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Gerogiannopoulou ADD, Mountanea OG, Routsi EA, Tzeli D, Kokotos CG, Kokotos G. Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex-Assisted Photochemical Conversion of O-2-Nitrobenzyl Protected Hydroxamates to Amides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402984. [PMID: 39343744 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The hydroxamic acid functionality is present in various medicinal agents and has attracted special interest for synthetic transformations in both organic and medicinal chemistry. The N-O bond cleavage of hydroxamic acid derivatives provides an interesting transformation for the generation of various products. We demonstrate, herein, that O-benzyl-type protected hydroxamic acids may undergo photochemical N-O bond cleavage, in the presence or absence of a catalyst, leading to amides. Although some O-benzyl protected aromatic hydroxamates may be photochemically converted to amides in the presence of a base and anthracene as the catalyst, employing O-2-nitrobenzyl group allowed the smooth conversion of both aliphatic and aromatic hydroxamates to primary or secondary amides in good to excellent yields in the presence of an amine, bypassing the need of a catalyst. DFT and UV-Vis studies supported the effective generation of an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between O-2-nitrobenzyl hydroxamates and amines, which enabled the successful product formation under these photochemical conditions. An extensive substrate scope was demonstrated, showcasing that both aliphatic and aromatic hydroxamates are compatible with this protocol, affording a wide variety of primary and secondary amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Dimitra D Gerogiannopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Olga G Mountanea
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - E Alexandros Routsi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Demeter Tzeli
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
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Wei X, Weng Z, Xu X, Yao J. Exploration of a miRNA-mRNA network shared between acute pancreatitis and Epstein-Barr virus infection by integrated bioinformatics analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0311130. [PMID: 39546499 PMCID: PMC11567522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) stands out as a primary cause of hospitalization within gastrointestinal ailments, attributed to diverse factors, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Nevertheless, the common miRNAs and genes shared between AP and EBV infection remain unclear. In the present study, four datasets GSE194331, GSE42455, GSE45918 and GSE109220 were selected and downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differential expression analysis was performed to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs). Target genes of overlapping DEMs were predicted, and intersections with overlapping DEGs were used to construct a miRNA-mRNA network. In addition, the enrichment analysis, drug prediction, diagnostic accuracy assessment, competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network construction, transcription factor (TF)-miRNA-mRNA network construction, and immune cell infiltration analysis were also carried out. We found a total of 111 genes and 8 miRNAs shared between AP and EBV infection. A miRNA-mRNA network was constructed, which comprised 5 miRNAs and 10 genes exhibiting robust diagnostic performance. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor was identified as a novel therapeutic intervention from drug prediction analysis. The results of immune cell infiltration analysis revealed that a consistent and significant difference could be found on activated B cell in AP and EBV-infected individuals in comparison to the controls. Taken together, our work, for the first time, revealed a miRNA-mRNA network shared between AP and EBV infection, thereby enriching a deeper comprehension of the intricate molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets entwined in these two pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Nantong First People’s Hospital and The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhen Weng
- MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second People’s Hospital of Nantong and The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Nantong First People’s Hospital and The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Hu W, Shen J, Zhou C, Tai Z, Zhu Q, Chen Z, Huang Y, Sheng C. Discovery of Janus Kinase and Histone Deacetylase Dual Inhibitors as a New Strategy to Treat Psoriasis. J Med Chem 2024; 67:19267-19281. [PMID: 39415349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common, chronic, recurrent, and inflammatory skin disease, which causes physical and psychological problems in patients and lacks effective and economic therapeutics. Herein, we designed Janus kinase (JAK) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) dual inhibitors as a new strategy for the treatment of psoriasis. In particular, compound 11i was identified with excellent inhibitory activity toward JAKs (JAK2 IC50 = 0.49 nM) and HDACs (HDAC6 IC50 = 12 nM). Moreover, it exhibited potent activities in inhibiting the proliferation of TNF-α-induced HaCAT cells and the production of nitric oxide. Importantly, compound 11i significantly ameliorated psoriasis-like skin lesions in an imiquimod-induced murine model with low toxicity, which was superior to JAK inhibitor momelotinib, HDAC inhibitor vorinostat, and their combination. This work provided a proof-of-concept for JAK/HDAC dual inhibitors as a promising strategy for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Road, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Shen
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, People's Republic of China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahui Huang
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Road, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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Pan S, Wang X, Jiao J, Zhang L. The role of histone deacetylases in inflammatory respiratory diseases: an update. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20:1193-1203. [PMID: 38823008 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2363803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues of histones and other proteins, generally leading to a closed chromosomal configuration and transcriptional repression. Different HDACs have distinct substrate specificities and functions in different biological processes. Accumulating evidence indicates that HDACs play a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple respiratory diseases. AREAS COVERED After an extensive search of the PubMed database, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov, covering the period from 1992 to 2024, this review summarizes recent advances in understanding the role of HDACs in inflammatory respiratory diseases, including allergic rhinitis (AR), chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We also examine recent progress on the efficacy and potential use of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) for the treatment of these diseases. EXPERT OPINION Available data indicate that HDACs play an important role in the development of common inflammatory respiratory diseases, and HDACi have shown promise as treatments for these diseases. However, the exact roles and underlying mechanisms of specific HDACs in disease pathogenesis require further study. Additional work is necessary to develop novel potent HDACi with high isoform selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicen Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery and Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery and Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery and Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery and Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Han MM, Wang HT, Zhang HJ, Lu JT, Guo JL, Qiu LL, Zhang X, Wang XY, Wang TY, Jia YL. A novel dual-epigenetic inhibitor enhances recombinant monoclonal antibody expression in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:467. [PMID: 39292268 PMCID: PMC11411004 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation plays a central role in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. In particular, small molecule epigenetic modulators are key elements that can effectively influence gene expression by precisely regulating the epigenetic state of cells. To identify useful small-molecule regulators that enhance the expression of recombinant proteins in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we examined a novel dual-HDAC/LSD1 inhibitor I-4 as a supplement for recombinant CHO cells. Treatment with 2 μM I-4 was most effective in increasing monoclonal antibody production. Despite cell cycle arrest at the G1/G0 phase, which inhibits cell growth, the addition of the inhibitor at 2 µM to monoclonal antibody-expressing CHO cell cultures resulted in a 1.94-fold increase in the maximal monoclonal antibody titer and a 2.43-fold increase in specific monoclonal antibody production. In addition, I-4 significantly increased the messenger RNA levels of the monoclonal antibody and histone H3 acetylation and methylation levels. We also investigated the effect on HDAC-related isoforms and found that interference with the HDAC5 gene increased the monoclonal antibody titer by 1.64-fold. The results of this work provide an effective method of using epigenetic regulatory strategies to enhance the expression of recombinant proteins in CHO cells. KEY POINTS: • HDAC/LSD1 dual-target small molecule inhibitor can increase the expression level of recombinant monoclonal antibodies in CHO cells. • By affecting the acetylation and methylation levels of histones in CHO cells and downregulating HDAC5, the production of recombinant monoclonal antibodies increased. • It provides an effective pathway for applying epigenetic regulation strategies to enhance the expression of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Han
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Hai-Tong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Hui-Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Jia-Liang Guo
- Junji College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Le-Le Qiu
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Yan-Long Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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Zhou Y, Tao L, Qiu J, Xu J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Tian X, Guan X, Cen X, Zhao Y. Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:132. [PMID: 38763973 PMCID: PMC11102923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor biomarkers, the substances which are produced by tumors or the body's responses to tumors during tumorigenesis and progression, have been demonstrated to possess critical and encouraging value in screening and early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, recurrence detection, and therapeutic efficacy monitoring of cancers. Over the past decades, continuous progress has been made in exploring and discovering novel, sensitive, specific, and accurate tumor biomarkers, which has significantly promoted personalized medicine and improved the outcomes of cancer patients, especially advances in molecular biology technologies developed for the detection of tumor biomarkers. Herein, we summarize the discovery and development of tumor biomarkers, including the history of tumor biomarkers, the conventional and innovative technologies used for biomarker discovery and detection, the classification of tumor biomarkers based on tissue origins, and the application of tumor biomarkers in clinical cancer management. In particular, we highlight the recent advancements in biomarker-based anticancer-targeted therapies which are emerging as breakthroughs and promising cancer therapeutic strategies. We also discuss limitations and challenges that need to be addressed and provide insights and perspectives to turn challenges into opportunities in this field. Collectively, the discovery and application of multiple tumor biomarkers emphasized in this review may provide guidance on improved precision medicine, broaden horizons in future research directions, and expedite the clinical classification of cancer patients according to their molecular biomarkers rather than organs of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahao Qiu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- School of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinqi Guan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Zhang C, Liu F, Zhang Y, Song C. Macrocycles and macrocyclization in anticancer drug discovery: Important pieces of the puzzle. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116234. [PMID: 38401189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Increasing disease-related proteins have been identified as novel therapeutic targets. Macrocycles are emerging as potential solutions, bridging the gap between conventional small molecules and biomacromolecules in drug discovery. Inspired by successful macrocyclic drugs of natural origins, macrocycles are attracting more attention for enhanced binding affinity and target selectivity. Due to the conformation constraint and structure preorganization, macrocycles can reach bioactive conformations more easily than parent acyclic compounds. Also, rational macrocyclization combined with sequent structural modification will help improve oral bioavailability and combat drug resistance. This review introduces various strategies to enhance membrane permeability in macrocyclization and subsequent modification, such as N-methylation, intramolecular hydrogen bonding modulation, isomerization, and reversible bicyclization. Several case studies highlight macrocyclic inhibitors targeting kinases, HDAC, and protein-protein interactions. Finally, some macrocyclic agents targeting tumor microenvironments are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Laboratory for Food and Medicine Homologous Natural Resources Development and Utilization, Belgorod College of Food Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Fenfen Liu
- Laboratory for Food and Medicine Homologous Natural Resources Development and Utilization, Belgorod College of Food Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Chun Song
- Laboratory for Food and Medicine Homologous Natural Resources Development and Utilization, Belgorod College of Food Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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8
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Neja S, Dashwood WM, Dashwood RH, Rajendran P. Histone Acyl Code in Precision Oncology: Mechanistic Insights from Dietary and Metabolic Factors. Nutrients 2024; 16:396. [PMID: 38337680 PMCID: PMC10857208 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer etiology involves complex interactions between genetic and non-genetic factors, with epigenetic mechanisms serving as key regulators at multiple stages of pathogenesis. Poor dietary habits contribute to cancer predisposition by impacting DNA methylation patterns, non-coding RNA expression, and histone epigenetic landscapes. Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), including acyl marks, act as a molecular code and play a crucial role in translating changes in cellular metabolism into enduring patterns of gene expression. As cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to support rapid growth and proliferation, nuanced roles have emerged for dietary- and metabolism-derived histone acylation changes in cancer progression. Specific types and mechanisms of histone acylation, beyond the standard acetylation marks, shed light on how dietary metabolites reshape the gut microbiome, influencing the dynamics of histone acyl repertoires. Given the reversible nature of histone PTMs, the corresponding acyl readers, writers, and erasers are discussed in this review in the context of cancer prevention and treatment. The evolving 'acyl code' provides for improved biomarker assessment and clinical validation in cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Neja
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.N.); (W.M.D.)
| | - Wan Mohaiza Dashwood
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.N.); (W.M.D.)
| | - Roderick H. Dashwood
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.N.); (W.M.D.)
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Praveen Rajendran
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.N.); (W.M.D.)
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Antibody & Biopharmaceuticals Core, Texas A&M Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Pan Y, Hou H, Zhou B, Gao J, Gao F. Hydroxamic acid hybrids: Histone deacetylase inhibitors with anticancer therapeutic potency. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115879. [PMID: 37875056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs), a class of enzymes responsible for the removal of acetyl functional groups from the lysine residues in the amino-terminal tails of core histones, play a critical role in the modulation of chromatin architecture and the regulation of gene expression. Dysregulation of HDAC expression has been closely associated with the development of various cancers. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) could regulate diverse cellular pathways, cause cell cycle arrest, and promote programmed cell death, making them promising avenues for cancer therapy with potent efficacy and favorable toxicity profiles. Hybrid molecules incorporating two or more pharmacophores in one single molecule, have the potential to simultaneously inhibit two distinct cancer targets, potentially overcome drug resistance and minimize drug-drug interactions. Notably, hydroxamic acid hybrids, exemplified by fimepinostat and tinostamustine as potential HDACis, could exert the anticancer effects through induction of apoptosis, differentiation, and growth arrest in cancer cells, representing useful scaffolds for the discovery of novel HDACis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current scenario of hydroxamic acid hybrids as HDACis with anticancer therapeutic potential developed since 2020 to facilitate further rational exploitation of more effective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Pan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Center for Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Haodong Hou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Center for Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Center for Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jingyue Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Center for Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Center for Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Lo Cascio C, Margaryan T, Luna-Melendez E, McNamara JB, White CI, Knight W, Ganta S, Opachich Z, Cantoni C, Yoo W, Sanai N, Tovmasyan A, Mehta S. Quisinostat is a brain-penetrant radiosensitizer in glioblastoma. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167081. [PMID: 37991020 PMCID: PMC10721329 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have garnered considerable interest for the treatment of adult and pediatric malignant brain tumors. However, owing to their broad-spectrum nature and inability to effectively penetrate the blood-brain barrier, HDAC inhibitors have failed to provide substantial clinical benefit to patients with glioblastoma (GBM) to date. Moreover, global inhibition of HDACs results in widespread toxicity, highlighting the need for selective isoform targeting. Although no isoform-specific HDAC inhibitors are currently available, the second-generation hydroxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitor quisinostat possesses subnanomolar specificity for class I HDAC isoforms, particularly HDAC1 and HDAC2. It has been shown that HDAC1 is the essential HDAC in GBM. This study analyzed the neuropharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and radiation-sensitizing properties of quisinostat in preclinical models of GBM. It was found that quisinostat is a well-tolerated and brain-penetrant molecule that extended survival when administered in combination with radiation in vivo. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic-efficacy relationship was established by correlating free drug concentrations and evidence of target modulation in the brain with survival benefit. Together, these data provide a strong rationale for clinical development of quisinostat as a radiosensitizer for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Lo Cascio
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center and
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Tigran Margaryan
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center and
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Ernesto Luna-Melendez
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center and
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - James B. McNamara
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center and
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Connor I. White
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center and
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - William Knight
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center and
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Saisrinidhi Ganta
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center and
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Zorana Opachich
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center and
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Wonsuk Yoo
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center and
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Nader Sanai
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center and
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Artak Tovmasyan
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center and
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Shwetal Mehta
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center and
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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11
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Hobson AD. Antibody drug conjugates beyond cytotoxic payloads. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2023; 62:1-59. [PMID: 37981349 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
For many years, antibody drug conjugates (ADC) have teased with the promise of targeted payload delivery to diseased cells, embracing the targeting of the antibody to which a cytotoxic payload is conjugated. During the past decade this promise has started to be realised with the approval of more than a dozen ADCs for the treatment of various cancers. Of these ADCs, brentuximab vedotin really laid the foundations of a template for a successful ADC with lysosomal payload release from a cleavable dipeptide linker, measured DAR by conjugation to the Cys-Cys interchain bonds of the antibody and a cytotoxic payload. Using this ADC design model oncology has now expanded their repertoire of payloads to include non-cytotoxic compounds. These new payload classes have their origins in prior medicinal chemistry programmes aiming to design selective oral small molecule drugs. While this may not have been achieved, the resulting compounds provide excellent starting points for ADC programmes with some compounds amenable to immediate linker attachment while for others extensive SAR and structural information offer invaluable design insights. Many of these new oncology payload classes are of interest to other therapeutic areas facilitating rapid access to drug-linkers for exploration as non-oncology ADCs. Other therapeutic areas have also pursued unique payload classes with glucocorticoid receptor modulators (GRM) being the most clinically advanced in immunology. Here, ADC payloads come full circle, as oncology is now investigating GRM payloads for the treatment of cancer. This chapter aims to cover all these new ADC approaches while describing the medicinal chemistry origins of the new non-cytotoxic payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian D Hobson
- Small Molecule Therapeutics & Platform Technologies, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States.
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12
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Cai L, Liu B, Cao Y, Sun T, Li Y. Unveiling the molecular structure and role of RBBP4/7: implications for epigenetic regulation and cancer research. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1276612. [PMID: 38028543 PMCID: PMC10679446 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1276612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma-binding protein (RBBP) family is a class of proteins that can interact with tumor suppressor retinoblastoma protein (pRb). RBBP4 and RBBP7 are the only pair of homologous proteins in this family, serving as scaffold proteins whose main function is to offer a platform to indirectly connect two proteins. This characteristic allows them to extensively participate in the binding of various proteins and epigenetic complexes, indirectly influencing the function of effector proteins. As a result, they are often highlighted in organism activities involving active epigenetic modifications, such as embryonic development and cancer activation. In this review, we summarize the structural characteristics of RBBP4/7, the complexes they are involved in, their roles in embryonic development and cancer, as well as potential future research directions, which we hope to inspire the field of epigenetic research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lize Cai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Yufei Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
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13
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Esther Rubavathy SM, Palanisamy K, Priyankha S, Thilagavathi R, Prakash M, Selvam C. Discovery of novel HDAC8 inhibitors from natural compounds by in silico high throughput screening. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:9492-9502. [PMID: 36369945 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2142668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A class I histone deacetylase HDAC8 is associated with several diseases, including cancer, intellectual impairment and parasite infection. Most of the HDAC inhibitors that have so far been found to inhibit HDAC8 limit their efficacy in the clinic by producing toxicities. It is therefore very desirable to develop specific HDAC8 inhibitors. The emergence of HDAC inhibitors derived from natural sources has become quite popular. In recent decades, it has been shown that naturally occurring HDAC inhibitors have strong anticancer properties. A total of 0.2 million natural compounds were screened against HDAC8 from the Universal Natural Product Database (UNPD). Molecular docking was performed for these natural compounds and the top six hits were obtained. In addition, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to evaluate the structural stability and binding affinity of the inhibitors, which showed that the protein-ligand complexes remained stable throughout the 100 ns simulation. MM-PBSA method demonstrated that the selected compounds have high affinity towards HDAC8. We infer from our findings that Hit-1 (-29.35 kcal mol-1), Hit-2 (-29.15 kcal mol-1) and Hit-6 (-30.28 kcal mol-1) have better binding affinity and adhesion to ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) characteristics against HDAC8. To compare our discussions and result in an effective way. We performed molecular docking, MD and MM-PBSA analysis for the FDA-approved drug romidepsin. The above results show that our hits show better binding affinity than the compound romidepsin (-12.03 ± 4.66 kcal mol-1). The important hotspot residues Asp29, Ile34, Trp141, Phe152, Asp267, Met274 and Tyr306 have significantly contributed to the protein-ligand interaction. These findings suggest that in vitro testing and additional optimization may lead to the development of HDAC8 inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Esther Rubavathy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kandhan Palanisamy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Priyankha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Thilagavathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Muthuramalingam Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chelliah Selvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
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Wang L, Sun T, Wang Z, Liu H, Qiu W, Tang X, Guo H, Yang P, Chen Y, Sun H. Design, Synthesis, and Proof of Concept of Balanced Dual Inhibitors of Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3226-3248. [PMID: 37561893 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Concomitant inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is supposed to be effective in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inspired by our previous efforts in designing BChE inhibitors, herein, selective BChE and HDAC6 dual inhibitors were successfully identified through the fusion of the core pharmacophoric moiety of BChE and HDAC6 inhibitors. After the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, two compounds (24g and 29a) were confirmed to have superior inhibitory activity against BChE (the IC50 against hBChE are 4.0 and 1.8 nM, respectively) and HDAC6 (the IC50 against HDAC6 are 8.9 and 71.0 nM, respectively). These two compounds showed prominently neuroprotective effects in vitro, potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging effects, and effective metal ion (Fe2+ and Cu2+) chelation. In addition, they exhibited pronounced inhibition of phosphorylated tau and a moderate immunomodulatory effect, with a lack of neurotoxicity at the cellular level. In vivo studies showed that both 24g and 29a ameliorated the cognitive impairment in an Aβ1-42-induced mouse model at a low dosage (2.5 mg/kg). Our data demonstrated that BChE/HDAC6 dual inhibitors could establish the basis for a potential new symptomatic and disease-modifying strategy to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanchao Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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15
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Tao Q, Ji H, Zhou Y, Shu Y, Chen Y, Shao M, Wu Z, Chen M, Lv T, Shi Y. HDAC3 Controls Liver Homeostasis More by Facilitating Deoxyribonucleic Acid Damage Repair than by Regulating Transcription in Hepatocytes. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100120. [PMID: 36801398 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
By controlling DNA damage repair and regulating gene transcription, the critical epigenetic regulator histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) plays pivotal roles in liver cancer and liver regeneration; however, the role of HDAC3 in liver homeostasis has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that HDAC3-deficient livers developed a defective morphology and metabolism with an increasing degree of DNA damage in the hepatocytes along the portal-central axis of the lobule. Most strikingly, in the Alb-CreERT:Hdac3-/- mice, it was demonstrated that HDAC3 ablation did not impair liver homeostasis in terms of histologic characteristics, function, proliferation, or gene profiles prior to the profound accumulation of DNA damage. Next, we identified that the hepatocytes in the portal area, which carried less DNA damage than those in the central area, repopulated the hepatic lobule by active regeneration and movement toward the center. As a result, the liver became more viable after each surgery. Furthermore, in vivo tracing of keratin-19-expressing hepatic progenitor cells, which lacked HDAC3, showed that the hepatic progenitor cells gave rise to newly generated periportal hepatocytes. In hepatocellular carcinoma, HDAC3 deficiency impaired DNA damage response and enhanced radiotherapy sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, we demonstrated that HDAC3 deficiency interferes with liver homeostasis, which is more dependent on the accumulation of DNA damage in hepatocytes than on transcriptional dysregulation. Our findings support the hypothesis that selective HDAC3 inhibition has the potential to augment the effect of chemoradiotherapy aimed at inducing DNA damage in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tao
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Healthcare Corporation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjie Ji
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Healthcare Corporation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yongjie Zhou
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuke Shu
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Healthcare Corporation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuwei Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Healthcare Corporation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyang Shao
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Healthcare Corporation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenru Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Healthcare Corporation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Menglin Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Healthcare Corporation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Lv
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yujun Shi
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Healthcare Corporation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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16
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Niu K, Qu S, Yang L, Zhang H, Yuan J, Fan H, Li X, Tao K. Protective effect of HDACIs in improves survival and organ injury after CLP-induced sepsis. Surg Open Sci 2023; 12:35-42. [PMID: 36936452 PMCID: PMC10015250 DOI: 10.1016/j.sopen.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effects of isoform-specific histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) and the non-selective HDACI on sepsis have been profoundly reported. However, the best HDAC classes have not been fully evaluated. Therefore, this study aimed to determine which HDACIs are responsible for survival and beneficial for organ injury. Methods Experiment I, SD rats were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture and randomly assigned to the no treatment, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) only, MS-275, LMK-235, tubastatinA (TubA), trichostatin-A (TSA), and sirtinol groups (n = 5). Survival was monitored for 48 h. Experiment II, the animals were monitored for 12 h, then, blood and tissues sample were collected. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expressions were evaluated using ELISA. Liver, heart and lung tissues were analysed via hematoxylin and eosin staining. Liver and heart tissue lysates were analysed for acetylated histones H3, H4, a-tubulin and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α using western blotting. Splenocytes were examined via flow cytometry to analyse the immune cell population. Results MS-275, TubA and TSA treatments significantly prolonged survival. MS-275, LMK-235, TubA and TSA significantly reduced the histopathological scores and AST, ALT, CK, LDH, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels, significantly increased acetylated of NF-κB and changed the immune cell proportion. Conclusion Our results indicated that HDACI classes I and IIb and non-selective HDACI can significantly prolong survival. Moreover, non-selective and isoform-specific class I and IIa/IIb HDACIs can attenuate inflammation and organ injury.
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17
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Zhang Q, Cao J, Zhang Y, Bi Z, Feng Q, Yu L, Li L. Design, synthesis and evaluation of antitumor activity of selective PRMT6 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115032. [PMID: 36566712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PRMT6 is a member of the protein arginine methyltransferase family, which is involved in a variety of physiological processes and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors. Due to the high homology of type Ⅰ PRMTs and the two close binding sites of the SAM pocket and the substrate pocket, selective PRMT6 inhibitors have rarely been reported. In this study, a series of (5-phenylpyridin-3-yl)methanamine derivatives were designed and synthesized, which could form hydrogen bonding interactions with the unique Glu49 of PRMT6, thereby improving the selectivity of the compounds for PRMT6. Among them, a25 had the best activity and selectivity, with more than 25-fold selectivity for PRMT1/8 and more than 50-fold selectivity for PRMT3/4/5/7, which was superior to these reported SAM competitive and substrate competitive PRMT6 inhibitors. Importantly, a25 could significantly inhibit the proliferation of various tumor cells and effectively induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Our data clarified that a25 is a promising selective PRMT6 inhibitor for cancer therapy which is worthy of further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 17#3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Jiaying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 17#3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 17#3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Zhenfei Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 17#3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Qiang Feng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Luoting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 17#3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Lu Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, GCP Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China.
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18
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Synthesis, cytotoxicity, Pan-HDAC inhibitory activity and docking study of new N-(2-aminophenyl)-2-methylquinoline-4-carboxamide and (E)-N-(2-aminophenyl)-2-styrylquinoline-4-carboxamide derivatives as anticancer agents. Med Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03018-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Wu X, Qin X, Dong H. Network Pharmacology-Based Study on the Mechanism of Ginsenoside Rh2 in Glioma Treatment. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221114236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma, originated from the neuroectoderm, is one of the prevalent tumors. It is reported that ginsenoside Rh2, a compound extracted from Panax ginseng, shows pharmacological activity in inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of glioma cells. However, the precise underlying mechanism has not been completely clarified. In this study, the molecular mechanism of ginsenoside Rh2 in glioma treatment was investigated using network pharmacology, through which the target of ginsenoside Rh2 in glioma treatment was screened, and further the biological functions were analyzed by gene ontology biological annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment. In total, 80 potential targets of ginsenoside Rh2 for glioma treatment were screened. Biological functions analysis revealed that ginsenoside Rh2 was associated with several cancer-related signaling pathways such as VEGF signaling pathway, thereby regulating cell processes, including cell migration and cell proliferation, which suggests that ginsenoside Rh2 targets multiple genes, further mediating indicated signaling network in anti-glioma and providing a potential mechanism of ginsenoside Rh2 in glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiujiao Qin
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Han Dong
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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20
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Ma X, Ru Y, Luo Y, Kuai L, Chen QL, Bai Y, Liu YQ, Chen J, Luo Y, Song JK, Zhou M, Li B. Post-Translational Modifications in Atopic Dermatitis: Current Research and Clinical Relevance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:942838. [PMID: 35874824 PMCID: PMC9301047 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.942838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing cutaneous disorder characterized by compromised immune system, excessive inflammation, and skin barrier disruption. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are covalent and enzymatic modifications of proteins after their translation, which have been reported to play roles in inflammatory and allergic diseases. However, less attention has been paid to the effect of PTMs on AD. This review summarized the knowledge of six major classes (including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, glycosylation, o-glycosylation, and glycation) of PTMs in AD pathogenesis and discussed the opportunities for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Ru
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Kuai
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Long Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye-Qiang Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Kun Song
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Mi Zhou, ; Bin Li,
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Mi Zhou, ; Bin Li,
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21
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Hearing loss drug discovery and medicinal chemistry: Current status, challenges, and opportunities. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2022; 61:1-91. [PMID: 35753714 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hearing loss is a severe high unmet need condition affecting more than 1.5 billion people globally. There are no licensed medicines for the prevention, treatment or restoration of hearing. Prosthetic devices, such as hearing aids and cochlear implants, do not restore natural hearing and users struggle with speech in the presence of background noise. Hearing loss drug discovery is immature, and small molecule approaches include repurposing existing drugs, combination therapeutics, late-stage discovery optimisation of known chemotypes for identified molecular targets of interest, phenotypic tissue screening and high-throughput cell-based screening. Hearing loss drug discovery requires the integration of specialist therapeutic area biology and otology clinical expertise. Small molecule drug discovery projects in the global clinical portfolio for hearing loss are here collated and reviewed. An overview is provided of human hearing, inner ear anatomy, inner ear delivery, types of hearing loss and hearing measurement. Small molecule experimental drugs in clinical development for hearing loss are reviewed, including their underpinning biology, discovery strategy and activities, medicinal chemistry, calculated physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics and clinical trial status. SwissADME BOILED-Egg permeability modelling is applied to the molecules reviewed, and these results are considered. Non-small molecule hearing loss assets in clinical development are briefly noted in this review. Future opportunities in hearing loss drug discovery for human genomics and targeted protein degradation are highlighted.
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Mustafa M, Winum JY. The importance of sulfur-containing motifs in drug design and discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:501-512. [PMID: 35193437 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2044783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sulfur-containing functional groups are privileged motifs that occur in various pharmacologically effective substances and several natural products. Various functionalities are found with a sulfur atom at diverse oxidation states, as illustrated by thioether, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonamide, sulfamate, and sulfamide functions. They are valuable scaffolds in the field of medicinal chemistry and are part of a large array of approved drugs and clinical candidates. AREA COVERED Herein, the authors review the current research on the development of organosulfur-based drug discovery. This article also covers details of their roles in the new lead compounds reported in the literature over the past five years 2017-2021. EXPERT OPINION Given its prominent role in medicinal chemistry and its importance in drug discovery, sulfur has attracted continuing interest and has been used in the design of various valuable compounds that demonstrate a variety of biological and pharmacological feature activities. Overall, sulfur's role in medicinal chemistry continues to grow. However, many sulfur functionalities remain underused in small-molecule drug discovery and deserve special attention in the armamentarium for treating diverse diseases. Research efforts are also still required for the development of a synthetic methodology for direct access to these functions and late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Mustafa
- IBMM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya Unuversity, Minia, Egypt
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He X, Hui Z, Xu L, Bai R, Gao Y, Wang Z, Xie T, Ye XY. Medicinal chemistry updates of novel HDACs inhibitors (2020 to present). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113946. [PMID: 34775332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epigentic enzymes histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from the ε-N-acetylated lysine residues of various protein substrates including both histone and non-histone proteins. Different HDACs have distinct biological functions and are recruited to specific regions of the genome. Due to their important biological functions, HDACs have been validated in clinics for anticancer therapy, and are being explored for potential treatment of several other diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD), metabolic disease, viral infection, and multiple sclerosis, etc. Besides five approved drugs, there are more than thirty HDACs inhibitors currently being investigated in clinical trials. Centering on the advances of drug discovery programs in this field since 2020, this review discusses HDACs inhibitors from the aspects of the structure-based rational design, isoform selectivity, pharmacology, and toxicology of the compounds of interest. The hope is to provide the medicinal chemistry community with up-to-date information and to accelerate the drug discovery programs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrui He
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Shandong, 252000, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, 425199, China
| | - Zi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Zongcheng Wang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, 425199, China.
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
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Cortes JR, Patrone CC, Quinn SA, Gu Y, Sanchez-Martin M, Mackey A, Cooke AJ, Shih BB, Laurent AP, Trager MH, Ferrando AA, Geskin LJ, Palomero T. Jak-STAT Inhibition Mediates Romidepsin and Mechlorethamine Synergism in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2908-2920.e7. [PMID: 34089720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sézary syndrome is an aggressive and disseminated form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma associated with dismal prognosis in which the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin has shown remarkable activity as a single agent. However, clinical responses to romidepsin are typically transient, highlighting the need for more effective therapies. In this study, we show synergistic antilymphoma effects of romidepsin in combination with mechlorethamine, an alkylating agent, in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cell lines and primary samples with strong antitumor effects in an in vivo model of Sézary syndrome. Mechanistically, gene expression profiling points to abrogation of Jak/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling as an important mediator of this interaction. Consistently, the combination of mechlorethamine plus romidepsin resulted in downregulation of STAT5 phosphorylation in romidepsin-sensitive cell lines and primary Sézary syndrome samples, but not in romidepsin-resistant tumors. Moreover, in further support of Jak/STAT signaling as a modulator of romidepsin activity in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, treatment with romidepsin in combination with Jak inhibitors resulted in markedly increased therapeutic responses. Overall, these results support a role for romidepsin plus mechlorethamine in combination in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and uncover a previously unrecognized role for Jak/STAT signaling in the response to romidepsin and romidepsin-based combination therapies in Sézary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Cortes
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christina C Patrone
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stuart Aidan Quinn
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yuhan Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marta Sanchez-Martin
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam Mackey
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anisha J Cooke
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bobby B Shih
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anouchka P Laurent
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Megan H Trager
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo A Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Larisa J Geskin
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Teresa Palomero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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