephrine, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and leukocyte coping capacity. Using a linear mixed model, CK and GGT were higher in dehorned compared with nondehorned rhinoceroses. There were no significant differences in the other variables between the two groups. The likely cause of these differences is that dehorned animals spent more time in the crate before the start of transport than nondehorned rhinoceroses (3:11±0:54 h vs. 1:12±0:56 h, P<0.001). These results indicate that dehorning does not negatively alter the white rhinoceros' physiologic and stress responses during translocation, supporting its use for antipoaching measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Metzinger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, Vienna 1160, Austria
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Leith C R Meyer
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Peter Buss
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, PO Box 122, Skukuza 1350, South Africa
| | - Emma H Hooijberg
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Nikolaus Huber
- Unit for Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute for Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Francois P Viljoen
- Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Marion Leiberich
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Friederike Pohlin
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, Vienna 1160, Austria
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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Gent R, Barbier ID, Atkin SL, Newell-Fugate AE, Swart AC. Ultra-performance convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones in southern white rhinoceros(Ceratotherium simum simum) faeces and serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1215:123576. [PMID: 36529070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormone analysis is routinely undertaken in the assessment of stress response and reproductive function in the management of both captive and free-ranging wildlife species. Faecal samples have become the preferred sample type for analysis as collection is non-invasive and easily assessable. These investigations are generally aimed at aiding successful translocations, enhanced survival outcomes in captivity and improvement of reproductive rate. Immunoassays are the most common approach in the analysis of hormones, particularly in the case of the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum). Non-specificity, attributed to structural similarity of steroid metabolites impedes accurate evaluations which can be eliminated by chromatographic techniques which are more specific, selective and provide comprehensive analyses. This study developed and validated three methods using ultra-performance convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the assessment of classical androgens, progestogens and adrenal steroids, as well as the C11-oxy androgens and C11-oxy progestogens in serum and faeces from white rhinoceros. The limit of detection and quantification were determined for each steroid, parameters such as accuracy (<19.8 % RSD) and precision (<20.2 % RSD) were established with recovery, matrix effect, and process efficiency within acceptable limits. Subsequent analysis of serum and faecal samples from five white rhinoceros identified novel steroids for the first time in this species. In addition to the classical adrenal steroids, the following C11-oxy steroids were detected in faecal samples: 11α-hydroxydihydroprogesterone (168 ng/g), 11α-hydroxyprogesterone (125.9 ng/g), 11β-hydroxyprogesterone (210.2 ng/g) and 11-ketoandrostenedione (3.3-19.6 ng/g) with 11-deoxycortisol being the major glucocorticoid (24.2-67.3 ng/g) together with 21-deoxycortisone (40.7 ng/g) and deoxycorticosterone (7.6-14.6 ng/g). In serum samples 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (0.35-2.34 ng/mL) and 11β-hydroxytestosterone (0.18-1.62 ng/mL) were the predominant androgens with cortisol (5.8-20.5 ng/mL), the predominant glucocorticoid, while corticosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone were also detected. These methods can be applied independently to assess either androgens, progestogens, or adrenal steroid panels or in combination to assess the cohort of gonadal and adrenal steroids in faeces and/or serum, in southern white rhinoceros as well as other wildlife species. Analysis would enable the accurate assessment of reproductive health and stress responses while also distinguishing between stress and distress thus contributing to the conservation of wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Gent
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Inge D Barbier
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Stephen L Atkin
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Annie E Newell-Fugate
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX 77843, United States
| | - Amanda C Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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Kothmann KH, Jons A, Wilhelmi B, Kasozi N, Graham L, Gent R, Atkin SL, Swart AC, Newell-Fugate AE. Non-invasive assessment of fecal glucocorticoid, progesterone, and androgen metabolites and microbiome in free-ranging southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) in South Africa. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 329:114099. [PMID: 35914652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Increased poaching in northern South Africa has necessitated relocation of large numbers of southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) to the Eastern Cape Province. The climate and grassland ecology of this province differ from that of northern South Africa which may impact the health of this species. This assessment of fecal steroid levels and microbiome in 10 free-ranging southern white rhinoceros in the Eastern Cape will provide insights into white rhinoceros physiology in this biome. Fecal steroid metabolites were analyzed using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and ultra-performance convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPC2-MS/MS). Fecal microbial composition was assessed via next generation sequencing. EIAs with antibodies raised against progesterone (P4; mouse monoclonal - CL425 clone), testosterone (T; rabbit polyclonal), corticosterone (B; sheep polyclonal) were utilized. Pregnant females had large quantities of fecal progesterone metabolites (FPMs) detected by CL425 EIA. Pregnant females also had native P4 and 11α-hydroxydihydroprogesterone (11αOHDHP4; 4-pregnen-11α-ol-3,20-dione) detected by UPC2-MS/MS but these concentrations were 1000-fold less than the concentrations of FPMs detected by the CL425 EIA. By contrast, non-pregnant females had FPM concentrations detected by CL425 EIA which were similar to native P4 and 11αOHDHP4 concentrations detected by UPC2-MS/MS. Mean fecal androgen metabolite (FAM) concentrations detected by the T EIA were similar between males and females. 11-ketoandrostenedione (11KA4) detected by UPC2-MS/MS was higher in females than males. However, there was no difference between males and females in the concentration of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs) detected by the B EIA. Bacteroidia, followed by Clostridia, was the most abundant classes of fecal microbes. The unfiltered microbiome of females was more diverse than that of males. The core fecal microbiome of young rhinoceros had a higher observed species richness (Shannon diversity index, and Simpson diversity index) than that of old rhinoceros. In the alpha male, immobilization was associated with an increase in FGMs detected by 11-deoxycortisol (S) detected by UPC2-MS/MS coupled with decreased abundance of Spirochaetia. We detected substantially different FAM and FPM concentrations from those previously reported for both captive and wild white rhinoceros. Comparison of our UPC2-MS/MS and EIA results underscores the fact that most EIAs are highly cross reactive for many steroid metabolites. Our data also demonstrates a distinct effect of stress not only on FGMs but also on the fecal microbiome. This is the first non-invasive assessment of fecal steroid metabolites by UPC2-MS/MS and the fecal microbiome in wild white rhinoceros.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Kothmann
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - A Jons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - B Wilhelmi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa
| | - N Kasozi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa
| | - L Graham
- Ikahala Veterinary Wildlife Services, Paterson 6131 South Africa
| | - R Gent
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600 South Africa
| | - S L Atkin
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Bahrain
| | - A C Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600 South Africa; Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600 South Africa
| | - A E Newell-Fugate
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Chimes LC, Beytell P, Muntifering JR, Kötting B, Neville V. Effects of dehorning on population productivity in four Namibia sub-populations of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis bicornis). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2022; 68:58. [PMID: 35992995 PMCID: PMC9378341 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The black rhinoceros (rhino) (Diceros bicornis) is critically endangered, with poaching being one of several threats to the species’ survival. Many reserves across several countries, including Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe, now dehorn their rhinos in an attempt to reduce poaching. Historical data collected by the Namibian Ministry of Environment, Forestry, and Tourism and Save the Rhino Trust were used to investigate whether dehorning has an effect on age at first reproduction (AFR), inter-calving interval (ICI), birth sex ratios, calf survival, cause of death, and lifespan. These were assessed in four Namibian sub-populations (hereafter referred to as ‘populations’) of black rhino (denoted A, B, C, and D) which have undergone varying levels of dehorning. No significant difference was found in any of the variables between dehorned and horned individuals. Population was a significant predictor of AFR (LRT = 7.433, p = 0.024) and ICI (LRT = 13.281, p = 0.004), although pairwise comparisons only found populations A and B to be significantly different (AFR: z = −2.736, p = 0.017, ICI: z = −3.705, p = 0.001). Additionally, a significantly higher number of males than females were born in population D (p = 0.021, CI = 0.544, 0.960). The main cause of death across all individuals was poaching, although there was no significant difference in the proportion of rhinos poached between dehorned and horned individuals (X2 = 0.638, p = 0.424, n = 265). No evidence was found to suggest that dehorning has any effect on AFR, ICI, birth sex ratios, calf survival, or lifespan in the black rhino, which is reassuring in the continued use of dehorning as an anti-poaching technique in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C. Chimes
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU UK
| | - Piet Beytell
- Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism, P/Bag 13306, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Jeff R. Muntifering
- Save the Rhino Trust, PO Box 2159, Swakopmund, Namibia
- Great Plains Zoo, 805 S. Kiwanis Avenue, Sioux Falls, SD USA
- Namibia University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 13388, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Birgit Kötting
- Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism, P/Bag 13306, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Vikki Neville
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU UK
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Preliminary Findings on How Different Management Systems and Social Interactions Influence Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites in White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070897. [PMID: 35405888 PMCID: PMC8997130 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years, interest in improving the welfare of wild species in captivity has grown. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of different social environments and management systems on the cortisol secretion of fourteen white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) living under different conditions by using use noninvasive methods. The fecal glucocorticoid metabolite secretion was found to be affected by both management systems and social interactions. Additionally, sex is another factor that seems to influence. This research provides a deeper understanding of glucocorticoid production in white rhinoceroses, but more studies are needed to fully understand its influence on reproductive biology. Abstract White rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) are the most social and gregarious species of all rhinoceroses known worldwide. One of the most critical effects of elevated glucocorticoid concentrations, especially in threatened species, is its relation to chronic stress, which could potentially lead to immunosuppression and reduced reproductive activity. Our aim is to determine how different social environments and management systems might be influencing the secretion of fecal glucocorticoids in white rhinoceroses. We have analyzed the concentration of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in 658 fecal samples from 14 white rhinoceroses, seven free-ranging rhinos, and seven rhinos from two different managed captive populations. HPLC techniques were used to determine the main glucocorticoid metabolite found in this species, and a competitive EIA was used to establish fecal 5α-pregnan-3 3β, 11β, 21-triol-20-oneglucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) levels. Our results reveal that management systems and social interactions had an influence on fGCM levels, suggesting that the more restrictive the management and social conditions are, the higher the glucocorticoid concentrations that are found. Additionally, sex was also found to influence fGCM levels, as in females, fGCM concentrations were higher than in males. We conclude that the analysis of glucocorticoids in relation to other factors is a powerful tool to assess adrenocortical response in white rhinoceros in order to broaden the knowledge of their reproductive biology and improve the management of the species.
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Nhleko ZN, Ahrens R, Ferreira SM, McCleery RA. Poaching is directly and indirectly driving the decline of South Africa's large population of white rhinos. Anim Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoliswa N. Nhleko
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
- Savanna Node Scientific Services SANParks Skukuza South Africa
| | - Robert Ahrens
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
- Fisheries Research and Monitoring Division NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Honolulu HI USA
| | - Sam M. Ferreira
- Savanna Node Scientific Services SANParks Skukuza South Africa
| | - Robert A. McCleery
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
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A Retrospective Literature Evaluation of the Integration of Stress Physiology Indices, Animal Welfare and Climate Change Assessment of Livestock. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051287. [PMID: 33946189 PMCID: PMC8146810 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Rapidly expanding global human population has led to increased supply chain demands on animal-based farming systems and the desire for environmentally friendly products. This has also resulted because of socio-political pressure and increased public concerns over the impacts of conventional agriculture on the environment. In order to be sustainable, animal production systems must also advance animal welfare, avoiding physically and psychologically stressful situations for the animals and apply innovative methods of reducing contribution of farming practices to global climate change while also functioning at optimum productivity. Consequently, to achieve a practical and effective improvement towards environmental sustainability, animal-based agriculture should consider animal welfare assessment, objective measures of physiological stress, climate change evaluation and animal productivity in a multi-dimensional and holistic approach. Abstract In this retrospective study, we conducted a desktop-based analysis of published literature using the ScienceDirect™ search engine to determine the proportion of livestock research within the last 7 years (2015–2021) that have applied animal welfare assessment combining objective measures of physiological stress and evaluation of climate change factors in order to provide an account of livestock productivity. From the search results, 563 published articles were reviewed. We found that the majority of the literature had discussed animal production outcomes (n = 491) and animal welfare (n = 453) either individually or in conjunction with another topic. The most popular occurrence was the combination of animal welfare assessment, objective measures of stress physiology and production outcomes discussed collectively (n = 218). We found that only 125 articles had discussed the impact of climate change (22.20%) on livestock production and/or vice versa. Furthermore, only 9.4% (n = 53) of articles had discussed all four factors and published research was skewed towards the dairy sector. Overall, this retrospective paper highlights that although research into animal welfare assessment, objective measures of stress and climate change has been applied across livestock production systems (monogastrics and ruminants), there remains a shortfall of investigation on how these key factors interact to influence livestock production. Furthermore, emerging technologies that can boost the quantitative evaluation of animal welfare are needed for both intensive and extensive production systems.
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Penny SG, White RL, MacTavish L, Scott DM, Pernetta AP. Negligible hormonal response following dehorning in free-ranging white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa117. [PMID: 33408864 PMCID: PMC7771576 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) is experiencing unsustainable poaching losses fuelled by a demand for horn. Increasingly, private and state reserves are dehorning their rhinoceros populations in an attempt to reduce poaching pressure. Rhinoceroses use their horns in social interactions as well as during resource access and so its partial removal as part of reserve management practices may adversely influence these behaviours. Physiological stress can correlate with animal welfare, reproductive state and health and thus acts as a useful indicator of these parameters. To establish whether dehorning causes a physiological stress response, glucocorticoid and gonadal steroid profiles of free-ranging white rhinoceroses were determined through the collection and analysis of faecal steroid metabolites before and after dehorning. Faecal corticoid profiles were not influenced by the number of occasions a rhinoceros had been dehorned or by the number of days that had elapsed since dehorning. Furthermore, there was no apparent suppression in the concentrations of testosterone or progesterone metabolites in males and females, respectively, after exposure to multiple dehorning procedures. These findings should increase wildlife managers' confidence that dehorning does not negatively impact white rhinoceros physiology as measured hormonally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Penny
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Rachel L White
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Lynne MacTavish
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
- Stand 3300, Thabazimbi Road, Rustenberg, Northwest Province, South Africa
| | - Dawn M Scott
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Angelo P Pernetta
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
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Fàbregas MC, Fosgate GT, Ganswindt A, Bertschinger H, Meyer LCR. Unforeseen consequences of conservation management practices: case study on herding rhino as an anti‐poaching measure. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María C. Fàbregas
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Geoffrey T. Fosgate
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Henk Bertschinger
- Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Leith C. R. Meyer
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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10
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Rehabilitation method affects behavior, welfare, and adaptation potential for subsequent release of orphaned white rhinoceros. Acta Ethol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-020-00343-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Behavioral and adrenocortical responses of captive white rhino adolescents to the introduction of a new calf. Acta Ethol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-019-00322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Webster AB, Burroughs REJ, Laver P, Ganswindt A. Non-invasive assessment of adrenocortical activity as a measure of stress in leopards Panthera pardus. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2018.1467280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Webster
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Richard EJ Burroughs
- Department of Production Animal Studies. Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre of Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter Laver
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Animal Demography Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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