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Daniel JB, Brugger D, van der Drift S, van der Merwe D, Kendall N, Windisch W, Doelman J, Martín-Tereso J. Zinc, Copper, and Manganese Homeostasis and Potential Trace Metal Accumulation in Dairy Cows: Longitudinal Study from Late Lactation to Subsequent Mid-Lactation. J Nutr 2023; 153:1008-1018. [PMID: 36813237 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trace metals are supplemented in cattle to prevent nutrient deficiencies. Levels supplemented to mitigate worst-case basal supply and availability scenarios can, however, result in trace metal intakes far above the nutritional requirements of dairy cows with high feed intakes. OBJECTIVES We evaluated Zn, Mn, and Cu balance in dairy cows from late lactation through the subsequent mid-lactation, a period of 24 wk characterized by large changes in dry matter intake. METHODS Twelve Holstein dairy cows were housed in a tie-stall from 10 wk before to 16 wk after parturition and fed 1 unique lactation diet when lactating and a dry cow diet otherwise. After 2 wk of adaptation to the facility and diet, Zn, Mn, and Cu balances were determined at weekly intervals, by calculating the difference between total intakes and complete fecal, urinary, and milk outputs, with the latter 3 fluxes quantified over a 48-h period. Repeated measure mixed models were used to evaluate the effects on trace mineral balances over time. RESULTS The Mn and Cu balances of cows were not significantly different from 0 mg/d between 8 wk prepartum and calving (P ≥ 0.54), when dietary intake was the lowest of the period evaluated. However, when dietary intake was highest, between wk 6 and 16 postpartum, positive Mn and Cu balances were observed (80 and 20 mg/d, respectively, P ≤ 0.05). Cows were in positive Zn balance throughout the study except during the first 3 wk after calving during which the Zn balance was negative. CONCLUSIONS Large adaptations occur in trace metal homeostasis in transition cows in response to changes in dietary intake. High dry matter intakes, associated with high milk production of dairy cows, combined with current Zn, Mn, and Cu supplementation practices may exceed regulatory homeostatic mechanisms resulting in potential body accumulation of Zn, Mn, and Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Brugger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Deon van der Merwe
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nigel Kendall
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Wilhelm Windisch
- Animal Nutrition, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - John Doelman
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
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Brugger D, Wagner B, Windisch WM, Schenkel H, Schulz K, Südekum KH, Berk A, Pieper R, Kowalczyk J, Spolders M. Review: Bioavailability of trace elements in farm animals: definition and practical considerations for improved assessment of efficacy and safety. Animal 2022; 16:100598. [PMID: 35952480 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the authorisation procedure of trace elements as feed additives in the European Union according to Regulation (EC) No. 1831/2003 does not consider the bioavailability of trace element sources. This manuscript provides framework conditions for in vivo experiments that aim to estimate differences in the relative bioavailability between supplements of essential trace elements. Framework conditions encompass necessary technical information on the test substance, the experimental design and diet composition as well as the suitability of status parameters that allow for relative comparisons of regression variables. This manuscript evolves recommendations for researchers to conduct solid and reliable experiments on the matter as well as decision makers to interpret the value of studies submitted with authorisation applications regarding a certain trace element supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brugger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Wagner
- BfR-Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - W M Windisch
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - H Schenkel
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Strasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K Schulz
- BfR-Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - K-H Südekum
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - A Berk
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - R Pieper
- BfR-Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Kowalczyk
- BfR-Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Spolders
- BfR-Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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Schmidt F, Müller AE, Staufenbiel R, Pieper L. Untersuchungen zur Zinkkonzentration in unterschiedlichen Probenmedien von Milchkühen und Ableitung von Referenzwerten. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018; 45:213-218. [DOI: 10.15653/tpg-160741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand und Ziel: Zink spielt bei vielen Körperfunktionen eine Schlüsselrolle und ist für die Gesundheit und Fruchtbarkeit von enormer Bedeutung. Die Beurteilung der Zinkversorgung kann durch Analyse von Blut-, Harn- oder Haarproben erfolgen. Ziel der Studie war, Referenzwerte für die unterschiedlichen Probenmedien und Laktationszeitpunkte für die Herdenuntersuchung deutscher Milchviehherden zu bestimmen. Material und Methoden: Daten von 1515 Herden, die im Rahmen der Bestandsbetreuung der Klauentierklinik der Freien Universität Berlin zwischen 1995 und 2012 beprobt wurden, gingen in die Analyse ein. Die Zinkkonzentration wurden in Serum, Plasma, Vollblut, Haar und Harn der Poolproben von 7–10 Tieren pro Gruppe bestimmt. In Herden mit mehr als 200 Tieren wurden Kühe aus fünf Gruppen beprobt (8–3 Wochen ante partum [a. p.], 3–0 Wochen a. p., 0–1 Wochen post partum [p. p.], 3–5 Wochen p. p. und 15–18 Wochen p. p.). In Herden mit weniger als 200 Tieren beschränkte sich die Beprobung auf vier Gruppen (8–3 Wochen a. p., 3–0 Wochen a. p., 0–5 Wochen p. p. und 6–20 Wochen p. p.). Ergebnisse: Die Korrelationen zwischen den Zinkkonzentrationen in den Probenmedien variierten zwischen r = 0,001 (Vollblut und Harn) und r = 0,75 (Serum und Plasma). Die Zinkkonzentrationen in Serum und Plasma änderten sich schnell und folgten einer Laktationsdynamik mit den niedrigsten Werten um die Kalbung. In Vollblut und Haar änderten sich die Zinkkonzentrationen langsam und folgten der Laktationsdynamik zeitverzögert mit niedrigsten Werten einige Wochen nach der Kalbung. Referenzwerte für Poolproben für die unterschiedlichen Probenmedien und Laktationsstadien werden vorgeschlagen. Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Relevanz: Für die Diagnostik in unterschiedlichen Probenmedien und zu verschiedenen Laktationszeitpunkten müssen verschiedene Referenzwerte angewendet werden. Um mittels wiederholter Untersuchungen Veränderungen der Zinkversorgung beurteilen zu können, sollten dasselbe Probenmedium und derselbe Laktationszeitpunkt herangezogen werden.
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Costa e Silva LF, de Campos Valadares Filho S, Engle TE, Rotta PP, Marcondes MI, Silva FAS, Martins EC, Tokunaga AT. Macrominerals and Trace Element Requirements for Beef Cattle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144464. [PMID: 26657049 PMCID: PMC4681427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eighty-seven Nellore animals were utilized in this study to estimate net requirements for the maintenance and growth of beef cattle as well as the retention coefficients of 13 minerals: macrominerals (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, and S) and trace elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn, Co, and Cr). The net requirements for maintenance and the true retention coefficient were estimated by using the regression between apparent retention and intake for each mineral. The net requirement for maintenance (μg/kg BW) and retention coefficients (%) were 163 and 85 for Cu, 2,097 and 53 for Fe, 32.3 and 24 for Mn, 3.72 and 48 for Se, 669 and 0.80 for Zn, 18.4 and 86 for Co, and 22.9 and 78 for Cr. The dietary requirements of macrominerals (g/kg DMI) were 5.12 for Ca, 2.38 for P, 0.96 for Mg, 2.40 for K, 0.79 for Na, and 1.47 for S. This is the first study using Nellore cattle to estimate mineral requirements; considering that Nellore cattle are the most common breed in Brazil and that Brazil is a major beef producer globally, this knowledge can help producers to improve animal performance by supplying the correct amount of minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Terry Eugene Engle
- Colorado State University, Animal Science Department, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Polyana Pizzi Rotta
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Animal Science Department, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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5
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Brugger D, Windisch WM. Environmental responsibilities of livestock feeding using trace mineral supplements. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2015; 1:113-118. [PMID: 29767146 PMCID: PMC5945946 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trace elements are essential dietary components for livestock species. However, they also exhibit a strong toxic potential. Therefore, their fluxes through the animal organism are tightly regulated by a complex molecular machinery that controls the rate of absorption from the gut lumen as well as the amount of excretion via faeces, urine and products (e.g., milk) in order to maintain an internal equilibrium. When supplemented in doses above the gross requirement trace elements accumulate in urine and faeces and, hence, manure. Thereby, trace element emissions represent a potential threat to the environment. This fact is of particular importance in regard to the widely distributed feeding practice of pharmacological zinc and copper doses for the purpose of performance enhancement. Adverse environmental effects have been described, like impairment of plant production, accumulation in edible animal products and the water supply chain as well as the correlation between increased trace element loads and antimicrobial resistance. In the light of discussions about reducing the allowed upper limits for trace element loads in feed and manure from livestock production in the European Union excessive dosing needs to be critically reconsidered. Moreover, the precision in trace element feeding has to be increased in order to avoid unnecessary supplementation and, thereby, heavy metal emissions from livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brugger
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising 85354, Germany
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Scientific Opinion on the potential reduction of the currently authorised maximum zinc content in complete feed. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Weigand E, Kirchgessner M. Analysis of a Dynamic Factorial Model on Trace Element Utilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1977.tb00286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Weigand E, Kirchgessner M. Factorial estimation of the zinc requirement of lactating dairy cows. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR TIERPHYSIOLOGIE, TIERERNAHRUNG UND FUTTERMITTELKUNDE 1982; 47:1-9. [PMID: 7048796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1982.tb01228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Weigand E, Kirchgessner M. Change in apparent and true absorption and retention of dietary zinc with age in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 1979; 1:347-58. [PMID: 24277168 DOI: 10.1007/bf02778836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/1979] [Accepted: 04/23/1979] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two groups of 16 rats each were fed the same diet with 12.9 ppm Zn. Nine days after each animal was injected with(65)Zn for assessing fecal zinc of endogenous origin, zinc intake and excretion were determined for a six-day period at the age of about five (group I) and nine (II) weeks. At mean growth rates of 5.1 and 5.2 g/day, food consumption per gram of gain was 2.01 g in group I vs 2.86 g in II. Overall, zinc retention amounted to 21 vs 25 μg Zn/g of gain. Apparent absorption averaged 92 vs 74% of Zn intake (132 vs 189 μg/day), while true absorption averaged 98 vs 92%. It was concluded that endogenous fecal zinc excretion was limited to the indispensable loss (F em) in group I (7 μg/day), while it exceeded this minimum loss in group II (33 μg/day). True retention, which reflected total zinc utilization (true absorption times metabolic efficiency), was derived from apparent absorption plusF em (11 μg/day for group II according to the greater metabolic body size of the rats). It averaged 98% of Zn intake in group I vs 80% in group II. The mean metabolic efficiency was 100% vs 87%. The conclusion was that these marked differences between age groups in utilizing the dietary zinc reflected the efficient homeostatic adjustments in absorption and endogenous excretion of zinc to the respective zinc supply status.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Weigand
- Institut für Ernährungsphysiologie, Technische Universität München, D-8050, Freising-Weihenstephan, Federal Republic of Germany
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Kirchgessner M, Schwarz WA. [Effect of zinc deficiency and varying zinc supplements on resorption and retention in dairy cows]. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1976; 26:3-16. [PMID: 962579 DOI: 10.1080/17450397609425612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
5 lactating cows were used in a trial to investigate the process of Zn absorption and Zn retention under conditions of Zn deficiency and variations in Zn supplementation. The apparent Zn absorption was found to be markedly increased if the animals were fed a Zn deficient semisynthetic diet containing 6 mg Zn per kg of dry matter during the depletion period. Apparent Zn absorption continued to rise with continuing Zn depletion. Over a period of 6 weeks of Zn depletion the mean rate of Zn absorption was 58% with increases from 51% to 64% between the 1st and 6th week of experiment. After 19 weeks of Zn depletion 75% of the supplemented zinc were absorbed. With a Zn supply of 22 ppm and 54 ppm the rate of apparent Zn absorption decreased to 51% and 44% while still higher Zn supplements, up to 436 ppm, produced only a slight further decline down to 40%. The absolute Zn balances were shown to be directly associated with the level of Zn supply, all the more so because a linear relationship was found to exist between the levels of alimentary zinc supplementation and absolute Zn retention. Under conditions of Zn deficiency the cows exhibited a negative Zn balance, where animals with the highest milk yields showed the most negative Zn balances and remained for the longest period in the negative phase. With increasing periods of Zn depletion a homeostatic mechanism of Zn regulation in the organism of the animals became more and more pronounced so that at advanced stages of Zn depletion Zn retention of some extent occurred.
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