1
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Gong S, Deng F. Renin-angiotensin system: The underlying mechanisms and promising therapeutical target for depression and anxiety. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1053136. [PMID: 36761172 PMCID: PMC9902382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1053136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional disorders, including depression and anxiety, contribute considerably to morbidity across the world. Depression is a serious condition and is projected to be the top contributor to the global burden of disease by 2030. The role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in hypertension and emotional disorders is well established. Evidence points to an association between elevated RAS activity and depression and anxiety, partly through the induction of neuroinflammation, stress, and oxidative stress. Therefore, blocking the RAS provides a theoretical basis for future treatment of anxiety and depression. The evidence for the positive effects of RAS blockers on depression and anxiety is reviewed, aiming to provide a promising target for novel anxiolytic and antidepressant medications and/or for improving the efficacy of currently available medications used for the treatment of anxiety and depression, which independent of blood pressure management.
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2
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Xu Z, Zhang M, Wang Y, Chen R, Xu S, Sun X, Yang Y, Lin Z, Wang S, Huang H. Gentiopicroside Ameliorates Diabetic Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis via Inhibiting the AT1R/CK2/NF-κB Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:848915. [PMID: 35814242 PMCID: PMC9260113 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.848915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF), characterized by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal tubular epithelial cells, is the typical pathological alteration in diabetic nephropathy. Gentiopicroside (GPS), a natural compound with anti-inflammatory activity, has been demonstrated to alleviate glomerulosclerosis, whereas whether GPS inhibits TIF via regulating inflammation remains unclear. In this study, diabetic db/db mice and high glucose (HG)-stimulated renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) were applied to explore the effects and mechanisms of GPS on TIF. The results in vivo showed that GPS effectively improves glycolipid metabolism disorder, renal dysfunction, and TIF. In particular, GPS treatment reversed the abnormal expressions of EMT marker proteins including elevated α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin and decreased E-cadherin in the kidney of db/db mice. Moreover, GPS treatment also inhibited protein expressions of angiotensinⅡ type 1 receptor (AT1R) and CK2α and the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Importantly, the aforementioned effects of GPS acted in vivo were further observed in vitro in HG-stimulated NRK-52E cells, which were independent of its effects on glucose and lipid-lowering activity but were reversed by AT1R over-expression. Together, our results indicate that GPS that directly inhibits the CK2/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway via AT1R may also contribute to the amelioration of TIF in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanchi Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou,, China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyue Xu
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shiyue Xu, ; Shaogui Wang, ; Heqing Huang,
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeyuan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaogui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shiyue Xu, ; Shaogui Wang, ; Heqing Huang,
| | - Heqing Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shiyue Xu, ; Shaogui Wang, ; Heqing Huang,
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3
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Tsiailanis AD, Tzakos AG, Mavromoustakos T. Advancing the Therapeutic Efficacy of Bioactive Molecules by Delivery Vehicle Platforms. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2697-2706. [PMID: 32503399 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200605154506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drugs have to overcome numerous barriers to reach their desired therapeutic targets. In several cases, drugs, especially the highly lipophilic molecules, suffer from low solubility and bioavailability and therefore their desired targeting is hampered. In addition, undesired metabolic products might be produced or off-targets could be recognized. Along these lines, nanopharmacology has provided new technological platforms, to overcome these boundaries. Specifically, numerous vehicle platforms such as cyclodextrins and calixarenes have been widely utilized to host lipophilic drugs such as antagonists of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor (AT1R), as well as quercetin and silibinin. The encapsulation of these drugs in supramolecules or other systems refines their solubility and metabolic stability, increases their selectivity and therefore decreases their effective dose and improves their therapeutic index. In this mini review we report on the formulations of silibinin and AT1R antagonist candesartan in a 2-HP-β-cyclodextrin host molecule, which displayed enhanced cytotoxicity and increased silibinin's and candesartan's stability, respectively. Moreover, we describe the encapsulation of quercetin in gold nanoparticles bearing a calixarene supramolecular host. Also, the encapsulation of temozolomide in a calixarene nanocapsule has been described. Finally, we report on the activity enhancement that has been achieved upon using these formulations as well as the analytical and computational methods we used to characterize these formulations and explore the molecular interactions between the host and quest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Greece
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4
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Garbieri TF, Martin V, Santos CF, Gomes PDS, Fernandes MH. The Embryonic Chick Femur Organotypic Model as a Tool to Analyze the Angiotensin II Axis on Bone Tissue. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050469. [PMID: 34065702 PMCID: PMC8157202 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of renin–angiotensin system (RAS) plays a role in bone deterioration associated with bone metabolic disorders, via increased Angiotensin II (AngII) targeting Angiotensin II type 1 receptor/Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT1R/AT2R). Despite the wide data availability, the RAS role remains controversial. This study analyzes the feasibility of using the embryonic chick femur organotypic model to address AngII/AT1R/AT2R axis in bone, which is an application not yet considered. Embryonic day-11 femurs were cultured ex vivo for 11 days in three settings: basal conditions, exposure to AngII, and modulation of AngII effects by prior receptor blockade, i.e., AT1R, AT2R, and AT1R + AT2R. Tissue response was evaluated by combining µCT and histological analysis. Basal-cultured femurs expressed components of RAS, namely ACE, AT1R, AT2R, and MasR (qPCR analysis). Bone formation occurred in the diaphyseal region in all conditions. In basal-cultured femurs, AT1R blocking increased Bone Surface/Bone Volume (BS/BV), whereas Bone Volume/Tissue Volume (BV/TV) decreased with AT2R or AT1R + AT2R blockade. Exposure to AngII greatly decreased BV/TV compared to basal conditions. Receptor blockade prior to AngII addition prevented this effect, i.e., AT1R blockade induced BV/TV, whereas blocking AT2R caused lower BV/TV increase but greater BS/BV; AT1R + AT2R blockade also improved BV/TV. Concluding, the embryonic chick femur model was sensitive to three relevant RAS research setups, proving its usefulness to address AngII/AT1R/AT2R axis in bone both in basal and activated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Francini Garbieri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo 17012-901, Brazil; (T.F.G.); (C.F.S.)
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (V.M.); (P.d.S.G.)
| | - Victor Martin
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (V.M.); (P.d.S.G.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, 4160-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo 17012-901, Brazil; (T.F.G.); (C.F.S.)
| | - Pedro de Sousa Gomes
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (V.M.); (P.d.S.G.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, 4160-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Fernandes
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (V.M.); (P.d.S.G.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, 4160-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Saavedra JM. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Are Not Just for Hypertension Anymore. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:160-173. [PMID: 33904788 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00036.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond blood pressure control, angiotensin receptor blockers reduce common injury mechanisms, decreasing excessive inflammation and protecting endothelial and mitochondrial function, insulin sensitivity, the coagulation cascade, immune responses, cerebrovascular flow, and cognition, properties useful to treat inflammatory, age-related, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders of many organs including brain and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Saavedra
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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6
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Oz M, Lorke DE. Multifunctional angiotensin converting enzyme 2, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, and critical appraisal of its role in acute lung injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111193. [PMID: 33461019 PMCID: PMC7836742 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic affecting millions of individuals has raised great concern throughout the world, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the causative agent for COVID-19. The multifunctional protein angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is accepted as its primary target for entry into host cells. In its enzymatic function, ACE2, like its homologue ACE, regulates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) critical for cardiovascular and renal homeostasis in mammals. Unlike ACE, however, ACE2 drives an alternative RAS pathway by degrading Ang-II and thus operates to balance RAS homeostasis in the context of hypertension, heart failure, and cardiovascular as well as renal complications of diabetes. Outside the RAS, ACE2 hydrolyzes key peptides, such as amyloid-β, apelin, and [des-Arg9]-bradykinin. In addition to its enzymatic functions, ACE2 is found to regulate intestinal amino acid homeostasis and the gut microbiome. Although the non-enzymatic function of ACE2 as the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 has been well established, the contribution of enzymatic functions of ACE2 to the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related lung injury has been a matter of debate. A complete understanding of this central enzyme may begin to explain the various symptoms and pathologies seen in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, and may aid in the development of novel treatments for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Dietrich Ernst Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Alfaro S, Navarro-Retamal C, Caballero J. Transforming Non-Selective Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in C- and N-domain Selective Inhibitors by Using Computational Tools. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:1436-1446. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666191224113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The two-domain dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (EC
3.4.15.1; ACE) plays an important physiological role in blood pressure regulation via the reninangiotensin
and kallikrein-kinin systems by converting angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin
II, and by cleaving a number of other substrates including the vasodilator bradykinin and the
anti-inflammatory peptide N-acetyl-SDKP. Therefore, the design of ACE inhibitors is within the priorities
of modern medical sciences for treating hypertension, heart failures, myocardial infarction, and
other related diseases. Despite the success of ACE inhibitors for the treatment of hypertension and
congestive heart failure, they have some adverse effects, which could be attenuated by selective domain
inhibition. Crystal structures of both ACE domains (nACE and cACE) reported over the last decades
could facilitate the rational drug design of selective inhibitors. In this review, we refer to the history
of the discovery of ACE inhibitors, which has been strongly related to the development of molecular
modeling methods. We stated that the design of novel selective ACE inhibitors is a challenge
for current researchers which requires a thorough understanding of the structure of both ACE domains
and the help of molecular modeling methodologies. Finally, we performed a theoretical design of potential
selective derivatives of trandolaprilat, a drug approved to treat critical conditions of hypertension,
to illustrate how to use molecular modeling methods such as de novo design, docking, Molecular
Dynamics (MD) simulations, and free energy calculations for creating novel potential drugs with specific
interactions inside nACE and cACE binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Alfaro
- Centro de Bioinformatica y Simulacion Molecular, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente No. 1141, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile
| | - Carlos Navarro-Retamal
- Centro de Bioinformatica y Simulacion Molecular, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente No. 1141, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile
| | - Julio Caballero
- Centro de Bioinformatica y Simulacion Molecular, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente No. 1141, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile
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8
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(Treatment with ACE inhibitors and AT1-blockers during the COVID-19 pandemic). COR ET VASA 2020. [DOI: 10.33678/cor.2020.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Larouche‐Lebel É, Loughran KA, Oyama MA, Solter PF, Laughlin DS, Sánchez MD, Assenmacher C, Fox PR, Fries RC. Plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and plasma equilibrium concentrations of angiotensin peptides in dogs with heart disease. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1571-1584. [PMID: 31254308 PMCID: PMC6639469 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a homologue of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and produces angiotensin peptides (APs), such as angiotensin 1-9 and 1-7 that are vasodilatory and natriuretic, and act to counterbalance angiotensin II. HYPOTHESIS Evidence of ACE2 can be found in tissues and plasma of dogs. Equilibrium concentrations of renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) APs differ in dogs with heart disease compared to healthy dogs and recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) alters relative concentrations of APs. ANIMALS Forty-nine dogs with and 34 dogs without heart disease. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and assays for tissue and plasma ACE2 activity and equilibrium concentrations of plasma RAAS APs were performed. RESULTS Immunolabeling for ACE2 was present in kidney and myocardial tissue. Median plasma ACE2 activity was significantly increased in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF; 6.9 mU/mg; interquartile range [IQR], 5.1-12.1) as compared to control (2.2 mU/mg; IQR, 1.8-3.0; P = .0003). Plasma equilibrium analysis of RAAS APs identified significant increases in the median concentrations of beneficial APs, such as angiotensin 1-7, in dogs with CHF (486.7 pg/mL; IQR, 214.2-1168) as compared to those with preclinical disease (41.0 pg/mL; IQR, 27.4-45.1; P < .0001) or control (11.4 pg/mL; IQR, 7.1-25.3; P = .01). Incubation of plasma samples from dogs with CHF with rhACE2 increased beneficial APs, such as angiotensin 1-9 (preincubation, 10.3 pg/mL; IQR, 4.4-37.2; postincubation, 2431 pg/mL; IQR, 1355-3037; P = .02), while simultaneously decreasing maladaptive APs, such as angiotensin II (preincubation, 53.4 pg/mL; IQR, 28.6-226.4; postincubation, 2.4 pg/mL; IQR, 0.50-5.8; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Recognition of the ACE2 system expands the conventional view of the RAAS in the dog and represents an important potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Larouche‐Lebel
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Kerry A. Loughran
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Mark A. Oyama
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Phil F. Solter
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
| | - Danielle S. Laughlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Melissa D. Sánchez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | | | | | - Ryan C. Fries
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinois
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Ntountaniotis D, Andreadelis I, Kellici TF, Karageorgos V, Leonis G, Christodoulou E, Kiriakidi S, Becker-Baldus J, Stylos EK, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Chatzigiannis CM, Damalas DE, Aksoydan B, Javornik U, Valsami G, Glaubitz C, Durdagi S, Thomaidis NS, Kolocouris A, Plavec J, Tzakos AG, Liapakis G, Mavromoustakos T. Host-Guest Interactions between Candesartan and Its Prodrug Candesartan Cilexetil in Complex with 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin: On the Biological Potency for Angiotensin II Antagonism. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1255-1271. [PMID: 30681344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors are for a long time extensively used for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases. AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs or sartans) act as antihypertensive drugs by blocking the octapeptide hormone Angiotensin II to stimulate AT1 receptors. The antihypertensive drug candesartan (CAN) is the active metabolite of candesartan cilexetil (Atacand, CC). Complexes of candesartan and candesartan cilexetil with 2-hydroxylpropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD) were characterized using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and solid state 13C cross-polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS NMR) spectroscopy. The 13C CP/MAS results showed broad peaks especially in the aromatic region, thus confirming the strong interactions between cyclodextrin and drugs. This experimental evidence was in accordance with molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanical calculations. The synthesized and characterized complexes were evaluated biologically in vitro. It was shown that as a result of CAN's complexation, CAN exerts higher antagonistic activity than CC. Therefore, a formulation of CC with 2-HP-β-CD is not indicated, while the formulation with CAN is promising and needs further investigation. This intriguing result is justified by the binding free energy calculations, which predicted efficient CC binding to 2-HP-β-CD, and thus, the molecule's availability for release and action on the target is diminished. In contrast, CAN binding was not favored, and this may allow easy release for the drug to exert its bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Ntountaniotis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupolis, Zografou 15771 , Greece
| | - Ioannis Andreadelis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupolis, Zografou 15771 , Greece
| | - Tahsin F Kellici
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupolis, Zografou 15771 , Greece
| | - Vlasios Karageorgos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of Crete , Heraklion, Crete 70013 , Greece
| | - Georgios Leonis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupolis, Zografou 15771 , Greece
| | - Eirini Christodoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupolis, Zografou 15771 , Greece
| | - Sofia Kiriakidi
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupolis, Zografou 15771 , Greece
| | - Johanna Becker-Baldus
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry , Goethe University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 , 60438 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Evgenios K Stylos
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece.,Department of Biological Applications and Technology, Biotechnology Laboratory , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
| | - Maria V Chatziathanasiadou
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
| | - Christos M Chatzigiannis
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
| | - Dimitrios E Damalas
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupolis, Zografou 15771 , Greece
| | - Busecan Aksoydan
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory , Bahcesehir University , Istanbul 34349 , Turkey
| | - Uroš Javornik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Slovenian NMR Centre , SI-1001 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupolis, Zografou 15771 , Greece
| | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry , Goethe University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 , 60438 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory , Bahcesehir University , Istanbul 34349 , Turkey
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupolis, Zografou 15771 , Greece
| | - Antonios Kolocouris
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Janez Plavec
- National Institute of Chemistry, Slovenian NMR Centre , SI-1001 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
| | - George Liapakis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of Crete , Heraklion, Crete 70013 , Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupolis, Zografou 15771 , Greece
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11
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Chen X, Hirano M, Werner RA, Decker M, Higuchi T. Novel 18F-Labeled PET Imaging Agent FV45 Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10460-10470. [PMID: 30288456 PMCID: PMC6166228 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and hormonal balance. Using positron emission tomography (PET) technology, it is possible to monitor the physiological and pathological distribution of angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1), which reflects the functionality of RAS. A new 18F-labeled PET tracer derived from the clinically used AT1 antagonist valsartan showing the least possible chemical alteration from the valsartan structure has been designed and synthesized with several strategies, which can be applied for the syntheses of further derivatives. Radioligand binding study showed that the cold reference FV45 (K i 14.6 nM) has almost equivalent binding affinity as its lead valsartan (K i 11.8 nM) and angiotensin II (K i 1.7 nM). Successful radiolabeling of FV45 in a one-pot radiofluorination followed by the deprotection procedure with 21.8 ± 8.5% radiochemical yield and >99% radiochemical purity (n = 5) enabled a distribution study in rats and opened a path to straightforward large-scale production. A fast and clear kidney uptake could be observed, and this renal uptake could be selectively blocked by pretreatment with AT1-selective antagonist valsartan. Overall, as the first 18F-labeled PET tracer based on a derivation from clinically used drug valsartan with almost identical chemical structure, [18F]FV45 will be a new tool for assessing the RAS function by visualizing AT1 receptor distributions and providing further information regarding cardiovascular system malfunction as well as possible applications in inflammation research and cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Chen
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University
Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Mitsuru Hirano
- Department
of Bio-Medical Imaging, National Cerebral
and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka 565-0873, Japan
| | - Rudolf A. Werner
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University
Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
- The
Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science,
Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Michael Decker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University
Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
- Department
of Bio-Medical Imaging, National Cerebral
and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka 565-0873, Japan
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Qiu M, Li S, Jin L, Feng P, Kong Y, Zhao X, Lin Y, Xu Y, Li C, Wang W. Combination of Chymostatin and Aliskiren attenuates ER stress induced by lipid overload in kidney tubular cells. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:183. [PMID: 30064425 PMCID: PMC6069859 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipotoxicity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney injury. Our previous study demonstrated that activation of local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was involved in saturated free fatty acids palmitic acid (PA)-induced tubular cell injuries. The current study aims to investigate whether suppression of RAS by combination of direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and noncanonical RAS pathway chymase inhibitor chymostatin attenuates PA or cholesterol induced-endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and apopotosis in cultured human proximal tubular HK2 cells. Methods HK2 cells were treated with saturated fatty acid PA (0.6 mM) for 24 h or cholesterol (10 μg/ml) for 6d with or without chymostatin and/or aliskiren. Expressions of the ER stress associated proteins and apoptosis markers were detected by western blotting. The mRNA levels of RAS components were measured by real-time qPCR. Results Combination treatment of chymostatin and aliskiren markedly suppressed PA or cholesterol-induced ER stress, as reflected by increased BiP, IRE1α, phosphorylated-eIF2α and ATF4 as well as proapoptotic transcription factor CHOP. The ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3, two markers of apoptosis were upregulated by PA or cholesterol treatment. PA treatment was also associated with increased levels of angiotensinogen and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) mRNA expression. Combination treatment of chymostatin and aliskiren markedly suppressed PA or cholesterol-induced ER stress and apoptosis. The protective effect of two inhibitors was also observed in primary cultured cortical tubular cells treated with PA. In contrast, chymostatin and/or aliskiren failed to prevent ER stress induced by tunicamycin. Conclusions These results suggested that combination treatment of chymostatin and aliskiren attenuates lipid-induced renal tubular cell injury, likely through suppressing activation of intracellular RAS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-018-0818-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaojuan Qiu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Suchun Li
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lizi Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The 5th Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Pinning Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yonglun Kong
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoduo Zhao
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yunyun Xu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Ukrainets IV, Sidorenko LV, Golik MY, Chernenok IM, Grinevich LA, Davidenko AA. N-Aryl-7-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido-[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-carboxamides. The Synthesis and Effects on Urinary Output. Sci Pharm 2018; 86:E12. [PMID: 29642551 PMCID: PMC6027687 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm86020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuing a targeted search for new leading structures with diuretic action among tricyclic derivatives of hydroxyquinolines, which are of interest as potential inhibitors of aldosterone synthase, the synthesis of a series of the corresponding pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-carboxanilides was carried out by amidation of ethyl-7-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylate with aniline, aminophenols and O-alkylsubstituted analogs with high yields and purity. The optimal conditions of this reaction are proposed; they make it possible to prevent partial destruction of the original heterocyclic ester and thereby avoid formation of specific impurities of 7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-5-one. To confirm the structure of all substances obtained, elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry were used. Moreover, the peculiarities of their ¹H and 13C-NMR spectra, as well as their mass spectrometric behavior under conditions of electron impact ionization, were discussed. The effect of pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-6-carboxanilides on the urinary function of the kidneys was studied in white rats of both genders by the standard method of oral administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Testing was conducted in comparison with hydrochlorothiazide, as well as with structurally close pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij] quinoline-5-carboxanilides studied earlier with the same substituents in the anilide fragments. It was found that addition of one methylene unit to the heterocycle partially hydrogenated and annelated with the quinolone core has a positive impact on biological properties-most of the substances studied exhibit a statistically significant diuretic effect exceeding the activity of not only hydrochlorothiazide, in some cases, but also the action of the structural analogs. The important structural and biological regularities, which are common with pyrroloquinolines and introduced by a chemical modification, were revealed. The importance of the presence in the structure of terminal amide fragments of tricyclic quinoline-3-carboxamides of a 4-methoxy-substituted aromatic ring was particularly marked. The expediency of further study of pyridoquinolines as promising diuretic agents has been shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Ukrainets
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, 53 Pushkinska St., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine.
| | - Lyudmila V Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, 53 Pushkinska St., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine.
| | - Mykola Y Golik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, 4 Valentynivska St., 61168 Kharkiv, Ukraine.
| | - Igor M Chernenok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, 53 Pushkinska St., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine.
| | - Lina A Grinevich
- Department of Medical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, 4 Valentynivska St., 61168 Kharkiv, Ukraine.
| | - Alexandra A Davidenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, N. I. Pirogov Vinnitsa National Medical University, 56 Pirogov St., 21018 Vinnitsa, Ukraine.
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