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Winter L, Taylor P, Bellenger C, Grimshaw P, Crowther RG. The application of the Lyapunov Exponent to analyse human performance: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1994-2013. [PMID: 38326239 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2308441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Variability is a normal component of human movement, allowing one to adapt to environmental perturbations. It can be analysed from linear or non-linear perspectives. The Lyapunov Exponent (LyE) is a commonly used non-linear technique, which quantifies local dynamic stability. It has been applied primarily to walking gait and appears to be limited application in other movements. Therefore, this systematic review aims to summarise research methodologies applying the LyE to movements, excluding walking gait. Four databases were searched using keywords related to movement variability, dynamic stability, LyE and divergence exponent. Articles written in English, using the LyE to analyse movements, excluding walking gait were included for analysis. 31 papers were included for data extraction. Quality appraisal was conducted and information related to the movement, data capture method, data type, apparatus, sampling rate, body segment/joint, number of strides/steps, state space reconstruction, algorithm, filtering, surrogation and time normalisation were extracted. LyE values were reported in supplementary materials (Appendix 2). Running was the most prevalent non-walking gait movement assessed. Methodologies to calculate the LyE differed in various aspects resulting in different LyE values being generated. Additionally, test-retest reliability, was only conducted in one study, which should be addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Winter
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Taylor
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clint Bellenger
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Grimshaw
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert G Crowther
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Silva S, Ribeiro F, Figueira V, Pinho F. Methodological Considerations in the Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Human Movement among Healthy Adolescents: A Scoping Review of Nonlinear Measures in Data Processing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:304. [PMID: 36616902 PMCID: PMC9823368 DOI: 10.3390/s23010304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear measures have increasingly revealed the quality of human movement and its behaviour over time. Further analyses of human movement in real contexts are crucial for understanding its complex dynamics. The main objective was to identify and summarize the nonlinear measures used in data processing during out-of-laboratory assessments of human movement among healthy adolescents. Summarizing the methodological considerations was the secondary objective. The inclusion criteria were as follows: According to the Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) framework, healthy teenagers between 10 and 19 years old that reported kinetic and/or kinematic nonlinear data-processing measurements related to human movement in non-laboratory settings were included. PRISMA-ScR was used to conduct this review. PubMed, Science Direct, the Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched. Studies published between the inception of the database and March 2022 were included. In total, 10 of the 2572 articles met the criteria. The nonlinear measures identified included entropy (n = 8), fractal analysis (n = 3), recurrence quantification (n = 2), and the Lyapunov exponent (n = 2). In addition to walking (n = 4) and swimming (n = 2), each of the remaining studies focused on different motor tasks. Entropy measures are preferred when studying the complexity of human movement, especially multiscale entropy, with authors also carefully combining different measures, namely entropy and fractal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Silva
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Rua José António Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ribeiro
- School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vânia Figueira
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Rua José António Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Pinho
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Vale do Ave, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Rua José António Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
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3
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Bertozzi F, Porcelli S, Marzorati M, Pilotto AM, Galli M, Sforza C, Zago M. Whole-body kinematics during a simulated sprint in flat-water kayakers. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:817-825. [PMID: 33980124 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1930190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Success in sprint kayaking depends on the propulsive power generated by trunk, pelvis, shoulder and lower limb movements. However, no studies have examined whole-body kinematics over a simulated distance. We aimed to study the changes in movement patterns of kayakers performing a 500-m kayak sprint. Eleven young K1 sprint kayakers (three females; age: 16.5 ± 1.9 years, height: 174.1 ± 7.1 cm and weight: 66.1 ± 6.2 kg) performed an incremental test on a kayak ergometer to assess their Peak Oxygen Uptake (V̇O2peak). They then performed a 500-m sprint trial on the same ergometer, and the positions of 40 reflective markers were recorded to assess whole-body kinematics. Joint angles over time were computed for the trunk and right shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle. Changes of joint kinematics during the test were assessed with Statistical Parametric Mapping, calculating at each time node the linear regression between joint angles waveforms and the time of the rowing cycle, p < .05. Cardiometabolic responses confirmed that the participants achieved a maximal effort (V̇O2 and HR reached 99 ± 11% and 94 ± 6% of peak values, respectively). Paddle velocity negatively correlated with sprint time. The shoulder (elevation, rotation and flexion), trunk (lateral flexion and rotation) and hip (abduction) angles significantly changed over time in different phases of the stroke cycle during the simulated sprint. No significant differences over time were found for knee and ankle flexion. A high-intensity sprint may affect the shoulder, trunk and hip kinematics of kayak paddling. The kinematic analysis of kayakers' paddling during simulated metabolic-demanding tasks can provide useful insights to coaches and athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Bertozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Porcelli
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mauro Marzorati
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Andrea M Pilotto
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Manuela Galli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,E4Sport Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Matteo Zago
- E4Sport Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Mechanics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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TAY CHERYLSIHUI, KONG PUIWAH. STROKE CHARACTERISTICS IN SPRINT KAYAKING — HOW DOES SEAT ORDER INFLUENCE SYNCHRONIZATION IN A K2 CREW BOAT? J MECH MED BIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519420500165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the how seat order in a two-seater (K2) crew boat could influence the performance time and stroke synchronization during high intensity sprint kayaking. Sixteen national team sprint kayakers formed eight K2 crews based on preference. Each crew performed two 200[Formula: see text]m segments at high intensity in their preferred order (e.g., Paddler A in front, Paddler B behind), and then the reversed order (i.e., Paddler B in front, Paddler A behind). Video analysis identified stroke synchronization based on a four-position model. Magnitude-based inferences were used for statistical analysis. The preferred seat order was [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]s faster than the reversed seat order but the effect was possibly trivial. As four crews were faster in the reversed seat order, data were also rearranged to compare between the slower and faster trials. The faster trials were [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]s quicker than the slower trials, which was a very likely effect. There was no clear effect of seat order on stroke synchronization between the two paddlers. Since faster timing does not always correspond with the preferred sear order, sprint kayak athletes are recommended to try both possible seat orders in a K2 crew boat rather than relying on preference alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHERYL SIHUI TAY
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616 Singapore
| | - PUI WAH KONG
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616 Singapore
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Hoenig T, Hamacher D, Braumann KM, Zech A, Hollander K. Analysis of running stability during 5000 m running . Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:413-421. [PMID: 30257130 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1519040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the analysis of human walking, the assessment of local dynamic stability (LDS) has been widely used to determine gait stability. To extend the concepts of LDS to the analysis of running biomechanics, this study aimed to compare LDS during exhaustive running between competitive and recreational runners. Fifteen recreational and fifteen competitive runners performed an exhaustive 5000 m run. Inertial measurement units at foot, pelvis, and thorax were used to determine local dynamic running stability as quantified by the largest Lyapunov exponent. In addition, we measured running velocity, lactate levels, perceived exertion, and foot strike patterns. LDS at the start, mid, and end of a 5000 m run was compared between the two groups by a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Local dynamic stability increased during the run (thorax, pelvis) in both recreational and competitive runners (PThorax = 0.006; PPelvis = 0.001). During the whole run, competitive runners showed a significantly higher LDS (P = 0.029) compared to recreational runners at the foot kinematics. In conclusion, exhaustive running can lead to improvements in LDS, indicating a higher local dynamic stability of the running technique with increasing exhaustion. Furthermore, LDS of the foot differs between the two groups at all measurement points. The results of this study show the value of determining LDS in athletes as it can give a better understanding into the biomechanics of running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hoenig
- a Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Daniel Hamacher
- b Institute of Sport Science , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Klaus-Michael Braumann
- a Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- b Institute of Sport Science , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Karsten Hollander
- a Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany.,c Department of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine , BG Trauma Hospital of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
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