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Faivre-Rampant V, Rakobowchuk M, Tordi N, Mourot L. Cardiovascular Responses to Eccentric Cycling Based on Perceived Exertion Compared to Concentric Cycling, Effect of Pedaling Rate, and Sex. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 21:59. [PMID: 38248524 PMCID: PMC10815134 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Interest in eccentric exercises has increased over the last decades due to its efficiency in achieving moderate-high intensity muscular work with reduced metabolic demands. However, individualizing eccentric exercises in rehabilitation contexts remains challenging, as concentric exercises mainly rely on cardiovascular parameters. To overcome this, perceived exertion could serve as an individualization tool, but the knowledge about cardiovascular responses to eccentric cycling based on perceived exertion are still scarce. For this purpose, the cardiorespiratory parameters of 26 participants were assessed during two 5 min bouts of concentric cycling at 30 and 60 rpm and two bouts of eccentric cycling at 15 and 30 rpm matched for rating of perceived exertion. With this method, we hypothesized higher exercise efficiency during eccentric cycling for a same perceived exertion. The results revealed significantly elevated heart rate and cardiac index at higher pedalling rates during concentric (p < 0.001), but not during eccentric cycling (p ≈ 1). Exercise efficiency was higher during concentric cycling (64%), decreasing with pedalling rate, while eccentric cycling exhibited increased work rates (82%), and increased by over 100% with higher pedalling rate. Hence, eccentric cycling, with lower cardiorespiratory work for the same perceived exertion, facilitates higher work rates in deconditioned populations. However, further studies are needed for effective individualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victorien Faivre-Rampant
- MPFRPV, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France;
- UMRS 1075—Mobilités: Vieillissement, Pathologie, Santé, COMETE, University of Normandie, F-14000 Caen, France
- Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics, and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institut, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mark Rakobowchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Tordi
- PEPITE, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- MPFRPV, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France;
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Mavropalias G, Wu YF, Boppart MD, Blazevich AJ, Nosaka K. Increases in Integrin-ILK-RICTOR-Akt Proteins, Muscle Mass, and Strength after Eccentric Cycling Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:89-97. [PMID: 34468415 PMCID: PMC8921492 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, it has been suggested that a cellular pathway composed of integrin, integrin-linked kinase (ILK), rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (RICTOR), and Akt may facilitate long-term structural and functional adaptations associated with exercise, independent of the mTORC1 pathway. Therefore, we examined changes in integrin-ILK-RICTOR-Akt protein in vastus lateralis (VL) before and after 8 wk of eccentric cycling training (ECC), which was expected to increase muscle function and VL cross-sectional area (CSA). METHODS Eleven men (23 ± 4 yr) completed 24 sessions of ECC with progressive increases in intensity and duration, resulting in a twofold increase in work from the first three (75.4 ± 14.1 kJ) to the last three sessions (150.7 ± 28.4 kJ). Outcome measures included lower limb lean mass, VL CSA, static strength, and peak and average cycling power output. These measures and VL samples were taken before and 4-5 d after the last training session. RESULTS Significant (P < 0.05) increases in integrin-β1 (1.64-fold) and RICTOR (2.99-fold) protein as well as the phosphorylated-to-total ILK ratio (1.70-fold) were found, but integrin-α7 and Akt did not change. Increases in lower limb, thigh, and trunk lean mass (2.8%-5.3%, P < 0.05) and CSA (13.3% ± 9.0%, P < 0.001) were observed. Static strength (18.1% ± 10.8%) and both peak (8.6% ± 10.5%) and average power output (7.4% ± 8.3%) also increased (P < 0.05). However, no significant correlations were found between the magnitude of increases in protein and the magnitude of increases in CSA, static strength, or power output. CONCLUSIONS In addition to increased muscle mass, strength, and power, we demonstrate that ECC increases integrin-β1 and RICTOR total protein and p-ILK/t-ILK, which may play a role in protection against muscle damage as well as anabolic signaling to induce muscle adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Mavropalias
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Yu-Fu Wu
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Marni D. Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | | | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
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Acute and Delayed Effects of Time-Matched Very Short "All Out" Efforts in Concentric vs. Eccentric Cycling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157968. [PMID: 34360257 PMCID: PMC8345736 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, there have been no studies comparing the acute responses to "all out" efforts in concentric (isoinertial) vs. eccentric (isovelocity) cycling. METHODS After two familiarization sessions, 12 physically active men underwent the experimental protocols consisting of a 2-min warm-up and 8 maximal efforts of 5 s, separated by 55 s of active recovery at 80 rpm, in concentric vs. eccentric cycling. Comparisons between protocols were conducted during, immediately after, and 24-h post-sessions. RESULTS Mechanical (Work: 82,824 ± 6350 vs. 60,602 ± 8904 J) and cardiometabolic responses (mean HR: 68.8 ± 6.6 vs. 51.3 ± 5.7% HRmax, lactate: 4.9 ± 2.1 vs. 1.8 ± 0.6 mmol/L) were larger in concentric cycling (p < 0.001). The perceptual responses to both protocols were similarly low. Immediately after concentric cycling, vertical jump was potentiated (p = 0.028). Muscle soreness (VAS; p = 0.016) and thigh circumference (p = 0.045) were slightly increased only 24-h after eccentric cycling. Serum concentrations of CK, BAG3, and MMP-13 did not change significantly post-exercise. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the appropriateness of the eccentric cycling protocol used as a time-efficient (i.e., ~60 kJ in 10 min) and safe (i.e., without exercise-induced muscle damage) alternative to be used with different populations in future longitudinal interventions.
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Green DJ, Thomas K, Howatson G. Greater decrements in neuromuscular function following interval compared to continuous eccentric cycling. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:200-208. [PMID: 33256553 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1858174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine the demands and consequences of a single session of continuous (CONT) or interval (INT) eccentric cycling. Fourteen healthy males performed 'work-matched' CONT and INT eccentric cycling in a cross over design. Measures of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), resting twitch force, voluntary activation (VA), muscle soreness and creatine kinase (CK) were taken at baseline, immediately post, and 24, 48 and 72 h post the first exercise bout. The second bout was used to characterise within session demands. Decreases in MVC (INT 19%, CONT 13%), twitch force (INT 31%, CONT 18%), and VA (INT 10%, CONT 6%) were observed immediately post session (p < 0.05). Reductions in twitch force were greater after INT (p < 0.05) and lasted 48 h. Muscle soreness was greater following INT, versus CONT (p < 0.05), although no differences in CK were observed. Metabolic demands (% of V̇O2peak and [BLa]) were greater during INT vs. CONT (32 ± 6% 28 ± 6%; p < 0.001), [BLa] (1.0 ± 0.4 vs. 0.8 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1; p < 0.001) and RPE (12 ± 1 vs. 11 ± 1; p < 0.001), respectively. Total time under tension was 48% greater in CONT compared to INT (p < 0.001), whereas average torque (during exercise) was 40% greater during INT compared to CONT (p < 0.001). Interval eccentric cycling exacerbates muscle soreness, decrements in muscle function and lengthens recovery compared to a work matched continuous bout, which is attributable to increased force rather than time under tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- David James Green
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.,Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Barreto RV, de Lima LCR, Denadai BS. Moving forward with backward pedaling: a review on eccentric cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:381-407. [PMID: 33180156 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a profound gap in the understanding of the eccentric cycling intensity continuum, which prevents accurate exercise prescription based on desired physiological responses. This may underestimate the applicability of eccentric cycling for different training purposes. Thus, we aimed to summarize recent research findings and screen for possible new approaches in the prescription and investigation of eccentric cycling. METHOD A search for the most relevant and state-of-the-art literature on eccentric cycling was conducted on the PubMed database. Literature from reference lists was also included when relevant. RESULTS Transversal studies present comparisons between physiological responses to eccentric and concentric cycling, performed at the same absolute power output or metabolic load. Longitudinal studies evaluate responses to eccentric cycling training by comparing them with concentric cycling and resistance training outcomes. Only one study investigated maximal eccentric cycling capacity and there are no investigations on physiological thresholds and/or exercise intensity domains during eccentric cycling. No study investigated different protocols of eccentric cycling training and the chronic effects of different load configurations. CONCLUSION Describing physiological responses to eccentric cycling based on its maximal exercise capacity may be a better way to understand it. The available evidence indicates that clinical populations may benefit from improvements in aerobic power/capacity, exercise tolerance, strength and muscle mass, while healthy and trained individuals may require different eccentric cycling training approaches to benefit from similar improvements. There is limited evidence regarding the mechanisms of acute physiological and chronic adaptive responses to eccentric cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vieira Barreto
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Harrison AJ, Burdon CA, Groeller H, Peoples GE. The Acute Physiological Responses of Eccentric Cycling During the Recovery Periods of a High Intensity Concentric Cycling Interval Session. Front Physiol 2020; 11:336. [PMID: 32362839 PMCID: PMC7182048 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Eccentric and concentric exercise is associated with disparate acute and chronic responses. We uniquely interspersed workload equivalent eccentric cycling during each recovery period of a high intensity interval training (HIIT) cycling trial to determine acute cardiopulmonary, thermal and psycho-physiological responses. Twelve males [age 28 years (SD 6), peak oxygen consumption 48 mL ⋅ kg–1 ⋅ min–1 (SD 6)] completed two high intensity interval cycling trials [4 × 5 min, 60% peak power output (PPO)] separated by 7–10 days. The CONR trial required participants to cycle concentrically during each recovery period (5 min, 30% PPO). The ECCR trial modified the recovery to be eccentric cycling (5 min, 60% PPO). High intensity workload (CONR: 187 ± 17; ECCR: 187 ± 21 W), oxygen consumption (CONR: 2.55 ± 0.17; ECCR: 2.68 ± 0.20 L ⋅ min–1), heart rate (CONR: 165 ± 7; ECCR: 171 ± 10 beats ⋅ min–1) and RPE legs (CONR: 15 ± 3; ECCR: 15 ± 3) were equivalent between trials. Eccentric cycling recovery significantly increased external workload (CONR: 93 ± 18; ECCR: 196 ± 24 W, P < 0.01) yet lowered oxygen consumption (CONR: 1.51 ± 0.18; ECCR: 1.20 ± 0.20 L ⋅ min–1, P < 0.05) while heart rate (CONR: 132 ± 13; ECCR: 137 ± 12 beats ⋅ min–1) and RPE of the legs (CONR: 11 ± 7; ECCR: 12 ± 7) remained equivalent. There was no significant difference in the aural temperature between the trials (ECCR: 37.3 ± 0.1°C; CONR: 37.4 ± 0.1°C, P > 0.05), yet during recovery periods mean skin temperature was significantly elevated in the ECCR (ECCR: 33.9 ± 0.2°C; CONR: 33.3 ± 0.2°C, P < 0.05). Participants preferred ECCR (10/12) and rated the ECCR as more achievable (82.8 ± 11.4 mm) than CONR (79.4 ± 15.9 mm, P < 0.01). In conclusion, eccentric cycling during the recovery period of a HIIT training session, offers a novel approach to concurrent training methodology. The unique cardiopulmonary and skeletal muscle responses facilitate the achievement of both training stimuli within a single exercise bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J Harrison
- Discipline of Medical and Exercise Science, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Catriona A Burdon
- Discipline of Medical and Exercise Science, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Herbert Groeller
- Discipline of Medical and Exercise Science, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory E Peoples
- Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Graduate Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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