1
|
Balmanno A, Falconer JR, Ravuri HG, Mills PC. Strategies to Improve the Transdermal Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:675. [PMID: 38794337 PMCID: PMC11124993 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The transdermal delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has the potential to overcome some of the major disadvantages relating to oral NSAID usage, such as gastrointestinal adverse events and compliance. However, the poor solubility of many of the newer NSAIDs creates challenges in incorporating the drugs into formulations suitable for application to skin and may limit transdermal permeation, particularly if the goal is therapeutic systemic drug concentrations. This review is an overview of the various strategies used to increase the solubility of poorly soluble NSAIDs and enhance their permeation through skin, such as the modification of the vehicle, the modification of or bypassing the barrier function of the skin, and using advanced nano-sized formulations. Furthermore, the simple yet highly versatile microemulsion system has been found to be a cost-effective and highly successful technology to deliver poorly water-soluble NSAIDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Balmanno
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
| | - James R. Falconer
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Dutton Park Campus, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Halley G. Ravuri
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Paul C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun L, Zhao Y, Peng H, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Yan J, Liu Y, Guo S, Wu X, Li B. Carbon dots as a novel photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cancer and bacterial infectious diseases: recent advances. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:210. [PMID: 38671474 PMCID: PMC11055261 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are novel carbon-based nanomaterials that have been used as photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in recent years due to their good photosensitizing activity. Photosensitizers (PSs) are main components of PDT that can produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when stimulated by light source, which have the advantages of low drug resistance and high therapeutic efficiency. CDs can generate ROS efficiently under irradiation and therefore have been extensively studied in disease local phototherapy. In tumor therapy, CDs can be used as PSs or PS carriers to participate in PDT and play an extremely important role. In bacterial infectious diseases, CDs exhibit high bactericidal activity as CDs are effective in disrupting bacterial cell membranes leading to bacterial death upon photoactivation. We focus on recent advances in the therapy of cancer and bacteria with CDs, and also briefly summarize the mechanisms and requirements for PSs in PDT of cancer, bacteria and other diseases. We also discuss the role CDs play in combination therapy and the potential for future applications against other pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Sun
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongyi Peng
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Laboratory for Oral and General Health Integration and Translation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qingmei Zhang
- Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Susu Guo
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Bing Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang C, Wei R, Mo H, Zhai Y, Sun D. Deep learning-assisted 3D laser steering using an optofluidic laser scanner. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:1668-1681. [PMID: 38495701 PMCID: PMC10942714 DOI: 10.1364/boe.514489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Laser ablation is an effective treatment modality. However, current laser scanners suffer from laser defocusing when scanning targets at different depths in a 3D surgical scene. This study proposes a deep learning-assisted 3D laser steering strategy for minimally invasive surgery that eliminates laser defocusing, increases working distance, and extends scanning range. An optofluidic laser scanner is developed to conduct 3D laser steering. The optofluidic laser scanner has no mechanical moving components, enabling miniature size, lightweight, and low driving voltage. A deep learning-based monocular depth estimation method provides real-time target depth estimation so that the focal length of the laser scanner can be adjusted for laser focusing. Simulations and experiments indicate that the proposed method can significantly increase the working distance and maintain laser focusing while performing 2D laser steering, demonstrating the potential for application in minimally invasive surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Ruofeng Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Hangjie Mo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yujia Zhai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Center of Robotics and Automation, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao S, Wang M, Lai X, Yan Y. Efficacy and Safety of Ablative Fractional Laser in Melasma: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review. Lasers Med Sci 2024; 39:71. [PMID: 38379033 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-03972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Melasma is a common acquired skin pigmentation disorder. The treatment is urgent but challenging. Ablative fractional laser (AFL) can improve pigmentation, but the efficacy and potential side effects are still debatable. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ablative fractional lasers in the treatment of melasma. A comprehensive systematic search of literature published before June 20, 2023, was conducted on online databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The data obtained were analyzed using Review Manager 5.4 software. Fourteen randomized controlled trials, comprising 527 patients, were included. Compared to the drug alone, the combination of AFL and the drug showed improved therapeutic efficacy in the melasma area and severity index (MASI) (MD = 1.54, 95% CI [0.16, 2.92], P = 0.03) and physician global assessment (RR = 1.61, 95% CI [1.08, 2.41], P = 0.02). However, no statistically significant results were found in patient self-assessment (RR = 1.56, 95% CI [0.88, 2.76], P = 0.12). As an individual therapy, AFL is not superior to any other lasers in terms of MASI (MD = 2.66, 95% CI [-1.32, 6.64], P = 0.19) or melanin index (MD = -7.06, 95% CI [-45.09, 30.97], P = 0.72). Common adverse events included transient erythema, burning, edema, and superficial crusting. Only a few patients experienced reversible post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, herpes labialis, and acne breakouts. These results support the application of AFL as a viable treatment option for melasma, particularly in refractory and severe cases. Rational parameterization or combination therapy may lead to significant clinical improvement with fewer complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.33 Badachu Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.33 Badachu Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Xiaodong Lai
- Department of Dermatology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.33 Badachu Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.33 Badachu Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen YT, Lin YJ, Chang CC, Liu PH, Huang YH, Shen JW, Lu ME, Chiang HM, Lin BS. The quantitative analysis of low-concentration (2%) ALA-PDT assisted with Q-switch 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser for acne vulgaris treatment. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:236. [PMID: 37843672 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Conventional 5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic (ALA-PDT) therapy (10-20%) has been widely applied for moderate-to-severe acne. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of non-ablative Q-switched 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser-assisted ALA-PDT with low concentration (2%) on the treatment of acne vulgaris. Enrolled patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups. One group received combined therapy of 2% ALA-PDT and non-ablative Q-switched 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser, and the other received only 2% ALA-PDT. Patients in each group had received 3-session treatments with 4-week intervals (week 0, 4, and 8). Sebum secretion, melanin index, erythema index, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were assessed at week 2, 8, 12, and 24. VISIA® skin image system score and global esthetic improvement scale (GAIS) were also evaluated. Twenty-four participants were enrolled and evenly randomized to two groups. Significant improvement in sebum secretion was noted in combined therapy group compared to the monotherapy group at week 12 (37.5% versus 16.3%), and the improvement would still be noted until week 24 (18.3% versus 17.4%). Combined group also showed more severe melanin index and erythema index after treatment. For VISIA® skin analysis, patients in combined group had better percentile ranking in porphyrins and red-light images. There were no significant differences in GAIS at the end of the follow-up between each group, whereas higher proportion of satisfaction was noted in combined group at week 2. With the assistance of laser, low concentrations (2%) of 5-ALA can provide effective phototoxic reactions in treating acne vulgaris. The satisfaction of patients is high with acceptable adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tsung Chen
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Jhen Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Cheng Chang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Aesthetic Medical Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | | | | | - Jia-Wei Shen
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-En Lu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Mei Chiang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Shyh Lin
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vorstandlechner V, Copic D, Klas K, Direder M, Golabi B, Radtke C, Ankersmit HJ, Mildner M. The Secretome of Irradiated Peripheral Mononuclear Cells Attenuates Hypertrophic Skin Scarring. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041065. [PMID: 37111549 PMCID: PMC10143262 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars can cause pain, movement restrictions, and reduction in the quality of life. Despite numerous options to treat hypertrophic scarring, efficient therapies are still scarce, and cellular mechanisms are not well understood. Factors secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCsec) have been previously described for their beneficial effects on tissue regeneration. In this study, we investigated the effects of PBMCsec on skin scarring in mouse models and human scar explant cultures at single-cell resolution (scRNAseq). Mouse wounds and scars, and human mature scars were treated with PBMCsec intradermally and topically. The topical and intradermal application of PBMCsec regulated the expression of various genes involved in pro-fibrotic processes and tissue remodeling. We identified elastin as a common linchpin of anti-fibrotic action in both mouse and human scars. In vitro, we found that PBMCsec prevents TGFβ-mediated myofibroblast differentiation and attenuates abundant elastin expression with non-canonical signaling inhibition. Furthermore, the TGFβ-induced breakdown of elastic fibers was strongly inhibited by the addition of PBMCsec. In conclusion, we conducted an extensive study with multiple experimental approaches and ample scRNAseq data demonstrating the anti-fibrotic effect of PBMCsec on cutaneous scars in mouse and human experimental settings. These findings point at PBMCsec as a novel therapeutic option to treat skin scarring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Vorstandlechner
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dragan Copic
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Klas
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Direder
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma-Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Radtke
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik J. Ankersmit
- Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis, Regeneration and Applied Immunology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Muskat A, Kost Y, Balazic E, Cohen JL, Kobets K. Laser-Assisted Drug Delivery in the Treatment of Scars, Rhytids, and Melasma: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Aesthet Surg J 2023; 43:NP181-NP198. [PMID: 36325715 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjac286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although broad reviews on laser-assisted drug delivery (LADD) have been published in the past, an updated focused examination of its utility in the context of common, treatment-resistant, dermatologic conditions has not been published. This article reports a comprehensive scoping review of the potential benefits of LADD compared to laser or drug monotherapy for the treatment of 3 such conditions: scars, rhytids, and melasma. A PubMed (National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD) search was conducted for keywords including "laser-assisted drug delivery," "scar," "rhytid," and "melasma." Out-of-scope studies were excluded. To evaluate the efficacy of LADD for the treatment of scars, relevant articles were categorized by scar type: hypertrophic/keloid, atrophic, and hypopigmented. LADD, with both ablative and nonablative laser types, was studied in combination with corticosteroids, botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A), 5-fluorouracil, 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy, stem cells, platelet-rich plasma, and prostaglandin analogs for the treatment of scars. Some randomized controlled trials demonstrated the efficacy of LADD, whereas others showed no significant differences in clinical outcomes but demonstrated reduced adverse effects. Regarding rhytids, laser treatment has been combined with various cosmeceuticals, including poly-L-lactic acid, topical retinaldehyde, and topical BTX-A. The studies reviewed supported the use of LADD with these drugs over monotherapy. Some studies showed that LADD was effective for the absorption of drugs such as poly-L-lactic acid and BTX-A which are often not effective topically. For melasma treatment, LADD with tranexamic acid and hydroquinone was superior in some studies, but not significantly different than monotherapy in other studies. LADD with certain drugs could be considered to treat scars, rhytids, and melasma. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahava Muskat
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yana Kost
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eliza Balazic
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Kseniya Kobets
- Montefiore Einstein Advanced Care Center, Division of Dermatology, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Laser-assisted nanoparticle delivery to promote skin absorption and penetration depth of retinoic acid with the aim for treating photoaging. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122162. [PMID: 36122617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is an approved treatment for skin photoaging induced by ultraviolet (UVA). Topically applied RA is mainly located in the stratum corneum (SC) with limited diffusion into the deeper strata. A delivery system capable of facilitating dermal delivery and cellular internalization for RA is critical for a successful photoaging therapy. Two delivery approaches, namely nanoparticles and laser ablation, were combined to improve RA's absorption efficacy and safety. The nanoparticle absorption enhancement by the lasers was compared between full-ablative (Er:YAG) and fractional (CO2) modalities. We fabricated poly-L-lactic acid (PLA) and PLA/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles by an emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. The mean size of PLA and PLA/PLGA nanocarriers was 237 and 222 nm, respectively. The RA encapsulation percentage in both nanosystems was > 96 %. PLA and PLA/PLGA nanocarriers promoted RA skin deposition by 5- and 3-fold compared to free control. The ablative lasers further enhanced the skin deposition of RA-loaded nanoparticles, with the full-ablative laser showing greater permeation enhancement than the fractional mode. The skin biodistribution assay evaluated by confocal and fluorescence microscopies demonstrated that the laser-assisted nanoparticle delivery achieved a significant dermis and follicular accumulation. The cell-based study indicated a facile uptake of the nanoparticles into the human dermal fibroblasts. The nanoparticulate RA increased type I collagen and elastin production in the UVA-treated fibroblasts. A reduction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 was also highlighted in the photoaging cells. The calculation of therapeutic index (TI) by multiplying collagen/elastin elevation percentage and skin deposition predicted better anti-photoaging performance in Er:YAG laser-assisted nanoparticle delivery than CO2 laser. Nanoencapsulation of RA decreased the cytotoxicity against skin fibroblasts. In vivo skin tolerance test on a nude mouse showed less skin damage after topical application of the nanoparticles than free RA. Our results hypothesized that the laser-mediated nanoparticle delivery provided an efficient and safe use for treating photoaging.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang JV, Friedman PM, Rodeberg D, Konda A, Parker C, Geronemus RG. Enhancing Skin Uptake of Topical Antioxidants With 1,440-nm Nonablative Fractional Diode Laser Pretreatment. Dermatol Surg 2022; 48:927-931. [PMID: 36054044 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy-based devices, such as nonablative lasers, are a promising method to enhance the delivery and absorption of topically applied molecules. OBJECTIVE To characterize ex vivo uptake of common antioxidant topicals after pretreatment with a nonablative laser wavelength. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using donor human skin tissue, uptake of 3 topical antioxidants was analyzed (C E Ferulic with 15% l-ascorbic acid [15% vitamin C serum], Phloretin CF with ferulic acid [10% vitamin C serum], and Phyto+ [botanical serum]; SkinCeuticals, Dallas, TX; 2010 formulations) after pretreatment with a 1,440-nm nonablative fractional diode laser. RESULTS Pretreatment with the 1,440-nm laser enhanced uptake of 15% and 10% vitamin C serums by approximately 10 and 21 times, respectively, compared to controls. Laser pretreatment also enhanced uptake of botanical serum by approximately 6 times relative to controls. Permeation of vitamin C and botanical serums was also enhanced through laser pretreatment. CONCLUSION Nonablative laser pretreatment increased uptake and permeation of topical antioxidants. Optimizing treatment requires consideration of the device and treatment parameters as well as the properties of the topical formulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan V Wang
- Laser & Skin Surgery Center of New York, New York, New York
| | - Paul M Friedman
- Laser & Skin Surgery Center of New York, New York, New York
- Dermatology & Laser Surgery Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee WR, Chou WL, Lin ZC, Sung CT, Lin CY, Fang JY. Laser-assisted nanocarrier delivery to achieve cutaneous siRNA targeting for attenuating psoriasiform dermatitis. J Control Release 2022; 347:590-606. [PMID: 35623494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disorder presenting the excessive expression of interleukin (IL)-6. The topical use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been increasingly discovered for treating skin diseases. A delivery system capable of protecting siRNA while facilitating both skin targeting and cellular entrance is critical for the successful medication of topically-applied siRNA. Herein, we developed a delivery system for siRNA based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles and combined this system with an ablative laser to promote skin absorption for topical psoriasis therapy. The siRNA absorption enhancement was compared by two laser modalities: a fractional CO2 laser and a fully-ablative Er:YAG laser. We characterized the effect of the delivery system by the cellular uptake, IL-6 silencing, in vitro skin absorption, cutaneous biodistribution, and in vivo psoriasiform dermatitis in mice. The nanocarriers showed minimal cytotoxicity and facile cellular uptake to knock down the IL-6 expression. The nanoformulation containing a cationic surfactant (Forestall) for ion pairing with siRNA achieved a 66% and 77% IL-6 knockdown efficiency toward keratinocytes and macrophages, respectively. In the Franz cell absorption, the lasers increased the naked siRNA penetration to the receptor compartment by 3.7-5.0-fold but remarkably reduced skin deposition using imiquimod (IMQ)-treated psoriasiform skin as the barrier. The fractional laser facilitated nanoparticle-associated siRNA skin deposition up to 3.3-fold, whereas the transport of the nanocarriers to the receptor was negligible. Qualitatively, the lasers increased nanoparticle delivery in the epidermis with limited effect to elevate the penetration depth. The fractional-mediated nanocarrier delivery dramatically attenuated the erythema and scaly lesions of psoriasiform dermatitis. The histological examination displayed a reduction of epidermal hyperplasia and macrophage infiltration by the combination of laser and nanosystem. The passive and laser-assisted naked siRNA delivery was less effective in mitigating dermatitis. The topical delivery of fractional laser-assisted nanoparticles on mice resulted in a 56% IL-6 knockdown. Our results manifested the benefit of cutaneous siRNA targeting using ablative lasers to deliver nanocarriers for treating psoriatic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Ruoh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ling Chou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Chan Lin
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Calvin T Sung
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khalighi HR, Anbari F, Mojahedi SM, Forouzani G. Evaluating the Efficacy of the Er,Cr:YSGG Fractional Laser Before Treatment With Triamcinolone NN Ointment in Oral Lichen Planus Lesions. J Lasers Med Sci 2022; 13:e23. [DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2022.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: It has been demonstrated that laser technology can enhance topical drug absorption. This study aimed to determine the effects of Er,Cr:YSGG laser radiation before the application of topical corticosteroids in the healing of oral lichen planus. Methods: In this double-blind split-mouth clinical trial, 32 lesions were chosen from eight patients affected by oral lichen planus (OLP). The oral lesions were randomly categorized into two groups. The first group had topical treatment with triamcinolone NN ointment and the second group had laser radiation (Er,Cr:YSGG) for eight weeks before starting the ointment. For each lesion, the irritating level based on the VAS score, the lesion level based on the Thongprasom scale score, and the healing time were measured, and the collected data were analyzed by the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon’s statistical test. Results: The mean healing time based on the verbal analog scale (VAS) score was not significantly different between the two treatment groups (P>0.05). The mean healing time based on Thongprasom scale scores did not show any significant difference between the two treatment groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: The application of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser before treatment with triamcinolone NN ointment did not show any advantage for the average healing time compared to a medicine regimen with only triamcinolone NN ointment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Khalighi
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Anbari
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Gelareh Forouzani
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Faculty, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee WR, Hsiao CY, Chang ZY, Wang PW, Aljuffali IA, Lin JY, Fang JY. Cutaneous Delivery of Cosmeceutical Peptides Enhanced by Picosecond- and Nanosecond-Domain Nd:YAG Lasers with Quick Recovery of the Skin Barrier Function: Comparison with Microsecond-Domain Ablative Lasers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020450. [PMID: 35214181 PMCID: PMC8880571 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Picosecond or nanosecond-domain non-ablative lasers generate faster photothermal effects and cause less injury than microsecond lasers. In this study, we investigated the enhancing effect of 1064 nm picosecond- and nanosecond-domain neodymium (Nd):yttrium–aluminum–garnet (YAG) lasers on the cutaneous delivery of cosmeceutical peptides. Microsecond-domain fractional ablative CO2 and fully ablative erbium (Er):YAG lasers were also used for comparison. In the Franz diffusion cell study, pig or mouse skin was treated with a laser before exposure to palmitoyl tripeptide (PT)-1, PT-38, and copper tripeptide (CT)-1 at a concentration of 150 μM. Psoriasiform, atopic dermatitis (AD)-like, and photoaged skins were also developed as permeation barriers. The non-ablative laser elicited the ultrastructural disruption of the stratum corneum and epidermal vacuolation. All laser modalities significantly increased the skin permeation of peptides in vitro. The non-ablative laser chiefly enhanced peptide delivery to the receptor compartment, whereas the ablative laser mainly increased the intracutaneous peptide deposition. The picosecond- and nanosecond-domain Nd:YAG lasers elevated the amount of PT-1 in the receptor up to 40- and 22-fold compared with untreated skin, respectively. Laser treatment promoted peptide delivery in barrier-deficient and inflamed skins, although this enhancement effect was less than that observed in healthy skin. Fluorescence microscopy indicated the capability of the non-ablative laser to deliver peptides to deeper skin strata. The ablative laser confined the peptide distribution in the epidermis. Confocal microscopy showed that peptides penetrated the skin along the microdots created by the fractional Nd:YAG and CO2 lasers. The skin barrier function determined by transepidermal water loss suggested quick recovery when using a nanosecond-domain laser (within 4 h). A longer period was needed for the skin treated with the fully ablative Er:YAG laser (76–84 h). Nanosecond non-ablative laser-facilitated peptide delivery may become an efficient and safe approach for cosmeceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Ruoh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 234, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Hsiao
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Yu Chang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan;
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Ibrahim A. Aljuffali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jie-Yu Lin
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brain-targeted drug delivery assisted by physical techniques and its potential applications in traditional Chinese medicine. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
14
|
Benzaquen M, Fongue J, Pauly V, Collet-Villette AM. Laser-Assisted Hyaluronic Acid Delivery by Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser in Facial Skin Remodeling: A Prospective Randomized Split-Face Study in France. Lasers Surg Med 2021; 53:1166-1172. [PMID: 33792961 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Combining the efficacy of ablative fractional carbon dioxide lasers (AFXL) to laser-assisted hyaluronic acid delivery (LAHAD) has not yet been studied. The objective of our study was to evaluate the safety and the efficacy of laser-assisted hyaluronic acid (HA) delivery with AFXL in facial skin remodeling. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a prospective, double-blinded, randomized split-face study on 20 patients from 30 to 70 years old, with a skin phototype from I to IV. Each patient received full-face treatment with AFXL, immediately followed by the application in droplets into the fractional ablative tunnels of 1 ml of HA gel on one hemiface and 1 ml of physiological saline on the other hemiface. To evaluate postlaser aftermath, the intensity of erythema, edema, and crusts was graded. To assess facial skin remodeling, we scored the improvement of skin texture, firmness, fine lines, and skin radiance from baseline. Patients were evaluated on the 3rd and 7th day, 1st and 3rd month using clinical evaluations, photographs, and patient questionnaires. RESULTS We showed equivalence in postlaser aftermath between HA-treated and nontreated hemiface. Trend data analyses at the 3rd month suggested that immediate application of HA after AFXL resulted in a greater improvement in facial skin remodeling, especially for skin texture (mean score of 2.60 vs. 2.45) and skin firmness (mean score of 2.55 vs. 2.40). Skin radiance showed the best improvement, reaching almost a score of 5/10. CONCLUSIONS LAHAD with AFXL is a safe treatment showing promising results in facial skin remodeling. These findings need to be confirmed by a larger study to evaluate the value of LAHAD in daily clinical practice. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Benzaquen
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital-Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Fongue
- Dermatologic Laser Center, Hôpital de la Conception, Aix-Marseille Univ., APHM, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Vanessa Pauly
- CEReSS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, 13005, France.,Department of Medical Information, APHM, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Anne-Marie Collet-Villette
- Dermatologic Laser Center, Hôpital de la Conception, Aix-Marseille Univ., APHM, 13005, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee WR, Hsiao CY, Huang TH, Sung CT, Wang PW, Cheng WT, Fang JY. Low-fluence laser-facilitated platelet-rich plasma permeation for treating MRSA-infected wound and photoaging of the skin. Int J Pharm 2021; 595:120242. [PMID: 33484919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is rich in cytokines and growth factors and is a novel approach for tissue regeneration. It can be used for skin rejuvenation but the large molecular size of the actives limits its topical application. In this study, low-fluence laser-facilitated PRP was delivered to evaluate its effect on absorption through the skin, infection-induced wound, and photoaging. The PRP permeation enhancement was compared for two ablative lasers: fractional (CO2) laser and fully-ablative (Er:YAG) laser. In the Franz cell experiment, pig skin was treated with lasers with superficial ablation followed by the application of recombinant cytokines, growth factors, or PRP. The transport of interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was negligible in intact skin and stratum corneum (SC)-stripped skin. Both lasers significantly elevated skin deposition of IFN-γ and TNF-α from PRP, and fully-ablative laser showed a higher penetration enhancement. A similar tendency was found for vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor. Er:YAG laser-exposed skin displayed 1.8- and 3.9-fold higher skin deposition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 from PRP, respectively. According to the confocal images, both laser interventions led to an extensive and deep distribution of IFN-γ and PDGF-BB in the skin. In the in vivo methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection model, CO2 laser- and Er:YAG laser-assisted PRP delivery reduced bacterial load from 1.8 × 106 to 5.9 × 105 and 1.4 × 104 colony-forming units, respectively. The open wound induced by MRSA was closed by the laser-assisted PRP penetration. In the mouse photoaging model, elastin and collagen deposition were fully restored by combined PRP and full-ablative laser but not by PRP alone and PRP combined with fractional laser. Laser-facilitated PRP delivery even with a low fluence setting can be considered a promising strategy for treating some dermatological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Ruoh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Hsiao
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hung Huang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Calvin T Sung
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ting Cheng
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing burden from basal cell carcinoma (BCC) has stimulated the development of alternative treatments for these tumors. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on upcoming laser treatments for BCC and highlights the limitations of these therapies. METHODS A PUBMED search was conducted for articles on laser therapy of BCC. Key studies involving lasers to treat BCC were reviewed. Novel approaches to BCC are also described. RESULTS Vascular-specific laser therapy has increasingly been studied as an addition in the therapeutic armamentarium of BCC. Although these studies demonstrate efficacy for nonaggressive BCC, optimization of this technique is ongoing to minimize scarring. A more targeted approach to the treatment of BCC, such as immunized photothermal therapy or laser-assisted chemotherapeutic delivery, may result in less scarring, while maintaining efficacy similar to that of lasers targeting tumor vasculature. CONCLUSION Vascular-specific laser therapies show promise in treating low-risk BCC; however, scarring is not an uncommon adverse event. Although only animal studies have been performed to date, laser-activated gold nanoparticle therapy and laser-assisted drug delivery of vismodegib are potential therapies that theoretically confer a more selective approach. Laser modalities demonstrate promise in the treatment of nonaggressive BCC, although long-term studies have yet to be published.
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- Aung Than
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Innovative Centre for Flexible DevicesNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Ping Zan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Innovative Centre for Flexible DevicesNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Innovative Centre for Flexible DevicesNanyang Technological University Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ho YJ, Hsu HC, Kang ST, Fan CH, Chang CW, Yeh CK. Ultrasonic Transdermal Delivery System with Acid–Base Neutralization-Generated CO2 Microbubble Cavitation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1968-1975. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tsung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Trust Bio-sonics, Zhubei City 30261, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wollina U, Tirant M, Vojvodic A, Lotti T. Treatment of Psoriasis: Novel Approaches to Topical Delivery. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:3018-3025. [PMID: 31850114 PMCID: PMC6910788 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical treatment is the cornerstone for the management of mild to moderate psoriasis. Despite efforts in drug development, patient's satisfaction with the available topical treatments is limited. A strategy to improve safety, efficacy and comfort of topical treatment provides the development of new drug delivery and drug carrier systems. This review provides an overview of recent advances in this field with a focus on psoriasis. Laser-assisted drug delivery, foam formulations, nanoparticles, ethosomes, and niomes are considered. Hopefully, these new developments will improve topical drug therapy and patient satisfaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Tirant
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome “G. Marconi”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Torello Lotti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome “G. Marconi”, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|