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Vlad-Bubulac T, Hamciuc C, Serbezeanu D, Macsim AM, Lisa G, Anghel I, Preda DM, Kalvachev Y, Rîmbu CM. Simultaneous Enhancement of Flame Resistance and Antimicrobial Activity in Epoxy Nanocomposites Containing Phosphorus and Silver-Based Additives. Molecules 2023; 28:5650. [PMID: 37570620 PMCID: PMC10419371 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and manufacture of innovative multifunctional materials possessing superior characteristics, quality and standards, rigorously required for future development of existing or emerging advanced technologies, is of great importance. These materials should have a very low degree of influence (or none) on the environmental and human health. Adjusting the properties of epoxy resins with organophosphorus compounds and silver-containing additives is key to the simultaneous improvement of the flame-resistant and antimicrobial properties of advanced epoxy-based materials. These environmentally friendly epoxy resin nanocomposites were manufactured using two additives, a reactive phosphorus-containing bisphenol derived from vanillin, namely, (4-(((4-hidroxyphenyl)amino)(6-oxido-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-6-yl)methyl)-2-methoxyphenyl) phenylphosphonate (BPH), designed as both cross-linking agent and a flame-retardant additive for epoxy resin; and additional silver-loaded zeolite L nanoparticles (Ze-Ag NPs) used as a doping additive to impart antimicrobial activity. The effect of BPH and Ze-Ag NPs content on the structural, morphological, thermal, flame resistance and antimicrobial characteristics of thermosetting epoxy nanocomposites was investigated. The structure and morphology of epoxy nanocomposites were investigated via FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In general, the nanocomposites had a glassy and homogeneous morphology. The samples showed a single glass transition temperature in the range of 166-194 °C and an initiation decomposition temperature in the range of 332-399 °C. The introduction of Ze-Ag NPs in a concentration of 7-15 wt% provided antimicrobial activity to epoxy thermosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tăchiță Vlad-Bubulac
- Department of Polycondensation and Thermally Stable Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (C.H.); (D.S.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Corneliu Hamciuc
- Department of Polycondensation and Thermally Stable Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (C.H.); (D.S.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Diana Serbezeanu
- Department of Polycondensation and Thermally Stable Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (C.H.); (D.S.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Ana-Maria Macsim
- Department of Polycondensation and Thermally Stable Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (C.H.); (D.S.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Gabriela Lisa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 73 Bd. Mangeron, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Ion Anghel
- Fire Officers Faculty, Police Academy “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, 3 Morarilor St., Sector 2, 022451 Bucharest, Romania; (I.A.); (D.-M.P.)
| | - Dana-Maria Preda
- Fire Officers Faculty, Police Academy “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, 3 Morarilor St., Sector 2, 022451 Bucharest, Romania; (I.A.); (D.-M.P.)
| | - Yuri Kalvachev
- Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., bl.11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Cristina Mihaela Rîmbu
- Department of Public Health, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences, 8 Sadoveanu Alley, 707027 Iasi, Romania;
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Bertani R, Bartolozzi A, Pontefisso A, Quaresimin M, Zappalorto M. Improving the Antimicrobial and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resins via Nanomodification: An Overview. Molecules 2021; 26:5426. [PMID: 34500859 PMCID: PMC8434237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview on the preparation of multifunctional epoxies, with improved antimicrobial activity and enhanced mechanical properties through nanomodification. In the first section, we focus on the approaches to achieve antimicrobial activity, as well as on the methods used to evaluate their efficacy against bacteria and fungi. Relevant application examples are also discussed, with particular reference to antifouling and anticorrosion coatings for marine environments, dental applications, antimicrobial fibers and fabrics, and others. Subsequently, we discuss the mechanical behaviors of nanomodified epoxies with improved antimicrobial properties, analyzing the typical damage mechanisms leading to the significant toughening effect of nanomodification. Some examples of mechanical properties of nanomodified polymers are provided. Eventually, the possibility of achieving, at the same time, antimicrobial and mechanical improvement capabilities by nanomodification with nanoclay is discussed, with reference to both nanomodified epoxies and glass/epoxy composite laminates. According to the literature, a nanomodified epoxy can successfully exhibit antibacterial properties, while increasing its fracture toughness, even though its tensile strength may decrease. As for laminates-obtaining antibacterial properties is not followed by improved interlaminar properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bertani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Bartolozzi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Pontefisso
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy; (A.P.); (M.Q.)
| | - Marino Quaresimin
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy; (A.P.); (M.Q.)
| | - Michele Zappalorto
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy; (A.P.); (M.Q.)
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