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Laudisi F, Stolfi C, Monteleone I, Monteleone G. TGF-β1 signaling and Smad7 control T-cell responses in health and immune-mediated disorders. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350460. [PMID: 37611637 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, is produced by many immune and nonimmune cells and has pleiotropic effects on both innate and adaptive immunity, especially in the control of T-cell differentiation and function. Consistently, loss of TGF-β1 function is associated with exacerbated T-cell-dependent inflammatory responses that culminate in pathological processes in allergic and immune-mediated diseases. In this review, we highlight the roles of TGF-β1 in immunity, focusing mainly on its ability to promote differentiation of regulatory T cells, T helper (Th)-17, and Th9 cells, thus contributing to amplifying or restricting T-cell responses in health and human diseases (e.g., inflammatory bowel diseases, type 1 diabetes, asthma, and MS). In addition, we discuss the involvement of Smad7, an inhibitor of TGF-β1 signaling, in immune-mediated disorders (e.g., psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, MS, and inflammatory bowel diseases), as well as the discordant results of clinical trials with mongersen, an oral pharmaceutical compound containing a Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide, in patients with Crohn's disease. Further work is needed to ascertain the reasons for such a discrepancy as well as to identify better candidates for treatment with Smad7 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Laudisi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Stolfi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Monteleone
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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González Delgado S, Garza-Veloz I, Trejo-Vazquez F, Martinez-Fierro ML. Interplay between Serotonin, Immune Response, and Intestinal Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415632. [PMID: 36555276 PMCID: PMC9779345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by periods of activity and remission. IBD includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and even though IBD has not been considered as a heritable disease, there are genetic variants associated with increased risk for the disease. 5-Hydroxytriptamine (5-HT), or serotonin, exerts a wide range of gastrointestinal effects under both normal and pathological conditions. Furthermore, Serotonin Transporter (SERT) coded by Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 4 (SLC6A4) gene (located in the 17q11.1-q12 chromosome), possesses genetic variants, such as Serotonin Transporter Gene Variable Number Tandem Repeat in Intron 2 (STin2-VNTR) and Serotonin-Transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR), which have an influence over the functionality of SERT in the re-uptake and bioavailability of serotonin. The intestinal microbiota is a crucial actor in normal human gut physiology, exerting effects on serotonin, SERT function, and inflammatory processes. As a consequence of abnormal serotonin signaling and SERT function under these inflammatory processes, the use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been seen to improve disease activity and extraintestinal manifestations, such as depression and anxiety. The aim of this study is to integrate scientific data linking the intestinal microbiota as a regulator of gut serotonin signaling and re-uptake, as well as its role in the pathogenesis of IBD. We performed a narrative review, including a literature search in the PubMed database of both review and original articles (no date restriction), as well as information about the SLC6A4 gene and its genetic variants obtained from the Ensembl website. Scientific evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials regarding the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as an adjuvant therapy in patients with IBD is also discussed. A total of 194 articles were used between reviews, in vivo, in vitro studies, and clinical trials.
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Reutov VP, Sorokina EG. Causal Relationship between Physiological and Pathological Processes in the Brain and in the Gastrointestinal Tract: The Brain-Intestine Axis. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2022; 67:972-986. [PMID: 36883179 PMCID: PMC9984134 DOI: 10.1134/s0006350922060197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain and gastrointestinal tract are the most important organs responsible for detecting, transmitting, integrating, and responding to signals coming from the internal and external environment. A bidirectional system of neurohumoral communication (the "intestine-brain" axis) combines the activity of the intestine and brain (or brain and intestine) of a person. It affects human development and behavior. This paper analyzes the literature data on the existence of a relationship between the central and enteral nervous systems. Based on data on the number of neurons in the enteral nervous system (approximately 250 million nerve cells), the concept of a "second brain" in the intestine has been proposed in foreign literature, which, by its influence on the brain, can have a more powerful influence than the spinal cord (approximately 10 million neurons) with its autonomic nervous system. However, it turned out that Russian scientists, academicians of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union I.P. Pavlov, K.M. Bykov, and A.M. Ugolev, analyzed cortical-visceral relationships in the 20th century and wrote about the existence of a connection between the central and enteral nervous systems. One of the urgent problems of modern physiology, pathophysiology, biophysics, biochemistry, and medicine is to clarify the causal relationship between the central and enteral nervous systems, as well as between neurological, mental, and gastrointestinal diseases in order to combine the efforts of specialists of various medical and biological profiles to solve urgent medical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Reutov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia
| | - E G Sorokina
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Parra-Holguín NN. Emerging therapeutic options in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:8242-8261. [PMID: 35068868 PMCID: PMC8717021 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i48.8242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease that requires chronic treatment throughout the evolution of the disease, with a complex physiopathology that entails great challenges for the development of new and specific treatments for ulcerative colitis and Crohn´s disease. The anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy has impacted the clinical course of IBD in those patients who do not respond to conventional treatment, so there is a need to develop new therapies and markers of treatment response. Various pathways involved in the development of the disease are known and the new therapies have focused on blocking the inflammatory process at the gastrointestinal level by oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, and topical route. All these new therapies can lead to more personalized treatments with higher success rates and fewer relapses. These treatments have not only focused on clinical remission, but also on achieving macroscopic changes at the endoscopic level and microscopic changes by achieving mucosal healing. These treatments are mainly based on modifying signaling pathways, by blocking receptors or ligands, reducing cell migration and maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Therefore, this review presents the efficacy and safety of the new treatments that are currently under study and the advances that have been made in this area in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus K Yamamoto-Furusho
- Gastroenterology Unit, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Norma N Parra-Holguín
- Gastroenterology Unit, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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Törüner M, Akpınar H, Akyüz F, Dağlı Ü, Över Hamzaoğlu H, Tezel A, Ünsal B, Yıldırım S, Çelik AF. 2019 Expert opinion on biological treatment use in inflammatory bowel disease management. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2020; 30:S913-S946. [PMID: 32207688 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2019.061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Törüner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hale Akpınar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Filiz Akyüz
- Department of Gastroenterology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ülkü Dağlı
- Department of Gastroenterology, Başkent University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hülya Över Hamzaoğlu
- Department of Gastroenterology, İstanbul Acıbadem Fulya Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tezel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Belkıs Ünsal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Katip Çelebi University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Yıldırım
- Department of Gastroenterology, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Aykut Ferhat Çelik
- Department of Gastroenterology, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Abdel-Moneim A, Abd El-Twab SM, Nabil A, El Kazafy SA. Effect of antidiabetic therapy on TNF-α, IL-18, IL-23 and IL-35 levels in T2DM patients with coincidental Helicobacter pylori infection. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2020.1824669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Molecular Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sanaa M. Abd El-Twab
- Molecular Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Nabil
- Biotechnology Department, Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Salma A. El Kazafy
- Biotechnology Department, Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Saber S, Basuony M, Eldin AS. Telmisartan ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in rats by modulating NF-κB signalling in the context of PPARγ agonistic activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 671:185-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Saber S, Khalil RM, Abdo WS, Nassif D, El-Ahwany E. Olmesartan ameliorates chemically-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via modulating NFκB and Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling crosstalk. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 364:120-132. [PMID: 30594690 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alteration in the expression pattern of Nrf-2 and NFκB has been reported in ulcerative colitis (UC) in which functional crosstalk between these two critical pathways has been suggested. The ameliorative potential of the AT1R blocker olmesartan (OLM) on oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines has received considerable attention in recent years. Acetic acid (AA)-induced UC demonstrates close resemblance to human UC regarding histopathological features and cytokine profile and is associated with local intense immune response, oxidative stress and release of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, The effect of OLM (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) administered orally to rats subjected to intra-rectal instillation of 2 ml of 3% AA in saline solution is investigated. The study revealed that OLM ameliorated colon injury and inflammatory signs as visualized by histopathological examination. Levels of colon IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β, and serum CRP were down-regulated, while the level of colon IL-10 was up-regulated. In a dose-dependent manner, OLM suppressed AA-induced neutrophils accumulation and improved colon anti-oxidant defense machinery. Also, OLM repressed the Bax:BCL-2 ratio and caspase3 expression. The mechanism of these protective effects was found to lay behind its ability to down-regulate gene expression and inhibit phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 subunits. On the other hand, OLM up-regulated gene expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1. In conclusion, our data show that OLM is an Nrf2 activator, NFkB inhibitor and apoptosis inhibitor in an experimental model of ulcerative colitis. Overall, the study indicates that OLM shows promise as a potential therapy for the treatment of human inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa City, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt.
| | - Rania M Khalil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa City, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Walied S Abdo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Doaa Nassif
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa City, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Eman El-Ahwany
- Department of Immunology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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