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Yang CM, Chien MY, Wang LY, Chuang CH, Chen CH. Goji Ferment Ameliorated Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in vitro and in vivo. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1102-1112. [PMID: 35796949 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09956-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of lyophilized powder of goji ferment (LPGF) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatic damage in Hep3B cells and in mice. Eleven strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were selected and their hepatoprotection against APAP-induced cellular damage in Hep3B cell line was evaluated. Four strains of LAB, including BCRC11652 (Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides), BCRC14619 (Lactobacillus gasseri), KODA-1 (Pediococcus acidilactici), and KODA-2 (Limosilactobacillus fermentum), have hepatoprotective potential against APAP in vitro. Goji significantly stimulated the growth of individual and combined strains of LAB and the optimal fermented condition was the treatment of goji at 10% (w/w) for 24 h. The prepared lyophilized powder of goji ferment (LPGF) containing fifteen combinations of LAB strains was used to explore their hepatoprotection in vitro. LPGF containing all combinations of LAB strains, except for KODA-2, significantly restored APAP-reduced cell viability and improved APAP-increased cellular levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). In mice model, LPGF containing BCRC11652, BCRC14619, and KODA-2 was chosen to evaluate its hepatoprotection against APAP-induced liver injury. LPGF at diverse doses have a tendency but no significant improvement on APAP-reduced body weight gain and liver weight. LPGF significantly decreased APAP-increased serum ALT and AST levels in a dose-dependent manner. At the end of experiment, LPGF significantly and dose-dependently reversed APAP-reduced activities of GSH and antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in hepatic tissue. Overall, LPGF was demonstrated to exhibit hepatoprotection against APAP-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Min Yang
- Ko Da Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Pingzhen Dist, No.20-1, Gongye 3rd Rd, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yin Chien
- Ko Da Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Pingzhen Dist, No.20-1, Gongye 3rd Rd, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, No. 1018 Sec. 6 Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 43302, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Chuang
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, No. 1018 Sec. 6 Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 43302, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Hsiang Chen
- Ko Da Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Pingzhen Dist, No.20-1, Gongye 3rd Rd, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chidiac AS, Buckley NA, Noghrehchi F, Cairns R. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose and hepatotoxicity: mechanism, treatment, prevention measures, and estimates of burden of disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023; 19:297-317. [PMID: 37436926 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2223959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paracetamol is one of the most used medicines worldwide and is the most common important poisoning in high-income countries. In overdose, paracetamol causes dose-dependent hepatotoxicity. Acetylcysteine is an effective antidote, however despite its use hepatotoxicity and many deaths still occur. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes paracetamol overdose and toxicity (including mechanisms, risk factors, risk assessment, and treatment). In addition, we summarize the epidemiology of paracetamol overdose worldwide. A literature search on PubMed for poisoning epidemiology and mortality from 1 January 2017 to 26 October 2022 was performed to estimate rates of paracetamol overdose, liver injury, and deaths worldwide. EXPERT OPINION Paracetamol is widely available and yet is substantially more toxic than other analgesics available without prescription. Where data were available, we estimate that paracetamol is involved in 6% of poisonings, 56% of severe acute liver injury and acute liver failure, and 7% of drug-induced liver injury. These estimates are limited by lack of available data from many countries, particularly in Asia, South America, and Africa. Harm reduction from paracetamol is possible through better identification of high-risk overdoses, and better treatment regimens. Large overdoses and those involving modified-release paracetamol are high-risk and can be targeted through legislative change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle S Chidiac
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Buckley
- New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Firouzeh Noghrehchi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rose Cairns
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
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Li L, Pang Z, Ma K, Gao Y, Zheng D, Wei Y, Zhang J, Qian S. Effect of Coformer Selection on In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of Adefovir Dipivoxil Cocrystals. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1777-1791. [PMID: 34729701 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to improve the in vitro dissolution, permeability and oral bioavailability of adefovir dipivoxil (ADD) by cocrystal technology and clarify the important role of coformer selection on the cocrystal's properties. METHODS ADD was cocrystallized with three small molecules (i.e., paracetamol (PA), saccharin (SAC) and nicotinamide (NIC)), respectively. The obtained ADD-PA cocrystal was characterized by DSC, TGA, PXRD and FTIR. Comparative study on dissolution rates among the three ADD cocrystals were conducted in water and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Besides, effects of coformers on intestinal permeability of ADD were evaluated via in vitro Caco-2 cell model and in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model in rats. Furthermore, in vivo pharmacokinetic study of ADD cocrystals was also compared. RESULTS Dissolution rates of ADD cocrystals were improved with the order of ADD-SAC cocrystal > ADD-PA cocrystal > ADD-NIC cocrystal. The permeability studies on Caco-2 cell model and single-pass intestinal perfusion model indicated that PA could enhance intestinal absorption of ADD by P-gp inhibition, while SAC and NIC did not. Further in vivo pharmacokinetic study showed that ADD-SAC cocrystal exhibited higher Cmax (1.4-fold) and AUC0-t (1.3-fold) of ADD than administration of ADD alone, and Cmax and AUC0-t of ADD-PA cocrystal were significantly enhanced by 2.1-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively, which was attributed to its higher dissolution and improved intestinal permeability. CONCLUSION Coformer selection had an important role on cocrystal's properties, and cocrystallization of ADD with a suitable coformer was an effective approach to enhance both dissolution and bioavailability of ADD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunting Pang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
- Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, 100022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoyi Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfeng Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuai Qian
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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Simultaneous Detection of Drug-Induced Liver Injury Protein and microRNA Biomarkers Using Dynamic Chemical Labelling on a Luminex MAGPIX System. ANALYTICA 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/analytica2040013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a potentially fatal adverse event and a leading cause for pre- and post-marketing drug withdrawal. Several multinational DILI initiatives have now recommended a panel of protein and microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers that can detect early liver injury and inform about mechanistic basis. This manuscript describes the development of seqCOMBO, a unique combo-multiplexed assay which combines the dynamic chemical labelling approach and an antibody-dependant method on the Luminex MAGPIX system. SeqCOMBO enables a versatile multiplexing platform to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of proteins and miRNAs in patient serum samples simultaneously. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method to profile protein and miRNA biomarkers to diagnose DILI in a single-step assay.
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Abstract
Genomic and transcriptomic analyses have well established that the major fraction of the mammalian genome is transcribed into different classes of RNAs ranging in size from a few nucleotides to hundreds of thousands of nucleotides, which do not encode any protein. Some of these noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are directly or indirectly linked to the regulation of expression or functions of 25,000 proteins coded by <2% of the human genome. Among these regulatory RNAs, microRNAs are small (2125 nucleotides) RNAs that are processed from precursor RNAs that have stemloop structure, whereas noncoding RNAs >200 nucleotides are termed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are newly identified lncRNA members that are generated by back-splicing of primary transcripts. The functions of ncRNAs in modulating liver toxicity of xenobiotics are emerging only recently. Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, paracetamol or APAP) is a safe analgesic and antipyretic drug at the therapeutic dose. However, it can cause severe liver toxicity that may lead to liver failure if overdosed or combined with alcohol, herbs, or other xenobiotics. This review discusses the role of ncRNAs in acetaminophen metabolism, toxicity, and liver regeneration after APAP-induced liver injury (AILI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Chowdhary
- *Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- †Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pipasha Biswas
- †Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kalpana Ghoshal
- *Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- †Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Teschke R, Uetrecht J. Mechanism of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI): unresolved basic issues. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:730. [PMID: 33987428 PMCID: PMC8106057 DOI: 10.21037/atm-2020-ubih-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical features of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI) are well described in cases that have been assessed for causality using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM), but our understanding of the mechanistic steps leading to injury is fragmentary. The difficulties describing mechanistic events can be traced back to the lack of an animal model of experimental idiosyncratic DILI that can mimic the genetic requirements of human idiosyncratic DILI. However, immune tolerance plays a dominant role in the immune response of the liver, and impairment of immune tolerance with immune checkpoint inhibitors increases DILI in both humans and animals. This may provide one method to study the individual steps involved. In general. the human DILI liver is a secret keeper providing little insight into what occurs in the diseased organ. Sufficient evidence exists that most idiosyncratic cases are mediated by the adaptive immune system, which depends on stimulation of the innate immune system, but the triggering factors are unknown. It is attractive to hypothesize that the gut microbiome plays a role; however, it is very difficult to study. Similarly, exosomes are likely to play an important role in communication between hepatic cells and the immune system, but there is a lack of data on blood exosomes in affected patients. Reactive metabolites are likely to play an important role. This is supported by the current analysis, which revealed an association between metabolism by cytochrome P450 and drugs most commonly involved in causing idiosyncratic DILI with causality verified by RUCAM. Circumstantial evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cytochrome P450 could be responsible for the initial steps of injury, but details are unknown. In conclusion, most of the mechanistic steps leading to idiosyncratic DILI remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty of the Goethe University Frankfurt/ Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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de Moraes ACN, de Andrade CBV, Ramos IPR, Dias ML, Batista CMP, Pimentel CF, de Carvalho JJ, Goldenberg RCDS. Resveratrol promotes liver regeneration in drug-induced liver disease in mice. Food Res Int 2021; 142:110185. [PMID: 33773662 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that the bioactive polyphenolic compound resveratrol (RESV, trans-isomer), found naturally in certain foods such as red grapes and peanuts, may be able to ameliorate liver damage. However, the effects and efficacy of long-term treatment with RESV remain unclear. Here, we used an acetaminophen (APAP; 400 mg/kg/d for 15 days) overdose model to induce liver damage in C56BL/6 mice. Three days after the intoxication was stopped, we observed biochemical, histological and ultrastructural alterations in the livers of these mice. The APAP-treated animals were then given RESV (10 mg/kg/d) for 60 days. Blood and tissue were analyzed at days 7, 30 and 60. Our data show that long-term RESV treatment (60 days) ameliorates the liver injury caused by APAP intoxication, restoring histological features, ultrastructural organization and serum biochemical parameters (albumin, alanine aminotransferase). Ck18- and F4/80-positive cells (indicators of hepatocyte recovery) were reestablished and the number of α-SMA positive cells was normalized after long-term RESV treatment. Additionally, downregulation of the drug transporter BCRP was observed. Electron microscopy revealed that treatment with RESV was effective in restoring the shape and size of hepatic microvilli and normalizing both the number and viability of mitochondria. Taken together, these results indicate that long-term treatment with RESV is effective in alleviating liver injury caused by APAP administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Cesar Nunes de Moraes
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Biology Department, Federal Fluminense University, UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cherley Borba Vieira de Andrade
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Histology and Embryology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isalira Peroba Rezende Ramos
- Center for Structural Biology and Bio-imaging, CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marlon Lemos Dias
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cintia Marina Paz Batista
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cibele Ferreira Pimentel
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Jose de Carvalho
- Department of Histology and Embryology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Regina Coeli Dos Santos Goldenberg
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, INCT-REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Ding CH, Zhu H. Isatidis Folium alleviates acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice by enhancing the endogenous antioxidant system. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:1251-1259. [PMID: 32677766 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isatidis Folium (IF) has been clinically combined with acetaminophen (APAP), but the rationality of combinational therapy is still ambiguous. In the present study, the protective effect and related mechanism of IF on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity were evaluated. Hepatic histopathology and blood biochemistry investigations clearly demonstrated that IF could restore APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Liver distribution study indicated that the hepatoprotective effect of IF on APAP is attributed to the reduction of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) in liver, which is a known hepatotoxic metabolite of APAP. Further study suggested the reduction is not via decreasing the generation of NAPQI through inhibiting the enzyme activities of CYP 1A2, 2E1, and 3A4 but via accelerating the transformation of NAPQI to NAPQI-GSH by promoting GSH and decreasing GSSG contents in liver. Furthermore, IF significantly enhanced the hepatic activities of GSH-associated enzymes in APAP-treated mice. In summary, IF could alleviate APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by reducing the content of NAPQI via enhancing the level of GSH and the followed generation of NAPQI-GSH which might be ascribed to the upregulation of GSH-associated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hua Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - He Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Liu L, Li X, Huang C, Bian Y, Liu X, Cao J, Qu W, Miao L. Bile acids, lipid and purine metabolism involved in hepatotoxicity of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:527-537. [PMID: 32436768 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1758060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rifampin (RIF), isoniazid (INH) and pyrazinamide (PZA) are essential components of the short-term first-line anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) chemotherapy regimen and can cause hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanism of anti-TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity (ATDH) is currently unclear. We investigate the relevant contributions to liver injury and the pathway of the above-mentioned drugs administered alone or in combination. METHODS UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based metabolomics, bile acids (BAs) analysis and FXR/SHP detection were used to evaluate the toxicity of these drugs and clarify the underlying metabolism-related pathway. RESULTS In C57BL/6 mice administered the corrected clinical doses, RIF, INH and PZA could induced hepatotoxicity; with less toxicity in the combination therapy than RIF. The pathological biochemistry, BAs concentration and metabolically regulated FXR/SHP gene expression analyzes in mice were consistent with the metabolomics results. FXR played a role in the hepatotoxicity of anti-tuberculosis drugs in the obeticholic acid treated and FXR-/- mice. Additionally, the purine and lipid metabolic pathways were involved in ATDH. CONCLUSION ATDH was involved in bile acids and lipid and purine metabolism. The BAs metabolic pathway involvement in mice was validated in TB patients. The noninvasive metabolomics approach is more systemic than routine toxicity evaluation and can be used to assess compound toxicity and the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Xianglian Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Chenrong Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Yicong Bian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of pharmacy, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University (The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou) , Suzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Qu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Liyan Miao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, China
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Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has been a long-standing concern of modern medicine, and the single most frequent reason for drug nonapprovals and postapproval restrictions or withdrawals. Chemical probes for early diagnosis of DILI has triggered a tremendous interest in the field of molecular imaging. In this review, we make a brief summary of the recently developed chemical probes and their applications in DILI imaging with special attention to the design of chemical probes, mechanism of their actions and their performances in DILI imaging.
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