1
|
Brugger D, Wilhelm B, Schusser B, Gisch N, Matthes J, Zhao J, Windisch W. Masson Pine pollen (Pinus massoniana) activate HD11 chicken macrophages invitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117870. [PMID: 38331121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Masson Pine pollen (Pinus massoniana; MP) are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat gut conditions. Early in vivo work supports this claim and suggests interaction of the material with the gastrointestinal immune system. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study tested if and how MP material activates HD11 chicken macrophages in vitro using material from different production sites and harvest years. MATERIAL & METHODS We applied twelve batches of MP from different Chinese production sites and harvest years. Materials were subjected to LAL tests (endotoxic activity), GC-MS (fatty acid analysis), and plate techniques (microbiological background, antimicrobial activity). Furthermore, HD11 chicken macrophages were challenged (6 h, 37 °C) with MP or LPS (E. coli O111:B4), respectively, to quantify nitric oxide (NO) production and immune gene expression (RT-qPCR). RESULTS MP material promoted strong signals in LAL tests and contained significant amounts of 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid and 3-hydroxymyristic acid, irrespective of processing, harvest year, or origin. The pollen material activated HD11 chicken macrophages, which was confirmed by spikes of NO release and k-means cluster analysis of TLR-signaling pathway gene expression data. Response of NO production to Log2-titration of MP and LPS-treated media was in any case linear and significant. The response was reduced by polymyxin-B (PMB) and the inhibition was twice as strong for LPS than MP. No or minor microbiological background was detected on the majority of MP samples. Three samples showed presence of spoilage microorganisms and Gram-negative bacteria, but this did not correlate to LAL data or bacterial DNA counts. No antimicrobial activity of MP was evident. CONCLUSION Pollen of the Masson Pine activated HD11 chicken macrophages in vitro, which is likely partially due to a background of bacterial LPS associated with the pollen material. However, as most of the effect (appr. 80%) could not be blocked by PMB this is certainly due to other stimuli. We hypothesize that polysaccharides and oligosaccharides of the pollen matrix have the potential to interact with certain immune receptors presented on the plasma membrane of chicken macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brugger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland; Chair of Animal Nutrition, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Belinda Wilhelm
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Schusser
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, 85354, Freising, Germany; Center for Infection Prevention (ZIP), Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845, Borstel, Germany.
| | - Julia Matthes
- Chair of Animal Hygiene, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Anton-Guenther-Strasse 51, 72488, Sigmaringen, Germany.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Windisch
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Souza M, Baptista AAS, Menck-Costa MF, Justino L, da Glória EM, Shimizu GD, Ferraz CR, Verri WA, Van Immerseel F, Bracarense APFRL. Modulation of Broiler Intestinal Changes Induced by Clostridium perfringens and Deoxynivalenol through Probiotic, Paraprobiotic, and Postbiotic Supplementation. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:46. [PMID: 38251262 PMCID: PMC10820081 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a DON and Clostridium perfringens (CP) challenge on the intestinal morphology, morphometry, oxidative stress, and immune response of broilers. Additionally, we evaluated the potential of a Lactobacillus spp. mixture as an approach to mitigate the damage induced by the challenge. One-day-old broiler chickens (n = 252) were divided into seven treatment groups: Control, DON, CP, CP + DON, VL (DON + CP + viable Lactobacillus spp. mixture), HIL (DON + CP + heat-inactivated Lactobacillus spp. mixture), and LCS (DON + CP + Lactobacillus spp. mixture culture supernatant). Macroscopic evaluation of the intestines revealed that the CP + DON group exhibited the highest lesion score, while the VL and HIL groups showed the lowest scores. Microscopically, all Lactobacillus spp. treatments mitigated the morphological changes induced by the challenge. DON increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the jejunum, and CP increased ROS levels in the jejunum and ileum. Notably, the Lactobacillus spp. treatments did not improve the antioxidant defense against CP-induced oxidative stress. In summary, a Lactobacillus spp. mixture, whether used as a probiotic, paraprobiotic, or postbiotic, exerted a partially protective effect in mitigating most of the intestinal damage induced by DON and CP challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marielen de Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology (LAP), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (M.F.M.-C.); (L.J.)
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Ana Angelita Sampaio Baptista
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (M.F.M.-C.); (L.J.)
| | - Maísa Fabiana Menck-Costa
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (M.F.M.-C.); (L.J.)
| | - Larissa Justino
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (M.F.M.-C.); (L.J.)
| | - Eduardo Micotti da Glória
- Biological Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil;
| | - Gabriel Danilo Shimizu
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
| | - Camila Rodrigues Ferraz
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (C.R.F.); (W.A.V.)
| | - Waldiceu A. Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (C.R.F.); (W.A.V.)
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grześkowiak Ł, Saliu EM, Martínez-Vallespín B, Aschenbach JR, Brockmann GA, Fulde M, Hartmann S, Kuhla B, Lucius R, Metges CC, Rothkötter HJ, Vahjen W, Wessels AG, Zentek J. Dietary fiber and its role in performance, welfare, and health of pigs. Anim Health Res Rev 2022; 23:165-193. [PMID: 36688278 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252322000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) is receiving increasing attention, and its importance in pig nutrition is now acknowledged. Although DF for pigs was frowned upon for a long time because of reductions in energy intake and digestibility of other nutrients, it has become clear that feeding DF to pigs can affect their well-being and health. This review aims to summarize the state of knowledge of studies on DF in pigs, with an emphasis on the underlying mode of action, by considering research using DF in sows as well as suckling and weaned piglets, and fattening pigs. These studies indicate that DF can benefit the digestive tracts and the health of pigs, if certain conditions or restrictions are considered, such as concentration in the feed and fermentability. Besides the chemical composition and the impact on energy and nutrient digestibility, it is also necessary to evaluate the possible physical and physiologic effects on intestinal function and intestinal microbiota, to better understand the relation of DF to animal health and welfare. Future research should be designed to provide a better mechanistic understanding of the physiologic effects of DF in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ł Grześkowiak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - E-M Saliu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Martínez-Vallespín
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - G A Brockmann
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Animal Breeding, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Fulde
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Kuhla
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - R Lucius
- Institute of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - C C Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H J Rothkötter
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - W Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - A G Wessels
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Luo Y, He J, Li H, Lan C, Cai J, Chen H, Tian G, Wang H, Wang Q, He J, Chen D, Yu B, Huang Z, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu J, Luo J, Wu A, Yan H. Wheat bran fermented by mixed fungal strains improves the digestibility of crude fiber and may benefit the gut health without impacting the growth performance in weaned pigs. Food Funct 2021; 12:2962-2971. [PMID: 33690750 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00273b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the effect of raw (WB) or mixed fungi-fermented wheat bran (FWB) on the growth, nutrient digestibility and intestinal health in weaned piglets. After the preparation of FWB, twenty-one cross-bred weaned piglets (7.20 ± 0.5 kg) were separated into three groups for a 40-day trial. The pigs in the control group were fed a basal corn-soybean meal diet. For the other two groups, 8% of expanded corn in the basal diet was replaced by equivalent WB or FWB. Results showed that the content of main nutrients and the composition of dietary fiber in FWB improved compared to that for WB. The digestibility of fiber in pigs fed FWB improved (P < 0.05) compared to the control and/or WB without affecting their growth performance. Both WB and FWB decreased the conditional pathogen (Streptococcus) or/and E. coli virulence factor (STb) in the colon compared to control (P < 0.05), and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VCR) in jejunum increased (P < 0.05). The number of goblet cells, the expression of MUC-1 and pBD1 in jejunal mucosa, and the proportion of blood CD4+ T lymphocyte subset improved (P < 0.05) by FWB rather than WB. Furthermore, although only WB elevated (P < 0.05) the concentration of butyrate in the colon, both WB and FWB increased the number of butyrate-producing bacteria (P < 0.05) compared to the control. Thus, the main advantage of FWB over WB in weaned pigs is its improvement in fiber digestibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Slama J, Schedle K, Wetscherek W, Pekar D, Schwarz C, Gierus M. Effects of soybean hulls and lignocellulose on performance, nutrient digestibility, microbial metabolites and immune response in piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2020; 74:173-188. [PMID: 31933383 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1704174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A feeding trial with 96 piglets was performed to investigate the effect of added soluble (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) sources on performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), concentration of microbial metabolites and pro-inflammatory marker genes as indicators for immune response. Piglets were allotted to four treatments (T): T1 control, T2 with soybean hulls (IDF/SDF: 8.35) and T3 and T4 with two different kinds of lignocellulose (IDF/SDF: >70). Diets were isofibrous for their value of total dietary fibre to underline the particular physicochemical properties of fibre sources. No differences were observed regarding average daily feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio and body weight, while T2 expressed higher ADG in the grower phase (day 14-54) vs. T3. Soybean hulls (T2) resulted in higher ATTD of dry matter and organic matter vs. T4; ether extract vs. T1 and neutral detergent fibre vs. T1, T2 and T3. The concentration of short chain fatty acids did not differ among treatments. Ileal digesta in T2 generated higher amounts of cadaverine vs. T3 and T4, likewise T1 vs. T4. Finally, no impact on immune response was detected. In conclusion, soybean hulls affected ATTD positively and lignocellulose prevented the formation of cadaverine, no overall direct response of SDF nor of IDF for the inclusion level were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Slama
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Schedle
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wetscherek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Pekar
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Schwarz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Gierus
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fang T, Wu X, Cao W, Jia G, Zhao H, Chen X, Wu C, Tang J, Wang J, Liu G. Effects of dietary fiber on the antioxidant capacity, immune status, and antioxidant-relative signaling molecular gene expression in rat organs. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different fibers, such as dietary pea, sweet potato, and wheat bran fibers, on the antioxidant capacity, immune status, and antioxidant-related signaling molecules of rat organs.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kraler M, Schedle K, Schwarz C, Domig KJ, Pichler M, Oppeneder A, Wetscherek W, Prückler M, Pignitter M, Pirker KF, Somoza V, Heine D, Kneifel W. Fermented and extruded wheat bran in piglet diets: impact on performance, intestinal morphology, microbial metabolites in chyme and blood lipid radicals. Arch Anim Nutr 2015; 69:378-98. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2015.1075671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
8
|
Li Q, Mair C, Schedle K, Hellmayr I, Windisch W. Effects of varying dietary iodine supplementation levels as iodide or iodate on thyroid status as well as mRNA expression and enzyme activity of antioxidative enzymes in tissues of grower/finisher pigs. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:161-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Intestinal gene expression in pigs: effects of reduced feed intake during weaning and potential impact of dietary components. Nutr Res Rev 2011; 24:155-75. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954422411000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The weaning transition is characterised by morphological, histological and microbial changes, often leading to weaning-associated disorders. These intestinal changes can partly be ascribed to the lack of luminal nutrition arising from the reduced feed intake common in pigs after weaning. It is increasingly becoming clear that changes in the supply with enteral nutrients may have major impacts on intestinal gene expression. Furthermore, the major dietary constituents, i.e. carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids, participate in the regulation of intestinal gene expression. However, nutrients may also escape digestion by mammalian enzymes in the upper gastrointestinal tract. These nutrients can be used by the microflora, resulting in the production of bacterial metabolites, for example, SCFA, which may affect intestinal gene expression indirectly. The present review provides an insight on possible effects of reduced feed intake on intestinal gene expression, as it may occur post-weaning. Detailed knowledge on effects of reduced feed intake on intestinal gene expression may help to understand weaning-associated intestinal dysfunctions and diseases. Examples are given of intestinal genes which may be altered in their expression due to supply with specific nutrients. In that way, gene expression could be modulated by dietary means, thereby acting as a potential therapeutic tool. This could be achieved, for example, by influencing genes coding for digestive or absorptive proteins, thus optimising digestive function and metabolism, but also with regard to immune response, or by influencing proliferative processes, thereby enhancing mucosal repair. This would be of special interest when designing a diet to overcome weaning-associated problems.
Collapse
|
10
|
Becker C, Reiter M, Pfaffl MW, Meyer HHD, Bauer J, Meyer KHD. Expression of immune relevant genes in pigs under the influence of low doses of deoxynivalenol (DON). Mycotoxin Res 2011; 27:287-93. [PMID: 23605931 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-011-0106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common Fusarium toxins in animal feed and poses a potential risk especially for monogastric animals like pigs. DON is known to modulate the immune system, dependent on dose and frequency of exposure. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to low levels of DON on the expression of immune relevant genes. In a feeding trial (84 days), 20 pigs were assigned equally to a control and a treatment group. The DON-content of the contaminated diet was 1.2 mg/kg from day 1 to 41, from day 42 it was elevated to 2.0 mg/kg. The control group (n = 10) was fed a diet with a DON concentration lower than 0.05 mg/kg. Blood samples were taken over the course of the study and ileum samples were taken at slaughter. Gene expression measurement was done using real-time RT-qPCR. For target genes, those cytokines were chosen, which were estimated to be implicated in the modulation of the immune system induced by DON ingestion. In ileum, significant down-regulations could be observed for IL-1β and IL-8 (p < 0.05). Most significant regulations in blood could be detected on day 45 after increasing the dietary DON content in the experimental diet. Herein, down-regulations of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNFα were demonstrated. In conclusion, the present study provides data concerning chronic application of DON in low doses, as little is known in this area. Down-regulations of immune-related transcription factors and pro-inflammatory immune factors could be demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Becker
- Animal Hygiene, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen Q, Swist E, Beckstead J, Green J, Matias F, Roberts J, Qiao C, Raju J, Brooks SPJ, Scoggan KA. Dietary fructooligosaccharides and wheat bran elicit specific and dose-dependent gene expression profiles in the proximal colon epithelia of healthy Fischer 344 rats. J Nutr 2011; 141:790-7. [PMID: 21430247 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.133421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proximal colon epithelial gene responses to diets containing increasing levels of dietary fermentable material (FM) from 2 different sources were measured to determine whether gene expression patterns were independent of the source of FM. Male Fischer 344 rats (10/group) were fed for 6 wk a control diet containing 10% (g/g) cellulose (0% FM); or a 2, 5, or 10% wheat bran (WB) diet (1, 2, 5% FM); or a 2, 5, or 8% fructooligosaccharides (FOS) diet (2, 5, 8% FM). WB and FOS were substituted for cellulose to give a final 10% nondigestible material content including FM. Gene responses were relative to expression in rats fed the control diet. The gene response patterns associated with feeding ∼2% FM (5% WB and 2% FOS) were similar (∼10 gene changes ≥ 1.6-fold; P ≤ 0.01) and involved genes associated with transport (Scnn1g, Mt1a), transcription (Zbtb16, Egr1), immunity (Fkbp5), a gut hormone (Retn1β), and lipid metabolism (Scd2, Insig1). These changes were also similar to those associated with 5% FM but only in rats fed the 10% WB diet. In contrast, the 5% FOS diet (~5% FM) was associated with 68 gene expression changes ≥ 1.6-fold (P ≤ 0.01). The diet with the highest level of fermentation (8% FOS, ~8% FM) was associated with 132 changes ≥ 1.6-fold (P ≤ 0.01), including genes associated with transport, cellular proliferation, oncogene and tumor metastasis, the cell cycle, apoptosis, signal transduction, transcript regulation, immunity, gut hormones, and lipid metabolic processes. These results show that both the amount and source of FM determine proximal colon epithelial gene response patterns in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Chen
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Evaluation of potential reference genes for relative quantification by RT-qPCR in different porcine tissues derived from feeding studies. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:1727-34. [PMID: 21673918 PMCID: PMC3111629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12031727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Five potential reference genes for RT-qPCR application, namely histone H3, beta-actin, GAPDH, ubiquitin and 18S rRNA, were evaluated for normalization of gene expression in four selected tissues (liver, kidney, thyroid and abdominal fat). Tissues were derived from fattening pigs exposed to different amounts and type of dietary iodine. Two software applications (geNorm and NormFinder) were used to evaluate the stability of the potential reference genes. All studied genes displayed high expression stability but different stability patterns between the investigated tissues. The results suggest GAPDH and 18S rRNA as reference genes applicable in all tissues investigated. Beta-actin and histone H3 are suitable reference genes for all tissues investigated except fat. In contrast, ubiquitin should be excluded from use as a reference gene in the porcine tissues analyzed due to variations in expression levels, despite the good expression stability.
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Mair C, Plitzner C, Pfaffl MW, Schedle K, Meyer HHD, Windisch W. Inulin and probiotics in newly weaned piglets: effects on intestinal morphology, mRNA expression levels of inflammatory marker genes and haematology. Arch Anim Nutr 2010; 64:304-21. [PMID: 20722301 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2010.492137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed at determining the effect of inulin and/or a multispecies probiotic formulation on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) morphology, immunological and haematological parameters. Forty-eight newly weaned piglets were assigned to four feeding groups, receiving a standard basal diet (control), supplemented with 0.4% inulin, probiotics (1 x 10(9) CFU/kg as fed, enterococci, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria) or a combination of both (synbiotic). After four weeks of ad libitum feeding piglets were slaughtered and intestinal tissue samples were obtained for histometry. Additional tissue samples of the GIT, mesenteric lymph nodes, blood, liver and spleen were taken for mRNA expression analysis of cell turnover (CDK4, caspase3, IGF I), transcription factor NFkappaB and inflammatory marker genes (TNFalpha, TGFbeta). Changes in histometry occurred predominantly in the small intestine, showing higher jejunal villi when probiotics were administered alone (p < 0.10). Inulin decreased the number of acidic goblet cells in jejunal villi (p < 0.05), whereas probiotics increased neutral goblet cells in ileal villi (p < 0.05). Though inflammatory marker genes were uninfluenced by treatment in the proximal GIT, the colon showed downregulations induced by inulin (TNFalpha: p < 0.10, TGFbeta: p < 0.05). Gene expression of CDK4 was upregulated in the jejunum and of TGFbeta in the mesenteric lymph nodes in the probiotic groups. Interestingly, the probiotic group alone exhibited upregulations in cell turnover marker genes in the colon and blood. Furthermore, for numerous parameters, inulin and probiotics led to no synergistic but antagonistic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Mair
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Products and Nutrition Physiology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|