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Penny SG, Withey M, White RL, Scott DM, MacTavish L, Pernetta AP. Changes in social dominance in a group of subadult white rhinoceroses ( Ceratotherium simum) after dehorning. African Zoology 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2022.2046155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Penny
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, United Kingdom
- Bristol Zoological Society, Clifton, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maxim Withey
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L White
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn M Scott
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne MacTavish
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Angelo P Pernetta
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, United Kingdom
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Penny SG, White RL, Scott DM, MacTavish L, Pernetta AP. No evidence that horn trimming affects white rhinoceros horn use during comfort behaviour and resource access. ANIM BIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rhino species use their horns in social interactions but also when accessing resources, rubbing and in interspecific defence. The current poaching crisis has seen southern white rhinos (Ceratotherium simum simum) increasingly dehorned as a conservation management practise, but few studies have evaluated whether the procedure has any behavioural effects. This study sought to document and describe horn-contingent behaviours during resource access, wallowing and rubbing in freeranging white rhinos and establish whether dehorning, also known as horn trimming, impacts on their frequency or function. Data were collected through camera trapping and field observations at two sites in South Africa. The results provide no evidence that dehorning disrupts digging behaviours during mineral consumption or wallowing and suggests that dehorning is unlikely to have a strong biological impact on resource access. Furthermore, the frequency of horn-rubbing behaviours did not appear to be influenced by levels of horn growth. This suggests the procedure has a limited impact on these aspects of the species’ ecology and provides support that dehorning can be employed as a management tool to reduce poaching in freeranging populations of white rhino.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G. Penny
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research and Enterprise Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Rachel L. White
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research and Enterprise Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Dawn M. Scott
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Lynne MacTavish
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research and Enterprise Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
- Rustenburg, Northwest Province, South Africa
| | - Angelo P. Pernetta
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research and Enterprise Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
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Penny SG, White RL, MacTavish L, Scott DM, Pernetta AP. Negligible hormonal response following dehorning in free-ranging white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum). Conserv Physiol 2020; 8:coaa117. [PMID: 33408864 PMCID: PMC7771576 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) is experiencing unsustainable poaching losses fuelled by a demand for horn. Increasingly, private and state reserves are dehorning their rhinoceros populations in an attempt to reduce poaching pressure. Rhinoceroses use their horns in social interactions as well as during resource access and so its partial removal as part of reserve management practices may adversely influence these behaviours. Physiological stress can correlate with animal welfare, reproductive state and health and thus acts as a useful indicator of these parameters. To establish whether dehorning causes a physiological stress response, glucocorticoid and gonadal steroid profiles of free-ranging white rhinoceroses were determined through the collection and analysis of faecal steroid metabolites before and after dehorning. Faecal corticoid profiles were not influenced by the number of occasions a rhinoceros had been dehorned or by the number of days that had elapsed since dehorning. Furthermore, there was no apparent suppression in the concentrations of testosterone or progesterone metabolites in males and females, respectively, after exposure to multiple dehorning procedures. These findings should increase wildlife managers' confidence that dehorning does not negatively impact white rhinoceros physiology as measured hormonally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Penny
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Rachel L White
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Lynne MacTavish
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
- Stand 3300, Thabazimbi Road, Rustenberg, Northwest Province, South Africa
| | - Dawn M Scott
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Angelo P Pernetta
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
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Andrieu J, Penny SG, Bouchet H, Malaivijitnond S, Reichard UH, Zuberbühler K. White-handed gibbons discriminate context-specific song compositions. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9477. [PMID: 32832260 PMCID: PMC7409784 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
White-handed gibbons produce loud and acoustically complex songs when interacting with their neighbours or when encountering predators. In both contexts, songs are assembled from a small number of units although their composition differs in context-specific ways. Here, we investigated whether wild gibbons could infer the ‘meaning’ when hearing exemplars recorded in both contexts (i.e. ‘duet songs’ vs. ‘predator songs’). We carried out a playback experiment by which we simulated the presence of a neighbouring group producing either its duet or a predator song in order to compare subjects’ vocal and locomotor responses. When hearing a recording of a duet song, subjects reliably responded with their own duet song, which sometimes elicited further duet songs in adjacent groups. When hearing a recording of a predator song, however, subjects typically remained silent, apart from one of six groups which replied with its own predator song. Moreover, in two of six trials, playbacks of predator songs elicited predator song replies in non-adjacent groups. Finally, all groups showed strong anti-predator behaviour to predator songs but never to duet songs. We concluded that white-handed gibbons discriminated between the two song types and were able to infer meaning from them. We discuss the implications of these findings in light of the current debate on the evolutionary origins of syntax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Andrieu
- Department of Comparative Cognition, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, NE, Switzerland
| | - Samuel G Penny
- Department of Comparative Cognition, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, NE, Switzerland.,School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Hélène Bouchet
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ulrich H Reichard
- Department of Anthropology and Centre for Ecology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Klaus Zuberbühler
- Department of Comparative Cognition, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, NE, Switzerland.,School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
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Crottini A, Rosa GM, Penny SG, Cocca W, Holderied MW, Rakotozafy LMS, Andreone F. A new stump-toed frog from the transitional forests of NW Madagascar (Anura, Microhylidae, Cophylinae, Stumpffia). Zookeys 2020; 933:139-164. [PMID: 32547290 PMCID: PMC7285848 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.933.47619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of the miniaturised microhylid frog genus Stumpffia, from north-western Madagascar, is described. Stumpffiafroschauerisp. nov. differs from all other described Stumpffia species in colouration and morphology and is genetically divergent (≥ 7% uncorrected p-distance to all other nominal species of the genus) in a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene and in a segment of the nuclear Rag-1 gene. The new species is reliably known only from a few specimens collected in the Sahamalaza (and surroundings) region. Its known distribution is limited to three forest patches severely threatened by fire, drought and high levels of forest clearance, thus suggesting a classification of “Critically Endangered” according to IUCN Red List criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Crottini
- CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Gonçalo M Rosa
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, NW1 4RY London, UK Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London London United Kingdom.,Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Bloco C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Samuel G Penny
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK University of Brighton Brighton United Kingdom
| | - Walter Cocca
- CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Marc W Holderied
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom
| | - Lovasoa M S Rakotozafy
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 906, Antananarivo (101), Madagascar Université d'Antananarivo Antananarivo Madagascar
| | - Franco Andreone
- Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Sezione di Zoologia, Via G. Giolitti, 36, I-10123, Torino, Italy Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Torino Italy
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Penny SG, White RL, Scott DM, MacTavish L, Pernetta AP. Using drones and sirens to elicit avoidance behaviour in white rhinoceros as an anti-poaching tactic. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191135. [PMID: 31311472 PMCID: PMC6661359 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Poaching fuelled by international trade in horn caused the deaths of over 1000 African rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum and Diceros bicornis) per year between 2013 and 2017. Deterrents, which act to establish avoidance behaviours in animals, have the potential to aid anti-poaching efforts by moving at-risk rhinos away from areas of danger (e.g. near perimeter fences). To evaluate the efficacy of deterrents, we exposed a population of southern white rhinos (C. simum simum) to acoustic- (honeybee, siren, turtle dove), olfactory- (chilli, sunflower), and drone-based stimuli on a game reserve in South Africa. We exposed rhinos to each stimulus up to four times. Stimuli were considered effective deterrents if they repeatedly elicited avoidance behaviour (locomotion away from the deterrent). Rhinos travelled significantly further in response to the siren than to the honeybee or turtle dove stimulus, and to low-altitude drone flights than to higher altitude flights. We found the drone to be superior at manipulating rhino movement than the siren owing to its longer transmission range and capability of pursuit. By contrast, the scent stimuli were ineffective at inciting avoidance behaviour. Our findings indicate that deterrents are a prospective low-cost and in situ method to manage rhino movement in game reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Penny
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Rachel L White
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Dawn M Scott
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Lynne MacTavish
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Angelo P Pernetta
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
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Penny SG, Crottini A, Andreone F, Bellati A, Rakotozafy LM, Holderied MW, Schwitzer C, Rosa GM. Combining old and new evidence to increase the known biodiversity value of the Sahamalaza Peninsula, Northwest Madagascar. CTOZ 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/18759866-08604002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prior herpetological surveys in 1996 and 2000 identified 14 species of amphibians and 32 species of reptiles from the Sahamalaza Peninsula. This work increases the total number of amphibian and reptile species known from this area to 20 and 43 respectively. To maximise our chances of species detection, survey effort covered the entire wet season and part of the dry season, and utilised a combination of opportunistic searching, transect searching, pitfall trapping, and acoustic recording. We identified species through an integrative taxonomic approach, combining morphological, bioacoustic and molecular taxonomy. Together, this enabled the detection of cryptic and seasonally inactive species that were missed in the shorter prior surveys that relied on morphological identification alone. The taxonomic identification of amphibians utilised a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene; taxonomic identification of reptiles utilised a fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene, and when necessary, also mitochondrial fragments of the 16S rRNA ND1, ND2, ND4 genes. All sequences were deposited in Genbank and COI sequences were also deposited in the BOLD database to foster taxonomic identification of malagasy reptiles. We report two new taxa: a species of Boophis, since described as B. ankarafensis, and a candidate new species of microhylid (genus: Stumpffia). We document range expansions of Boophis tsilomaro, Cophyla berara, Blaesodactylus ambonihazo beyond their type localities. Along with significant range expansions across a range of taxa, including Blommersia sp. Ca05, Boophys brachychir,
Brookesia minima, Ebenavia inunguis, Geckolepis humbloti, Madascincus stumpffi, Pelomedus subrufa and Phelsuma kochi. Forest in the peninsula is under extreme pressure from human exploitation. Unless unsustainable agricultural and pastoral practices encroaching on these habitats halt immediately, both forest and the species that occur there, several of which appear to be local endemics, may be irreversibly lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G. Penny
- 1 Bristol Zoological Society c/o Bristol Zoo Gardens Clifton, Bristol BS8 3HA UK
- 2 School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building University of Bristol Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TQ UK
- 3 School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Huxley Building University of Brighton Lewes Road Brighton BN2 4GJ UK
| | - Angelica Crottini
- 4 CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, Nº 7 4485-661 Vairão Portugal
| | - Franco Andreone
- 5 Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Via G. Giolitti, 36 I-10123 Torino Italy
| | - Adriana Bellati
- 6 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente Università di Pavia Via Ferrata 1 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Lovasoa M.S. Rakotozafy
- 7 Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences Université d’Antananarivo BP 906 Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Marc W. Holderied
- 2 School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building University of Bristol Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Christoph Schwitzer
- 1 Bristol Zoological Society c/o Bristol Zoo Gardens Clifton, Bristol BS8 3HA UK
| | - Gonçalo M. Rosa
- 8 Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno, N Virgina St Reno NV 89557 USA
- 9 Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London Regent’s Park NW1 4RY London UK
- 10 Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR UK
- 11 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C) Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Bloco C2 Campo Grande 1749-016, Lisboa Portugal
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Penny SG, Andreone F, Crottini A, Holderied MW, Rakotozafy LS, Schwitzer C, Rosa GM. A new species of the Boophis rappiodes group (Anura, Mantellidae) from the Sahamalaza Peninsula, northwest Madagascar, with acoustic monitoring of its nocturnal calling activity. Zookeys 2014:111-32. [PMID: 25152689 PMCID: PMC4141189 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.435.7383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of treefrog of the Boophis rappiodes group (Anura, Mantellidae) is described from the Sahamalaza - Iles Radama National Park in northwest Madagascar. This new species is green in colour with bright red speckling across its head and dorsum; similar in morphology to other species of this group including: B. bottae, B. rappiodes, B. erythrodactylus and B. tasymena. The new species can be distinguished by its advertisement call and by a genetic divergence of more than 4.9% in the analysed mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene fragment. Its call consists of two note types: a trill and a click; although similar sounding to B. bottae, the trill note of the new species has a faster pulse rate while the click note is predominantly two-pulsed rather than three. All individuals were detected from the banks of two streams in Ankarafa Forest. The new species represents the only member of the B. rappiodes group endemic to Madagascar's western coast, with the majority of other members known from the eastern rainforest belt. Despite its conspicuous call, it has not been detected from other surveys of northwest Madagascar and it is likely to be a local endemic to the peninsula. The ranges of two other amphibian species also appear restricted to Sahamalaza, and so the area seems to support a high level of endemicity. Although occurring inside a National Park, this species is highly threatened by the continuing decline in the quality and extent of its habitat. Due to these threats it is proposed that this species should be classified as Critically Endangered according to the IUCN Red List criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Penny
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK ; Bristol Zoological Society, c/o Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 3HA, UK
| | - Franco Andreone
- Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Via G. Giolitti, 36, I-10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Angelica Crottini
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, Nº 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Marc W Holderied
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Lovasoa Sylviane Rakotozafy
- Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 496, Antananarivo (101), Madagascar
| | - Christoph Schwitzer
- Bristol Zoological Society, c/o Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 3HA, UK
| | - Gonçalo M Rosa
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK ; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, NW1 4RY London, UK ; Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Bloco C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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