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Al Kouzbary M, Al Kouzbary H, Liu J, Shasmin HN, Arifin N, Osman NAA. Analysis of human ambulation as a chaotic time-series: with nonlinear dynamics tools. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39230205 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2024.2399023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the complexity and stability of human ambulation and the implications on robotic prostheses control systems. Fourteen healthy individuals participate in two experiments, the first group run at three different speeds. The second group ascended and descended stairs of a five-level building block at a self-selected speed. All participants completed the experiment with seven inertial measurement units wrapped around the lower body segments and waist. The data were analyzed to determine the fractal dimension, spectral entropy, and the Lyapunov exponent (LyE). Two methods were used to calculate the long-term LyE, first LyE calculated using the full size of data sets. And the embedding dimensions were calculated using Average Mutual Information (AMI) and the False Nearest Neighbor (FNN) algorithm was used to find the time delay. Besides, a second approach was developed to find long-term LyE where the time delay was based on the average period of the gait cycle using adaptive event-based window. The average values of spectral entropy are 0.538 and 0.575 for stairs ambulation and running, respectively. The degree of uncertainty and complexity increases with the ambulation speed. The short term LyEs for tibia orientation have the minimum range of variation when it comes to stairs ascent and descent. Using two-way analysis of variance we demonstrated the effect of the ambulation speed and type of ambulation on spectral entropy. Moreover, it was shown that the fractal dimension only changed significantly with ambulation speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouaz Al Kouzbary
- Center for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamza Al Kouzbary
- Center for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Center for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanie Nadia Shasmin
- Center for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nooranida Arifin
- Center for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Center for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- The Chancellery, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Panday SB, Pathak P, Ahn J. Professional long distance runners achieve high efficiency at the cost of weak orbital stability. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34707. [PMID: 39130430 PMCID: PMC11315134 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful performance in long distance race requires both high efficiency and stability. Previous research has demonstrated the high running efficiency of trained runners, but no prior study quantitatively addressed their orbital stability. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency and orbital stability of 8 professional long-distance runners and compared them with those of 8 novices. We calculated the cost of transport and normalized mechanical energy to assess physiological and mechanical running efficiency, respectively. We quantified orbital stability using Floquet Multipliers, which assess how fast a system converges to a limit cycle under perturbations. Our results show that professional runners run with significantly higher physiological and mechanical efficiency but with weaker orbital stability compared to novices. This finding is consistent with the inevitable trade-off between efficiency and stability; increase in orbital stability necessitates increase in energy dissipation. We suggest that professional runners have developed the ability to exploit inertia beneficially, enabling them to achieve higher efficiency partly at the cost of sacrificing orbital stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Bikram Panday
- Division of Sports Industry and Science, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
- Department of Art and Sportainment, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Prabhat Pathak
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, USA
| | - Jooeun Ahn
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
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3
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Promsri A, Deedphimai S, Promthep P, Champamuang C. Effects of Different Wearable Resistance Placements on Running Stability. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:45. [PMID: 38393265 PMCID: PMC10892856 DOI: 10.3390/sports12020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Stability during running has been recognized as a crucial factor contributing to running performance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of wearable equipment containing external loads on different body parts on running stability. Fifteen recreational male runners (20.27 ± 1.23 years, age range 19-22 years) participated in five treadmill running conditions, including running without loads and running with loads equivalent to 10% of individual body weight placed on four different body positions: forearms, lower legs, trunk, and a combination of all three (forearms, lower legs, and trunk). A tri-axial accelerometer-based smartphone sensor was attached to the participants' lumbar spine (L5) to record body accelerations. The largest Lyapunov exponent (LyE) was applied to individual acceleration data as a measure of local dynamic stability, where higher LyE values suggest lower stability. The effects of load distribution appear in the mediolateral (ML) direction. Specifically, running with loads on the lower legs resulted in a lower LyE_ML value compared to running without loads (p = 0.001) and running with loads on the forearms (p < 0.001), trunk (p = 0.001), and combined segments (p = 0.005). These findings suggest that running with loads on the lower legs enhances side-to-side local dynamic stability, providing valuable insights for training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Promsri
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand; (S.D.); (P.P.); (C.C.)
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Winter L, Taylor P, Bellenger C, Grimshaw P, Crowther RG. The application of the Lyapunov Exponent to analyse human performance: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1994-2013. [PMID: 38326239 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2308441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Variability is a normal component of human movement, allowing one to adapt to environmental perturbations. It can be analysed from linear or non-linear perspectives. The Lyapunov Exponent (LyE) is a commonly used non-linear technique, which quantifies local dynamic stability. It has been applied primarily to walking gait and appears to be limited application in other movements. Therefore, this systematic review aims to summarise research methodologies applying the LyE to movements, excluding walking gait. Four databases were searched using keywords related to movement variability, dynamic stability, LyE and divergence exponent. Articles written in English, using the LyE to analyse movements, excluding walking gait were included for analysis. 31 papers were included for data extraction. Quality appraisal was conducted and information related to the movement, data capture method, data type, apparatus, sampling rate, body segment/joint, number of strides/steps, state space reconstruction, algorithm, filtering, surrogation and time normalisation were extracted. LyE values were reported in supplementary materials (Appendix 2). Running was the most prevalent non-walking gait movement assessed. Methodologies to calculate the LyE differed in various aspects resulting in different LyE values being generated. Additionally, test-retest reliability, was only conducted in one study, which should be addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Winter
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Taylor
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clint Bellenger
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Grimshaw
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert G Crowther
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Hunter B, Karsten B, Greenhalgh A, Burnley M, Muniz-Pumares D. The Application of non-linear methods to quantify changes to movement dynamics during running: A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37330658 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2225014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this scoping review was to evaluate research approaches that quantify changes to non-linear movement dynamics during running in response to fatigue, different speeds, and fitness levels. PubMed and Scopus were used to identify appropriate research articles. After the selection of eligible studies, study details and participant characteristics were extracted and tabulated to identify methodologies and findings. Twenty-seven articles were included in the final analysis. To evaluate non-linearities in the time series, a range of approaches were identified including motion capture, accelerometery, and foot switches. Common methods of analysis included measures of fractal scaling, entropy, and local dynamic stability. Conflicting findings were evident when studies examined non-linear features in fatigued states when compared to non-fatigued. More pronounced alterations to movement dynamics are evident when running speed is changed markedly. Greater fitness levels resulted in more stable and predictable running patterns. The mechanisms by which these changes are underpinned require further examination. These could include the physiological demand of running, biomechanical constraints of the runner, and the attentional demands of the task. Moreover, the practical implications are yet to be elucidated. This review has identified gaps in the literature which should be addressed for further understanding of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Hunter
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
| | - Bettina Karsten
- EUFH, Hochschule für Gesundheit, Soziales und Pädagogik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Greenhalgh
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Mark Burnley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough,UK
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Mason R, Pearson LT, Barry G, Young F, Lennon O, Godfrey A, Stuart S. Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:241-268. [PMID: 36242762 PMCID: PMC9807497 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running gait assessment has traditionally been performed using subjective observation or expensive laboratory-based objective technologies, such as three-dimensional motion capture or force plates. However, recent developments in wearable devices allow for continuous monitoring and analysis of running mechanics in any environment. Objective measurement of running gait is an important (clinical) tool for injury assessment and provides measures that can be used to enhance performance. OBJECTIVES We aimed to systematically review the available literature investigating how wearable technology is being used for running gait analysis in adults. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the following scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. Information was extracted from each included article regarding the type of study, participants, protocol, wearable device(s), main outcomes/measures, analysis and key findings. RESULTS A total of 131 articles were reviewed: 56 investigated the validity of wearable technology, 22 examined the reliability and 77 focused on applied use. Most studies used inertial measurement units (n = 62) [i.e. a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers in a single unit] or solely accelerometers (n = 40), with one using gyroscopes alone and 31 using pressure sensors. On average, studies used one wearable device to examine running gait. Wearable locations were distributed among the shank, shoe and waist. The mean number of participants was 26 (± 27), with an average age of 28.3 (± 7.0) years. Most studies took place indoors (n = 93), using a treadmill (n = 62), with the main aims seeking to identify running gait outcomes or investigate the effects of injury, fatigue, intrinsic factors (e.g. age, sex, morphology) or footwear on running gait outcomes. Generally, wearables were found to be valid and reliable tools for assessing running gait compared to reference standards. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive review highlighted that most studies that have examined running gait using wearable sensors have done so with young adult recreational runners, using one inertial measurement unit sensor, with participants running on a treadmill and reporting outcomes of ground contact time, stride length, stride frequency and tibial acceleration. Future studies are required to obtain consensus regarding terminology, protocols for testing validity and the reliability of devices and suitability of gait outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42021235527.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mason
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Liam T Pearson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gillian Barry
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fraser Young
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Alan Godfrey
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Samuel Stuart
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Fohrmann D, Hamacher D, Sanchez-Alvarado A, Potthast W, Mai P, Willwacher S, Hollander K. Reliability of Running Stability during Treadmill and Overground Running. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:347. [PMID: 36616946 PMCID: PMC9823852 DOI: 10.3390/s23010347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Running stability is the ability to withstand naturally occurring minor perturbations during running. It is susceptible to external and internal running conditions such as footwear or fatigue. However, both its reliable measurability and the extent to which laboratory measurements reflect outdoor running remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the intra- and inter-day reliability of the running stability as well as the comparability of different laboratory and outdoor conditions. Competitive runners completed runs on a motorized treadmill in a research laboratory and overground both indoors and outdoors. Running stability was determined as the maximum short-term divergence exponent from the raw gyroscope signals of wearable sensors mounted to four different body locations (sternum, sacrum, tibia, and foot). Sacrum sensor measurements demonstrated the highest reliabilities (good to excellent; ICC = 0.85 to 0.91), while those of the tibia measurements showed the lowest (moderate to good; ICC = 0.55 to 0.89). Treadmill measurements depicted systematically lower values than both overground conditions for all sensor locations (relative bias = -9.8% to -2.9%). The two overground conditions, however, showed high agreement (relative bias = -0.3% to 0.5%; relative limits of agreement = 9.2% to 15.4%). Our results imply moderate to excellent reliability for both overground and treadmill running, which is the foundation of further research on running stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Fohrmann
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Hamacher
- Institute of Sports Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Alberto Sanchez-Alvarado
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Potthast
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Mai
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, 77652 Offenburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, 77652 Offenburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Dataset of lower extremity joint angles, moments and forces in distance running. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Nonlinear Analyses Distinguish Load Carriage Dynamics in Walking and Standing: A Systematic Review. J Appl Biomech 2022; 38:434-447. [PMID: 36170973 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Load carriage experiments are typically performed from a linear perspective that assumes that movement variability is equivalent to error or noise in the neuromuscular system. A complimentary, nonlinear perspective that treats variability as the object of study has generated important results in movement science outside load carriage settings. To date, no systematic review has yet been conducted to understand how load carriage dynamics change from a nonlinear perspective. The goal of this systematic review is to fill that need. Relevant literature was extracted and reviewed for general trends involving nonlinear perspectives on load carriage. Nonlinear analyses that were used in the reviewed studies included sample, multiscale, and approximate entropy; the Lyapunov exponent; fractal analysis; and relative phase. In general, nonlinear tools successfully distinguish between unloaded and loaded conditions in standing and walking, although not in a consistent manner. The Lyapunov exponent and entropy were the most used nonlinear methods. Two noteworthy findings are that entropy in quiet standing studies tends to decrease, whereas the Lyapunov exponent in walking studies tends to increase, both due to added load. Thus, nonlinear analyses reveal altered load carriage dynamics, demonstrating promise in applying a nonlinear perspective to load carriage while also underscoring the need for more research.
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Dimmick HL, van Rassel CR, MacInnis MJ, Ferber R. Between-Day Reliability of Commonly Used IMU Features during a Fatiguing Run and the Effect of Speed. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114129. [PMID: 35684750 PMCID: PMC9185649 DOI: 10.3390/s22114129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if fatigue-related changes in biomechanics derived from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) placed at the center of mass (CoM) are reliable day-to-day. Sixteen runners performed two runs at maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) on a treadmill, one run 5% above MLSS speed, and one run 5% below MLSS speed while wearing a CoM-mounted IMU. Trials were performed to volitional exhaustion or a specified termination time. IMU features were derived from each axis and the resultant. Feature means were calculated for each subject during non-fatigued and fatigued states. Comparisons were performed between the two trials at MLSS and between all four trials. The only significant fatigue state × trial interaction was the 25th percentile of the results when comparing all trials. There were no main effects for trial for either comparison method. There were main effects for fatigue state for most features in both comparison methods. Reliability, measured by an intraclass coefficient (ICC), was good-to-excellent for most features. These results suggest that fatigue-related changes in biomechanics derived from a CoM-mounted IMU are reliable day-to-day when participants ran at or around MLSS and are not significantly affected by slight deviations in speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Dimmick
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.); (M.J.M.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-220-2874
| | - Cody R. van Rassel
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.); (M.J.M.); (R.F.)
| | - Martin J. MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.); (M.J.M.); (R.F.)
| | - Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.); (M.J.M.); (R.F.)
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Marotta L, Scheltinga BL, van Middelaar R, Bramer WM, van Beijnum BJF, Reenalda J, Buurke JH. Accelerometer-Based Identification of Fatigue in the Lower Limbs during Cyclical Physical Exercise: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3008. [PMID: 35458993 PMCID: PMC9025833 DOI: 10.3390/s22083008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise (PE) is beneficial for both physical and psychological health aspects. However, excessive training can lead to physical fatigue and an increased risk of lower limb injuries. In order to tailor training loads and durations to the needs and capacities of an individual, physical fatigue must be estimated. Different measurement devices and techniques (i.e., ergospirometers, electromyography, and motion capture systems) can be used to identify physical fatigue. The field of biomechanics has succeeded in capturing changes in human movement with optical systems, as well as with accelerometers or inertial measurement units (IMUs), the latter being more user-friendly and adaptable to real-world scenarios due to its wearable nature. There is, however, still a lack of consensus regarding the possibility of using biomechanical parameters measured with accelerometers to identify physical fatigue states in PE. Nowadays, the field of biomechanics is beginning to open towards the possibility of identifying fatigue state using machine learning algorithms. Here, we selected and summarized accelerometer-based articles that either (a) performed analyses of biomechanical parameters that change due to fatigue in the lower limbs or (b) performed fatigue identification based on features including biomechanical parameters. We performed a systematic literature search and analysed 39 articles on running, jumping, walking, stair climbing, and other gym exercises. Peak tibial and sacral acceleration were the most common measured variables and were found to significantly increase with fatigue (respectively, in 6/13 running articles and 2/4 jumping articles). Fatigue classification was performed with an accuracy between 78% and 96% and Pearson's correlation with an RPE (rate of perceived exertion) between r = 0.79 and r = 0.95. We recommend future effort toward the standardization of fatigue protocols and methods across articles in order to generalize fatigue identification results and increase the use of accelerometers to quantify physical fatigue in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Marotta
- Roessingh Research and Development, 7522 AH Enschede, The Netherlands; (B.L.S.); (J.R.); (J.H.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (R.v.M.); (B.-J.F.v.B.)
| | - Bouke L. Scheltinga
- Roessingh Research and Development, 7522 AH Enschede, The Netherlands; (B.L.S.); (J.R.); (J.H.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (R.v.M.); (B.-J.F.v.B.)
| | - Robbert van Middelaar
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (R.v.M.); (B.-J.F.v.B.)
| | - Wichor M. Bramer
- Medical Library, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Bert-Jan F. van Beijnum
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (R.v.M.); (B.-J.F.v.B.)
| | - Jasper Reenalda
- Roessingh Research and Development, 7522 AH Enschede, The Netherlands; (B.L.S.); (J.R.); (J.H.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (R.v.M.); (B.-J.F.v.B.)
| | - Jaap H. Buurke
- Roessingh Research and Development, 7522 AH Enschede, The Netherlands; (B.L.S.); (J.R.); (J.H.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (R.v.M.); (B.-J.F.v.B.)
- Roessingh Rehabilitation Centre, 7522 AH Enschede, The Netherlands
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12
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Padulo J, Ayalon M, Barbieri FA, Di Capua R, Doria C, Ardigò LP, Dello Iacono A. Effects of Gradient and Speed on Uphill Running Gait Variability. Sports Health 2022; 15:67-73. [PMID: 35343321 PMCID: PMC9808836 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211067721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gradient and speed on running variability (RV) and local dynamic stability (LDS) during uphill running. HYPOTHESES (1) Both gradient and speed increase metabolic effort, in terms of heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion (CR10), in line with the contemporary literature, and (2) gradient increases RV and impairs LDS. STUDY DESIGN "Crossover" observational design. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A total of 25 runners completed 10-minute running trials in 3 different conditions and in a randomized order: gradient at 0% (0CON), 2% (2CON), and 2% at isoefficiency speed (2IES). 0CON and 2CON speeds were calculated as the "best 10-km race performance" minus 1 km·h-1, whereas 2IES speed was adjusted to induce the same metabolic expenditure as 0CON. HR and perceived exertion as well as running kinematic variables were collected across all trials and conditions. Running variability was calculated as the standard deviation of the mean stride-to-stride intervals over 100 strides, while LDS was expressed by the Lyapunov exponent (LyE) determined on running cycle time over different running conditions. RESULTS Increases in HR and CR10 were observed between 0CON and 2CON (P < 0.001) and between 2IES and 2CON (P < 0.01). Higher RV was found in 2CON compared with 0CON and 2IES (both P < 0.001). Finally, the largest LyE was observed in 2IES compared with 0CON and 2CON (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION Whereas RV seems to be dependent more on metabolic effort, LDS is affected by gradient to a greater extent. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Running variability could be used to monitor external training load in marathon runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Padulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health,
Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Moshe Ayalon
- The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya,
Israel
| | - Fabio A. Barbieri
- Human Movement Research Laboratory
(MOVI-LAB), Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru,
Brazil
| | - Roberto Di Capua
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini,”
University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy,CNR-SPIN Institute, Naples, Italy
| | - Christian Doria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health,
Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca P. Ardigò
- School of Exercise and Sport Science,
Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona,
Verona, Italy,Luca P. Ardigò, PhD, School of
Exercise and Sport Science, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement
Sciences, University of Verona, Via Felice Casorati, 43, Verona, 37131, Italy (
)
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- School of Health and Life Sciences,
University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK
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13
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Benson LC, Räisänen AM, Clermont CA, Ferber R. Is This the Real Life, or Is This Just Laboratory? A Scoping Review of IMU-Based Running Gait Analysis. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051722. [PMID: 35270869 PMCID: PMC8915128 DOI: 10.3390/s22051722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) can be used to monitor running biomechanics in real-world settings, but IMUs are often used within a laboratory. The purpose of this scoping review was to describe how IMUs are used to record running biomechanics in both laboratory and real-world conditions. We included peer-reviewed journal articles that used IMUs to assess gait quality during running. We extracted data on running conditions (indoor/outdoor, surface, speed, and distance), device type and location, metrics, participants, and purpose and study design. A total of 231 studies were included. Most (72%) studies were conducted indoors; and in 67% of all studies, the analyzed distance was only one step or stride or <200 m. The most common device type and location combination was a triaxial accelerometer on the shank (18% of device and location combinations). The most common analyzed metric was vertical/axial magnitude, which was reported in 64% of all studies. Most studies (56%) included recreational runners. For the past 20 years, studies using IMUs to record running biomechanics have mainly been conducted indoors, on a treadmill, at prescribed speeds, and over small distances. We suggest that future studies should move out of the lab to less controlled and more real-world environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Benson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Tonal Strength Institute, Tonal, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Anu M. Räisänen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, College of Health Sciences—Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR 97355, USA
| | - Christian A. Clermont
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Sport Product Testing, Canadian Sport Institute Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6B7, Canada
| | - Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Cumming School of Medicine, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Running Injury Clinic, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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14
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Apte S, Prigent G, Stöggl T, Martínez A, Snyder C, Gremeaux-Bader V, Aminian K. Biomechanical Response of the Lower Extremity to Running-Induced Acute Fatigue: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646042. [PMID: 34512370 PMCID: PMC8430259 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate (i) typical protocols used in research on biomechanical response to running-induced fatigue, (ii) the effect of sport-induced acute fatigue on the biomechanics of running and functional tests, and (iii) the consistency of analyzed parameter trends across different protocols. Methods: Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, and IEEE databases were searched using terms identified with the Population, Interest and Context (PiCo) framework. Studies were screened following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and appraised using the methodological index for non-randomized studies MINORS scale. Only experimental studies with at least 10 participants, which evaluated fatigue during and immediately after the fatiguing run were included. Each study was summarized to record information about the protocol and parameter trends. Summary trends were computed for each parameter based on the results found in individual studies. Results: Of the 68 included studies, most were based on in-lab (77.9%) protocols, endpoint measurements (75%), stationary measurement systems (76.5%), and treadmill environment (54.4%) for running. From the 42 parameters identified in response to acute fatigue, flight time, contact time, knee flexion angle at initial contact, trunk flexion angle, peak tibial acceleration, CoP velocity during balance test showed an increasing behavior and cadence, vertical stiffness, knee extension force during MVC, maximum vertical ground reaction forces, and CMJ height showed a decreasing trend across different fatigue protocols. Conclusion: This review presents evidence that running-induced acute fatigue influences almost all the included biomechanical parameters, with crucial influence from the exercise intensity and the testing environment. Results indicate an important gap in literature caused by the lack of field studies with continuous measurement during outdoor running activities. To address this gap, we propose recommendations for the use of wearable inertial sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Apte
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gäelle Prigent
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Aaron Martínez
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cory Snyder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vincent Gremeaux-Bader
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne,Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Sport Medicine Unit, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Möhler F, Stetter B, Müller H, Stein T. Stride-to-Stride Variability of the Center of Mass in Male Trained Runners After an Exhaustive Run: A Three Dimensional Movement Variability Analysis With a Subject-Specific Anthropometric Model. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:665500. [PMID: 34109313 PMCID: PMC8181123 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.665500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The motion of the human body can be described by the motion of its center of mass (CoM). Since the trajectory of the CoM is a crucial variable during running, one can assume that trained runners would try to keep their CoM trajectory constant from stride to stride. However, when exposed to fatigue, runners might have to adapt certain biomechanical parameters. The Uncontrolled Manifold approach (UCM) and the Tolerance, Noise, and Covariation (TNC) approach are used to analyze changes in movement variability while considering the overall task of keeping a certain task relevant variable constant. The purpose of this study was to investigate if and how runners adjust their CoM trajectory during a run to fatigue at a constant speed on a treadmill and how fatigue affects the variability of the CoM trajectory. Additionally, the results obtained with the TNC approach were compared to the results obtained with the UCM analysis in an earlier study on the same dataset. Therefore, two TNC analyses were conducted to assess effects of fatigue on the CoM trajectory from two viewpoints: one analyzing the CoM with respect to a lab coordinate system (PVlab) and another one analyzing the CoM with respect to the right foot (PVfoot). Full body kinematics of 13 healthy young athletes were captured in a rested and in a fatigued state and an anthropometric model was used to calculate the CoM based on the joint angles. Variability was quantified by the coefficient of variation of the length of the position vector of the CoM and by the components Tolerance, Noise, and Covariation which were analyzed both in 3D and the projections in the vertical, anterior-posterior and medio-lateral coordinate axes. Concerning PVlab we found that runners increased their stride-to-stride variability in medio-lateral direction (1%). Concerning PVfoot we found that runners lowered their CoM (4 mm) and increased their stride-to-stride variability in the absorption phase in both 3D and in the vertical direction. Although we identified statistically relevant differences between the two running states, we have to point out that the effects were small (CV ≤ 1%) and must be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Möhler
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernd Stetter
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Sports Orthopaedics, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hermann Müller
- Training Science, Department of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Yu L, Mei Q, Xiang L, Liu W, Mohamad NI, István B, Fernandez J, Gu Y. Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:629809. [PMID: 33842444 PMCID: PMC8026898 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.629809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ground reaction force (GRF) is a key metric in biomechanical research, including parameters of loading rate (LR), first impact peak, second impact peak, and transient between first and second impact peaks in heel strike runners. The GRFs vary over time during stance. This study was aimed to investigate the variances of GRFs in rearfoot striking runners across incremental speeds. Thirty female and male runners joined the running tests on the instrumented treadmill with speeds of 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, and 3.7 m/s. The discrete parameters of vertical average loading rate in the current study are consistent with the literature findings. The principal component analysis was modeled to investigate the main variances (95%) in the GRFs over stance. The females varied in the magnitude of braking and propulsive forces (PC1, 84.93%), whereas the male runners varied in the timing of propulsion (PC1, 53.38%). The female runners dominantly varied in the transient between the first and second peaks of vertical GRF (PC1, 36.52%) and LR (PC2, 33.76%), whereas the males variated in the LR and second peak of vertical GRF (PC1, 78.69%). Knowledge reported in the current study suggested the difference of the magnitude and patterns of GRF between male and female runners across different speeds. These findings may have implications for the prevention of sex-specific running-related injuries and could be integrated with wearable signals for the in-field prediction and estimation of impact loadings and GRFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Loudi Vocational and Technical College, Loudi, China.,Faculty of Sports Sciences and Coaching, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim, Malaysia.,Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qichang Mei
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Liangliang Xiang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wei Liu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Nur Ikhwan Mohamad
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Coaching, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim, Malaysia
| | - Bíró István
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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17
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Hollander K, Hamacher D, Zech A. Running barefoot leads to lower running stability compared to shod running - results from a randomized controlled study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4376. [PMID: 33623054 PMCID: PMC7902604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Local dynamic running stability is the ability of a dynamic system to compensate for small perturbations during running. While the immediate effects of footwear on running biomechanics are frequently investigated, no research has studied the long-term effects of barefoot vs. shod running on local dynamic running stability. In this randomized single-blinded controlled trial, young adults novice to barefoot running were randomly allocated to a barefoot or a cushioned footwear running group. Over an 8-week-period, both groups performed a weekly 15-min treadmill running intervention in the allocated condition at 70% of their VO2 max velocity. During each session, an inertial measurement unit on the tibia recorded kinematic data (angular velocity) which was used to determine the short-time largest Lyapunov exponents as a measure of local dynamic running stability. One hundred running gait cycles at the beginning, middle, and end of each running session were analysed using one mixed linear multilevel random intercept model. Of the 41 included participants (48.8% females), 37 completed the study (drop-out = 9.7%). Participants in the barefoot running group exhibited lower running stability than in the shod running group (p = 0.037) with no changes during the intervention period (p = 0.997). Within a single session, running stability decreased over the course of the 15-min run (p = 0.012) without differences between both groups (p = 0.060). Changing from shod to barefoot running reduces running stability not only in the acute phase but also in the longer term. While running stability is a relatively new concept, it enables further insight into the biomechanical influence of footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Hollander
- Faculty of Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Hamacher
- Department of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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18
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Willwacher S, Sanno M, Brüggemann GP. Fatigue matters: An intense 10 km run alters frontal and transverse plane joint kinematics in competitive and recreational adult runners. Gait Posture 2020; 76:277-283. [PMID: 31884254 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue is an essential component of distance running. Still, little is known about the effects of running induced fatigue on three-dimensional lower extremity joint movement, in particular in the frontal and transverse planes of motion. RESEARCH QUESTION How are non-sagittal plane lower extremity joint kinematics of runners altered during a 10 km treadmill run with near-maximum effort? METHODS In a cross-sectional study design, we captured three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics at regular intervals throughout a 10 km treadmill run in 24 male participants (subdivided into a competitive and recreational runner group) at a speed corresponding to 105 % of their season-best time. We calculated average and peak joint angles at the hip, knee and ankle during the stance phase. RESULTS We observed peak deviations of 3.5°, 3° and 5° for the hip (more adduction), knee (more abduction) and ankle (more eversion) in the frontal plane when comparing the final (10 km) with the first (0 km) measurement. At the end of the run peak knee internal rotation angles increased significantly (up to 3° difference). Running with a more abducted knee joint and with a higher demand for hip abductor muscles in the unfatigued state was related to greater fatigue-induced changes of joint kinematics at the knee and hip. SIGNIFICANCE The fatigue related change of non-sagittal joint kinematics needs to be considered when addressing risk factors for running-related injuries, when designing shoe interventions as well as strengthening and gait retraining protocols for runners. We speculate that strengthening ankle invertors and hip abductors and monitoring the dynamic leg axis during running appear to be promising in preventing fatigue induced alterations of non-sagittal joint kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Willwacher
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Sanno
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Gert-Peter Brüggemann
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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19
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New Considerations for Wearable Technology Data: Changes in Running Biomechanics During a Marathon. J Appl Biomech 2019; 35:401–409. [PMID: 31629343 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2018-0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to use wearable technology data to quantify alterations in subject-specific running patterns throughout a marathon race and to determine if runners could be clustered into subgroups based on similar trends in running gait alterations throughout the marathon. Using a wearable sensor, data were collected for cadence, braking, bounce, pelvic rotation, pelvic drop, and ground contact time for 27 runners. A composite index was calculated based on the "typical" data (4-14 km) for each runner and evaluated for 14 individual 2-km sections thereafter to detect "atypical" data (ie, higher indices). A cluster analysis assigned all runners to a subgroup based on similar trends in running alterations. Results indicated that the indices became significantly higher starting at 20 to 22 km. Cluster 1 exhibited lower indices than cluster 2 throughout the marathon, and the only significant difference in characteristics between clusters was that cluster 1 had a lower age-grade performance score than cluster 2. In summary, this study presented a novel method to investigate the effects of fatigue on running biomechanics using wearable technology in a real-world setting. Recreational runners with higher age-grade performance scores had less atypical running patterns throughout the marathon compared with runners with lower age-grade performance scores.
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20
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Hollander K, Zech A, Rahlf AL, Orendurff MS, Stebbins J, Heidt C. The relationship between static and dynamic foot posture and running biomechanics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture 2019; 72:109-122. [PMID: 31195310 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medial longitudinal arch characteristics are thought to be a contributing factor to lower limb running injuries. Running biomechanics associated with different foot types have been proposed as one of the potential underlying mechanisms. However, no systematic review has investigated this relationship. RESEARCH QUESTION The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature search and synthesize the evidence about the relationship between foot posture and running biomechanics. METHODS For this systematic review and meta-analysis different electronic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane, SportDiscus) were searched to identify studies investigating the relationship between medial longitudinal arch characteristics and running biomechanics. After identification of relevant articles, two independent researchers determined the risk of bias of included studies. For homogenous outcomes, data pooling and meta-analysis (random effects model) was performed, and levels of evidence determined. RESULTS Of the 4088 studies initially identified, a total of 25 studies were included in the qualitative review and seven in the quantitative analysis. Most studies had moderate and three studies a low risk of bias. Moderate evidence was found for a relationship between foot posture and subtalar joint kinematics (small pooled effects: -0.59; 95%CI -1.14 to - 0.003) and leg stiffness (small pooled effect: 0.59; 95%CI 0.18 to 0.99). Limited or very limited evidence was found for a relationship with forefoot kinematics, tibial/leg rotation, tibial acceleration/shock, plantar pressure distribution, plantar fascia tension and ankle kinetics as well as an interaction of foot type and footwear regarding tibial rotation. SIGNIFICANCE While there is evidence for an association between foot posture and subtalar joint kinematics and leg stiffness, no clear relationship was found for other biomechanical outcomes. Since a comprehensive meta-analysis was limited by the heterogeneity of included studies future research would benefit from consensus in foot assessment and more homogenous study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Hollander
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, BG Trauma Hospital of Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Lina Rahlf
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Michael S Orendurff
- Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Motion & Sports Performance Laboratory, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julie Stebbins
- Oxford Gait Laboratory, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Heidt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Mei Q, Gu Y, Xiang L, Baker JS, Fernandez J. Foot Pronation Contributes to Altered Lower Extremity Loading After Long Distance Running. Front Physiol 2019; 10:573. [PMID: 31191329 PMCID: PMC6540596 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents an investigation of the changes in foot posture, joint kinematics, joint moments and joint contact forces in the lower extremity following a 5 k treadmill run. A relationship between knee and ankle joint loading and foot posture index (FPI) is developed. Twenty recreational male heel-strike runners participated in this study. All participants had a history of running exercise and were free from lower extremity injuries and foot deformities. Foot posture was assessed from a six-item FPI to quantitatively classify high supination to high pronation foot poses. The FPI is scored using a combination of observations and foot palpations. The three-dimensional marker trajectories, ground reaction force and surface electromyography (EMG) were recorded at pre and post-gait sessions conducted over-ground and 5 k running was conducted on a treadmill. Joint kinematics, joint moments and joint contact forces were computed in OpenSim. Simulated EMG activations were compared against experimental EMG to validate the model. A paired sample t-test was conducted using a 1D statistical parametric mapping method computed temporally. Hip joint moments and contact forces increased during initial foot contact following 5 k running. Knee abduction moment and superior-inferior knee contact force increased, whereas the knee extension moment decreased. Ankle plantarflexion moment and ankle contact forces increased during stance. FPI was found to be moderately correlated with peak knee and ankle moments. Recreational male runners presented increased static foot pronation after 5 k treadmill running. These findings suggest that following mid distance running foot pronation may be an early indicator of increased lower limb joint loading. Furthermore, the FPI may be used to quantify the changes in knee and ankle joint moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichang Mei
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Liangliang Xiang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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