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Hoshi K, Imoto K, Yanagisawa Y, Nogami S, Unuma H, Yamauchi K. Periosteal expansion osteogenesis using a tubular dynamic frame device: An experimental study in rats. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35471. [PMID: 39177324 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Periosteal expansion osteogenesis (PEO) is a technique for augmenting bone by creating a gradual separation between the bone and periosteum. This study assessed PEO-induced bone formation around the femurs of rats using a dynamic frame device (DFD), consisting of a shape memory membrane made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) formed into a tubular shape. The DFDs, consisting of a PET membrane coated with hydroxyapatite (HA)/gelatin on the bone-contact surface, were inserted between the periosteum and bone of the femurs of rats. In the experimental group, DFDs were suture-fixed to the femur with 4-0 Vicryl Rapid; in the control group, 4-0 silk thread was used for fixation. Five rats per group were euthanized at intervals of 3, 5, and 8 weeks postoperatively. Bone formation was evaluated via micro-CT imaging, histomorphometry, and histological analysis. Morphological analysis revealed new bone between the femur and the periosteum, expanded by the DFD, in all groups. The mean values of new bone were 0.30 mm2 proximally, 0.18 mm2 centrally, and 0.82 mm2 distally in the control group, compared to 1.05 mm2 proximally, 0.27 mm2 centrally, and 0.84 mm2 distally in the experimental group. A significant difference in new bone was observed in the proximal region of the experimental group. Histological examination showed that a single layer of newly formed neoplastic bone was noted on the cortical bone surface across all sites. The proximal portion displayed a bone marrow cavity at the center, encircled by a thick bone cortex with a layered structure. New bone formation was notable between existing cortical bone and the periosteum, particularly at both ends of the DFD. The use of PET in PEO was a viable option for achieving ideal bone morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hoshi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Imoto
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuta Yanagisawa
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Nogami
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidero Unuma
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamauchi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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Redenski I, Guo S, Machour M, Szklanny A, Landau S, Kaplan B, Lock RI, Gabet Y, Egozi D, Vunjak‐Novakovic G, Levenberg S. Engineered Vascularized Flaps, Composed of Polymeric Soft Tissue and Live Bone, Repair Complex Tibial Defects. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2008687. [DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202008687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Idan Redenski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Shaowei Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
- The First Affiliated Hospital Shantou University Medical College Shantou 515000 China
| | - Majd Machour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Ariel Szklanny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Shira Landau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Ben Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Roberta I. Lock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University New York NY 10032 USA
| | - Yankel Gabet
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel‐Aviv University Tel‐Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Dana Egozi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Kaplan Hospital Rehovot and the Hebrew University Jerusalem 7661041 Israel
| | | | - Shulamit Levenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
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Gu J, Zhang Q, Geng M, Wang W, Yang J, Khan AUR, Du H, Sha Z, Zhou X, He C. Construction of nanofibrous scaffolds with interconnected perfusable microchannel networks for engineering of vascularized bone tissue. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3254-3268. [PMID: 33778203 PMCID: PMC7970223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascularization and bone regeneration are two closely related processes during bone reconstruction. A three-dimensional (3D) scaffold with porous architecture provides a suitable microenvironment for vascular growth and bone formation. Here, we present a simple and general strategy to construct a nanofibrous poly(l-lactide)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PLLA/PCL) scaffold with interconnected perfusable microchannel networks (IPMs) based on 3D printing technology by combining the phase separation and sacrificial template methods. The regular and customizable microchannel patterns within the scaffolds (spacings: 0.4 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.6 mm; diameters: 0.8 mm, 1 mm, and 1.2 mm) were made to investigate the effect of microchannel structure on angiogenesis and osteogenesis. The results of subcutaneous embedding experiment showed that 0.5/0.8-IPMs (spacing/diameter = 0.5/0.8) and 0.5/1-IPMs (spacing/diameter = 0.5/1) scaffolds exhibited more vascular network formation as compared with other counterparts. After loading with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF@IPMs-0.5/0.8 scaffold prompted better human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) migration and neo-blood vessel formation, as determined by Transwell migration, scratch wound healing, and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays. Furthermore, the microangiography and rat cranial bone defects experiments demonstrated that VEGF@IPMs-0.5/0.8 scaffold exhibited better performance in vascular network formation and new bone formation compared to VEGF@IPMs-0.5/1 scaffold. In summary, our results suggested that the microchannel structure within the scaffolds could be tailored by an adjustable caramel-based template strategy, and the combination of interconnected perfusion microchannel networks and angiogenic factors could significantly enhance vascularization and bone regeneration. 3D-printed sacrificial templates are used to construct the scaffold with interconnected perfusable microchannel networks. The microchannel structure within scaffolds can be tailored by changing the template specifications. The introduction of VEGF in the microchannel of scaffold promotes the vascular network formation. Microchannel structure and angiogenic factor within scaffold significantly enhance vascularization and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Mengru Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Weizhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Atta Ur Rehman Khan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Haibo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Zhou Sha
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Chuanglong He
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
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Khayambashi P, Iyer J, Pillai S, Upadhyay A, Zhang Y, Tran SD. Hydrogel Encapsulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Derived Exosomes for Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E684. [PMID: 33445616 PMCID: PMC7827932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering has been an inveterate area in the field of regenerative medicine for several decades. However, there remains limitations to engineer and regenerate tissues. Targeted therapies using cell-encapsulated hydrogels, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), are capable of reducing inflammation and increasing the regenerative potential in several tissues. In addition, the use of MSC-derived nano-scale secretions (i.e., exosomes) has been promising. Exosomes originate from the multivesicular division of cells and have high therapeutic potential, yet neither self-replicate nor cause auto-immune reactions to the host. To maintain their biological activity and allow a controlled release, these paracrine factors can be encapsulated in biomaterials. Among the different types of biomaterials in which exosome infusion is exploited, hydrogels have proven to be the most user-friendly, economical, and accessible material. In this paper, we highlight the importance of MSCs and MSC-derived exosomes in tissue engineering and the different biomaterial strategies used in fabricating exosome-based biomaterials, to facilitate hard and soft tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon D. Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (P.K.); (J.I.); (S.P.); (A.U.); (Y.Z.)
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Kirby GTS, White LJ, Steck R, Berner A, Bogoevski K, Qutachi O, Jones B, Saifzadeh S, Hutmacher DW, Shakesheff KM, Woodruff MA. Microparticles for Sustained Growth Factor Delivery in the Regeneration of Critically-Sized Segmental Tibial Bone Defects. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9040259. [PMID: 28773384 PMCID: PMC5502923 DOI: 10.3390/ma9040259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study trialled the controlled delivery of growth factors within a biodegradable scaffold in a large segmental bone defect model. We hypothesised that co-delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) followed by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) could be more effective in stimulating bone repair than the delivery of BMP-2 alone. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA ) based microparticles were used as a delivery system to achieve a controlled release of growth factors within a medical-grade Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold. The scaffolds were assessed in a well-established preclinical ovine tibial segmental defect measuring 3 cm. After six months, mechanical properties and bone tissue regeneration were assessed. Mineralised bone bridging of the defect was enhanced in growth factor treated groups. The inclusion of VEGF and PDGF (with BMP-2) had no significant effect on the amount of bone regeneration at the six-month time point in comparison to BMP-2 alone. However, regions treated with VEGF and PDGF showed increased vascularity. This study demonstrates an effective method for the controlled delivery of therapeutic growth factors in vivo, using microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles T S Kirby
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisban, QLD 4006, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy, University Park, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Lisa J White
- School of Pharmacy, University Park, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Roland Steck
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisban, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Arne Berner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisban, QLD 4006, Australia.
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93164, Germany.
| | - Kristofor Bogoevski
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisban, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Omar Qutachi
- School of Pharmacy, University Park, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Brendan Jones
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisban, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Siamak Saifzadeh
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisban, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisban, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Kevin M Shakesheff
- School of Pharmacy, University Park, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Maria A Woodruff
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisban, QLD 4006, Australia.
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Carlier A, Geris L, Gastel NV, Carmeliet G, Oosterwyck HV. Oxygen as a critical determinant of bone fracture healing—A multiscale model. J Theor Biol 2015; 365:247-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Moore SR, Saidel GM, Knothe U, Knothe Tate ML. Mechanistic, mathematical model to predict the dynamics of tissue genesis in bone defects via mechanical feedback and mediation of biochemical factors. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003604. [PMID: 24967742 PMCID: PMC4072518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between mechanics and biology in the generation and the adaptation of bone has been well studied in context of skeletal development and fracture healing. Yet, the prediction of tissue genesis within - and the spatiotemporal healing of - postnatal defects, necessitates a quantitative evaluation of mechano-biological interactions using experimental and clinical parameters. To address this current gap in knowledge, this study aims to develop a mechanistic mathematical model of tissue genesis using bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to represent of a class of factors that may coordinate bone healing. Specifically, we developed a mechanistic, mathematical model to predict the dynamics of tissue genesis by periosteal progenitor cells within a long bone defect surrounded by periosteum and stabilized via an intramedullary nail. The emergent material properties and mechanical environment associated with nascent tissue genesis influence the strain stimulus sensed by progenitor cells within the periosteum. Using a mechanical finite element model, periosteal surface strains are predicted as a function of emergent, nascent tissue properties. Strains are then input to a mechanistic mathematical model, where mechanical regulation of BMP-2 production mediates rates of cellular proliferation, differentiation and tissue production, to predict healing outcomes. A parametric approach enables the spatial and temporal prediction of endochondral tissue regeneration, assessed as areas of cartilage and mineralized bone, as functions of radial distance from the periosteum and time. Comparing model results to histological outcomes from two previous studies of periosteum-mediated bone regeneration in a common ovine model, it was shown that mechanistic models incorporating mechanical feedback successfully predict patterns (spatial) and trends (temporal) of bone tissue regeneration. The novel model framework presented here integrates a mechanistic feedback system based on the mechanosensitivity of periosteal progenitor cells, which allows for modeling and prediction of tissue regeneration on multiple length and time scales. Through combination of computational, physical and engineering science approaches, the model platform provides a means to test new hypotheses in silico and to elucidate conditions conducive to endogenous tissue genesis. Next generation models will serve to unravel intrinsic differences in bone genesis by endochondral and intramembranous mechanisms. Arising as a consequence of trauma, tumor resection, removal of necrotic or infected tissue, and congenital abnormalities, critical-sized defects are too large to heal spontaneously and therefore require surgical intervention. New surgical approaches harness the regenerative power of the periosteum, a tissue membrane covering most bones, which provides a niche for stem cells and plays a key role in healing after injury. The interplay of mechanical, cellular and biochemical mechanisms involved in periosteum-mediated tissue genesis and healing remains elusive, providing the impetus for the current study. Here, we develop a mechanistic, mathematical model to predict the dynamics of tissue genesis by periosteum-derived stem cells within a bone defect surrounded by periosteum or a periosteum substitute. A mechanical finite element model is coupled with a model of cellular dynamics to simulate a tested clinical scenario in which the patient's own periosteum is left around the defect after injury. Model predictions incorporating mechanical feedback match spatiotemporal patterns of bone tissue regeneration observed in a series of in vivo ovine experiments. Through combination of computational, physical and engineering science approaches, the model platform provides a means to test new hypotheses in silico. This will provide criteria conducive to endogenous tissue genesis that can be tested in follow on experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gerald M. Saidel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GMS); (MLKT)
| | - Ulf Knothe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Melissa L. Knothe Tate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail: (GMS); (MLKT)
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Yanagi M, Uehara T, Uchida Y, Kiyota S, Kinoshita M, Higaki Y, Akizawa H, Hanaoka H, Arano Y. Chemical Design of 99mTc-Labeled Probes for Targeting Osteogenic Bone Region. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1248-55. [DOI: 10.1021/bc400197f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mashiho Yanagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba, 263-8675, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uehara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba, 263-8675, Japan
| | - Yukie Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba, 263-8675, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kiyota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba, 263-8675, Japan
| | - Mai Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba, 263-8675, Japan
| | - Yusuke Higaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba, 263-8675, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Akizawa
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machidashi,
Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba, 263-8675, Japan
| | - Yasushi Arano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba, 263-8675, Japan
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Fadl-allah SA, Quahtany M, El-Shenawy NS. Surface Modification of Titanium Plate with Anodic Oxidation and Its Application in Bone Growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2013.41010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Ferretti C, Borsari V, Falconi M, Gigante A, Lazzarini R, Fini M, Di Primio R, Mattioli-Belmonte M. Human periosteum-derived stem cells for tissue engineering applications: the role of VEGF. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:882-90. [PMID: 22622690 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-012-9374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising tools for studying the mechanisms of development and for the regeneration of injured tissues. Correct selection of the MSCs source is crucial in order to obtain a more efficient treatment and, in this respect Periosteum-Derived Cells (PDPCs) may represent an interesting alternative to bone marrow MSCs for osteochondral tissue regeneration. In the present study we have isolated and characterized a MSCs population from the periosteum of human adult donors. PDPCs were expanded under specific culture conditions that prevent fibroblast contamination and support the maintenance of their undifferentiated phenotype. We show, for the first time, that PDPCs expresses VEGF receptor (Flt1 and KDR/Flk1) proteins and that they were similar to bone marrow Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells (MAPCs). Since the latter are able to differentiate into endothelial cells, we tested the possible PDPCs commitment toward an endothelial phenotype in view of bone tissue engineering approaches that takes into account not only bone formation but also vascularization. PDPCs were treated with two different VEGF concentrations for 7 and 15 days and, alternatively, with the supernatant of human primary osteoblasts. Differently from MAPCs our PDPCs were unable to differentiate into endothelial cells after their in vitro VEGF treatment. On the contrary, growth factor stimulation induces PDPCs differentiation toward osteoblasts. We concluded that in PDPCs the presence of VEGF receptors is related to different cross-talk between osteogenesis and angiogenesis that could involve in situ PDPCs recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ferretti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tonto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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11
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Lee JH, Kim SW, Kim UK, Oh SH, June-Kim S, Park BW, Kim JH, Hah YS, Kim DR, Rho GJ, Maeng GH, Jeon RH, Lee HC, Kim JR, Kim GC, Byun JH. Generation of osteogenic construct using periosteal-derived osteoblasts and polydioxanone/pluronic F127 scaffold with periosteal-derived CD146 positive endothelial-like cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:942-53. [PMID: 22961670 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to generate tissue-engineered bone using human periosteal-derived osteoblasts (PO) and polydioxanone/pluronic F127 (PDO/pluronic F127) scaffold with preseeded human periosteal-derived CD146 positive endothelial-like cells (PE). PE were purified from the periosteal cell population by cell sorting. One of the important factors to consider in generating tissue-engineered bone using osteoprecursor and endothelial cells and a specific scaffold is whether the function of osteoprecursor and endothelial cells can be maintained in originally different culture medium conditions. After human PE were preseeded into PDO/pluronic F127 scaffold and cultured in endothelial cell basal medium-2 for 7 days, human PO were seeded into the PDO/pluronic F127 scaffold with PE, and then, this cell-scaffold construct was cultured in endothelial cell basal medium-2 with osteogenic induction factors, including ascorbic acid, dexamethasone, and β-glycerophosphate, for a further 7 days. Then, this 2-week cultured construct was grafted into the mandibular defect of miniature pig. Twelve weeks after implantation, the animal was sacrificed. Clinical examination revealed that newly formed bone was seen more clearly in the defect with human PO and PDO/pluronic F127 scaffold with preseeded human PE. The experimental results suggest that tissue-engineered bone formation using human PO and PDO/pluronic F127 scaffold with preseeded human PE can be used to restore skeletal integrity to various bony defects when used in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ho Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, South Korea
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12
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Dentin as a suitable bone substitute comparable to ß-TCP—an experimental study in mice. Microvasc Res 2012; 84:116-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Tamburrelli FC, Proietti L, Scaramuzzo L, De Stefano V, Logroscino CA. Bisphosphonate therapy in multiple myeloma in preventing vertebral collapses: preliminary report. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2012; 21 Suppl 1:S141-5. [PMID: 22434531 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-012-2231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to report and discuss the preliminary data obtained in a homogeneous series of 50 patients affected by multiple myeloma treated with bisphosphonates. METHODS Patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year. Main orthopaedic data were recorded. Visual Analogue Score and QLQ-C30 and MY 20 were used to assess the quality of life. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed less lytic lesions in the group with zoledronate therapy and stable primary disease compared with a greater number of lesions in the non-treated group. Results regarding VAS score and QLQ-C30 and MY were statistically better in the first group than in the second. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the efficacy of zoledronate in ensuring an acceptable quality of life restraining the aggressiveness of the myeloma on bone tissue, especially in spine although further prospective studies have to be conducted to determine its correct use in myeloma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco C Tamburrelli
- Spine Surgery Division, Department of Orthopedic Science and Traumatology, Catholic University, Largo A Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Zhang W, Wang X, Wang S, Zhao J, Xu L, Zhu C, Zeng D, Chen J, Zhang Z, Kaplan DL, Jiang X. The use of injectable sonication-induced silk hydrogel for VEGF(165) and BMP-2 delivery for elevation of the maxillary sinus floor. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9415-24. [PMID: 21889205 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sonication-induced silk hydrogels were previously prepared as an injectable bone replacement biomaterial, with a need to improve osteogenic features. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF(165)) and bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) are key regulators of angiogenesis and osteogenesis, respectively, during bone regeneration. Therefore, the present study aimed at evaluating in situ forming silk hydrogels as a vehicle to encapsulate dual factors for rabbit maxillary sinus floor augmentation. Sonication-induced silk hydrogels were prepared in vitro and the slow release of VEGF(165) and BMP-2 from these silk gels was evaluated by ELISA. For in vivo studies for each time point (4 and 12 weeks), 24 sinus floors elevation surgeries were made bilaterally in 12 rabbits for the following four treatment groups: silk gel (group Silk gel), silk gel/VEGF(165) (group VEGF), silk gel/BMP-2 (group BMP-2), silk gel/VEGF(165)/BMP-2 (group V + B) (n = 6 per group). Sequential florescent labeling and radiographic observations were used to record new bone formation and mineralization, along with histological and histomorphometric analysis. At week 4, VEGF(165) promoted more tissue infiltration into the gel and accelerated the degradation of the gel material. At this time point, the bone area in group V + B was significantly larger than those in the other three groups. At week 12, elevated sinus floor heights of groups BMP-2 and V + B were larger than those of the Silk gel and VEGF groups, and the V + B group had the largest new bone area among all groups. In addition, a larger blood vessel area formed in the remaining gel areas in groups VEGF and V + B. In conclusion, VEGF(165) and BMP-2 released from injectable and biodegradable silk gels promoted angiogenesis and new bone formation, with the two factors demonstrating an additive effect on bone regeneration. These results indicate that silk hydrogels can be used as an injectable vehicle to deliver multiple growth factors in a minimally invasive approach to regenerate irregular bony cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
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15
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Lee JH, Kim JH, Oh SH, Kim SJ, Hah YS, Park BW, Kim DR, Rho GJ, Maeng GH, Jeon RH, Lee HC, Kim JR, Kim GC, Kim UK, Byun JH. Tissue-engineered bone formation using periosteal-derived cells and polydioxanone/pluronic F127 scaffold with pre-seeded adipose tissue-derived CD146 positive endothelial-like cells. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5033-45. [PMID: 21543114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to generate tissue-engineered bone formation using periosteal-derived cells seeded into a polydioxanone/pluronic F127 (PDO/Pluronic F127) scaffold with adipose tissue-derived CD146 positive endothelial-like cells. Considering the hematopoietic and mesenchymal phenotypes of adipose tissue-derived cells cultured in EBM-2 medium, CD146 positive adipose tissue-derived cells was sorted to purify more endothelial cells in characterization. These sorted cells were referred to as adipose tissue-derived CD146 positive endothelial-like cells. Periosteum is a good source of osteogenic cells for tissue-engineered bone formation. Periosteal-derived cells were found to have good osteogenic capacity in a PDO/Pluronic F127 scaffold, which could provide a suitable environment for the osteoblastic differentiation of these cells. Through the investigation of capillary-like tube formation on matrigel and the cellular proliferation of adipose tissue-derived CD146 positive endothelial-like cells cultured in different media conditions, we examined these cells could be cultured in EBM-2 with osteogenic induction factors. We also observed that the osteogenic activity of periosteal-derived cells could be good in EBM-2 with osteogenic induction factors, in the early period of culture. The experimental results obtained in the miniature pig model suggest that tissue-engineered bone formation using periosteal-derived cells and PDO/Pluronic F127 scaffold with pre-seeded adipose tissue-derived CD146 positive endothelial-like cells can be used to restore the bony defects of the maxillofacial region when used in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, 133 Ojeong-dong, Daedeog gu, Daejeon 306-791, South Korea
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16
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Wang X, Cui F, Madhu V, Dighe AS, Balian G, Cui Q. Combined VEGF and LMP-1 delivery enhances osteoprogenitor cell differentiation and ectopic bone formation. Growth Factors 2011; 29:36-48. [PMID: 21222516 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2010.544656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy to enhance bone repair is to combine angiogenic factors and osteogenic factors. We combined vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and LIM mineralization protein-1 (LMP-1) by using an internal ribosome entry site to link the genes within a single plasmid. We then evaluated the effects on osteoblastic differentiation in vitro and ectopic bone formation in vivo with a subcutaneously placed PLAGA scaffold loaded with a cloned mouse osteoprogenitor cell line, D1, transfected with plasmids containing VEGF and LMP-1 genes. The cells expressing both genes elevated mRNA expression of RunX2 and β-catenin and alkaline phosphatase activity compared to cells from other groups. In vivo, X-ray and micro-CT analysis of the retrieved implants revealed more ectopic bone formation at 2 and 3 weeks but not at 4 weeks compared to other groups. The results indicate that the combination of the therapeutic growth factors potentiates cell differentiation and may promote osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine Charlottesville, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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17
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Kempen DH, Creemers LB, Alblas J, Lu L, Verbout AJ, Yaszemski MJ, Dhert WJ. Growth Factor Interactions in Bone Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2010; 16:551-66. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura B. Creemers
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Alblas
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lichun Lu
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Abraham J. Verbout
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Yaszemski
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Wouter J.A. Dhert
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Cui F, Wang X, Liu X, Dighe AS, Balian G, Cui Q. VEGF and BMP-6 enhance bone formation mediated by cloned mouse osteoprogenitor cells. Growth Factors 2010; 28:306-17. [PMID: 20497064 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2010.484423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
New strategies such as combined utilization of growth factors may provide a better treatment for difficult fractures. We have demonstrated enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis through the actions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) on the osteogenic differentiation of a cloned mouse osteoprogenitor cell in vitro and ectopic bone formation in vivo. Human VEGF and BMP-6 genes expressed together produced a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, expression of the RunX2 and osteocalcin genes and mineralization. Microcomputed tomographic analysis of subcutaneous implants consisting of cells transfected with VEGF and BMP-6 cDNA and delivered on a 3D poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffold confirmed the additive effects between VEGF and BMP-6. Ectopic bone formation in the VEGF plus BMP-6 group was greatest compared to that in either VEGF or BMP-6 alone. This is the first study that demonstrates osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo through the additive effects of VEGF and BMP-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuai Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
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19
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Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates osteoblastic differentiation of cultured human periosteal-derived cells expressing vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:1443-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Santos MI, Reis RL. Vascularization in bone tissue engineering: physiology, current strategies, major hurdles and future challenges. Macromol Biosci 2010; 10:12-27. [PMID: 19688722 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a functional vascular supply has, to a large extent, hampered the whole range of clinical applications of 'successful' laboratory-based bone tissue engineering strategies. To the present, grafts have been dependent on post-implant vascularization, which jeopardizes graft integration and often leads to its failure. For this reason, the development of strategies that could effectively induce the establishment of a microcirculation in the engineered constructs has become a major goal for the tissue engineering research community. This review addresses the role and importance of the development of a vascular network in bone tissue engineering and provides an overview of the most up to date research efforts to develop such a network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina I Santos
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal.
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21
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Biver E, Vieillard MH, Cortet B, Salleron J, Falgayrac G, Penel G. No anti-angiogenic effect of clinical dosing regimens of a single zoledronic acid injection in an experimental bone healing site. Bone 2010; 46:643-8. [PMID: 19895916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An anti-angiogenic effect of bisphosphonates has been reported in different experimental models. Zoledronic acid is currently administered in osteoporotic patients as a single 5 mg injection once a year and its vascular effect in bone has not been yet evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The vascular dose effect of a single injection of zoledronic acid was evaluated on healing vascularization developed under a bone chamber implanted on the calvaria of 30 rats. After 3 weeks of healing, the rats were randomized into 3 groups receiving an injection of either physiologic saline solution (PSS) or zoledronic acid tested at 120 microg/kg, the equivalent of a 5 mg dose of zoledronic acid in humans (Z120), and 400 microg/kg, a supra-pharmacologic dose (Z400). A longitudinal follow-up of the healing vascular network was carried out at days (D) 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 28 after injection by intravital imaging. Variations in vascular density, total length of the vascular network and mean diameter of vascular network branches were determined by image analysis (Aphelion software). RESULTS A decrease was observed in both vascular density and total length of the network in control and treated groups (time effect). No difference in variation in vascular density was observed between the PSS group and the Z120 group at any time point (p=NS). A trend to a higher decrease in vascular density was noted between D12 and D15 in the Z400 group. A significant decrease in total length was noted at D15 in the Z400 group (p=0.03) compared to the PSS group, whereas no change was noted in rats treated with 120 microg/kg compared to PSS rats on any of the follow-up days (p=0.2). No variation in mean diameter of vascular network branches was noted in any of the three groups at any of the follow-up days (p=0.53). CONCLUSION A single injection of clinically relevant dosing regimens of zoledronic acid may not have a notable impact on vascularization in bone sites. The anti-angiogenic effect of bisphosphonates seems to express itself, in our model, at higher doses than those used in patients treated for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Biver
- Department of Rheumatology, CHRU Lille, University Lille Nord de France, 59037 Lille, France.
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22
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Viboolvorakul S, Niimi H, Wongeak-in N, Eksakulkla S, Patumraj S. Increased capillary vascularity in the femur of aged rats by exercise training. Microvasc Res 2009; 78:459-63. [PMID: 19647753 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During aging, bone loss occurs in association with alteration of blood perfusion in the tissue. A number of studies have shown that repaired blood perfusion in various organs was improved by regular exercise, but the effect of exercise on bone microcirculation has not been studied fully yet. This study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise training on capillary vascularity in rat femur by directly observing the bone microcirculation under a laser scanning confocal microscope. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sedentary-young (aged 4-6 months), sedentary-aged (aged 20-22 months) and trained-aged (aged 20-22 months). The exercise program included swimming training 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Using our newly devised window chamber, we directly observed the femur microcirculation of each group under a laser scanning confocal microscopic system. Based on the fluorescent image of microvasculature recorded at the surface of the femur, bone capillary vascularity (CV) was measured using computer software. Liver malondialdehyde (MDA) level was also measured to examine the relationship between CV and oxidative stress in aged rats. In the sedentary-aged group, the CV significantly decreased, but the MDA level significantly increased, compared with sedentary-young group. In the trained-aged group, CV was significantly higher, whereas the MDA level was significantly lower, compared with the sedentary-aged group. In both sedentary-young and sedentary-aged rats, the CV was linearly correlated with the MDA level. In conclusion, the swimming exercise could attenuate aged-induced suppression of CV, closely related to exercise-ameliorated oxidative stress in aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheepsumon Viboolvorakul
- Inter-department of Physiology Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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23
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Kempen DH, Lu L, Heijink A, Hefferan TE, Creemers LB, Maran A, Yaszemski MJ, Dhert WJ. Effect of local sequential VEGF and BMP-2 delivery on ectopic and orthotopic bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2816-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Costa L, Major PP. Effect of bisphosphonates on pain and quality of life in patients with bone metastases. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2009; 6:163-74. [PMID: 19190592 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bone is the most common organ for tumor metastasis, especially in patients with cancers of the breast or prostate. Bone metastases disrupt skeletal metabolism and result in considerable skeletal morbidity, including intractable, chronic bone pain, hypercalcemia of malignancy, pathologic fracture and spinal-cord compression. In addition to the chronic pain caused by bone metastases, skeletal-related events (SREs) such as pathologic fractures and spinal-cord compression can result in acute increases in pain. These effects can severely impair mobility and contribute to a general decrease in quality of life. Palliative options to treat bone metastases include radiotherapy, analgesics, surgery and bisphosphonates. These drugs bind to the surface of the bone and impair osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, and reduce the tumor-associated osteolysis that is initiated by the development of skeletal metastases. In addition to preventing SREs, bisphosphonates can palliate bone pain caused by a variety of solid tumors. This Review summarizes the clinical trial data of bisphosphonates for the prevention of SREs and the palliation of bone pain. Among these agents, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates are recognized as the most effective, and zoledronic acid has demonstrated the broadest clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Costa
- Serviço de Oncologia, Hospital de Santa Maria, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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