DNA damage in mononuclear cells following maximal exercise in sedentary and physically active lean and obese men

The physical exercise-induced oxidative/inflammatory response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Signaling cellular energetic stress situations

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are a variety of specialized immune cells produced in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that work together to protect our bodies from harmful pathogens. From a metabolic point of view, these cells can serve as sentinel tissue source for distinguishing multiple types of whole-body physiological perturbations. The significant interaction of PBMCs with systemic physiology makes these cells an attractive target for several interventions such as physical exercise. Analyses of oxidative/inflammatory and metabolic markers of PBMCs obtained from unhealthy and healthy humans have been used in monitoring immune response in different exercise conditions. It is already a common consensus that regular practice of physical exercise, that is planned, structured, and repetitive, influences personal health by altering the metabolic state and the immune system. However, the role of distinct metabolic processes responsible for maintaining metabolic balance during physical exercise in PBMCs is not fully understood. Furthermore, a complete dose-response analysis between different exercise protocols and biomarkers capable of predicting physical performance needs to be better elucidated. The absence of published reviews on this topic compromises the understanding of the crosstalk between the metabolic adaptations of PBMCs and exercise-induced changes in the immune system. Given the above, this review highlights the main findings in the literature involving the responses of PBMCs in the inflammatory/oxidative stress induced by physical exercise. The present review also highlights how distinct phenotypes and functional diversity of PBMCs make these cells an accessible alternative for assessing exercise-induced metabolic adaptations.

Type and Intensity as Key Variable of Exercise in Metainflammation diseases: A Review

Monocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations exhibit functions that vary between the anti- and pro-inflammatory spectrum, such as classic CD16- and non-classical CD16+ monocytes, as well as T helper 2 lymphocytes (Th2), the Th1/Th17 lymphocytes ratio, and T regulatory lymphocytes (Treg). Metabolic disease-associated inflammation is accompanied by an imbalance in monocyte and lymphocyte phenotypes and functionality, as well as a stronger proportion of inflammatory subpopulations. These changes appear to be important for the development and progression of diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, the regular practice of physical exercise is an important tool to restore the functionality of monocytes and lymphocytes, and to balance the subtypes ratio. However, key variables regarding exercise prescription, such as the type of exercise, intensity, and volume differentially impact on the acute and chronic immune response in individuals diagnosed with meta inflammation diseases. Here, we discuss the impact of different physical exercise protocols, acutely and chronically, on monocytes and lymphocytes of individuals with metabolic disease-associated inflammation. In this review, we focus on the best effects of different exercise protocols to dose the "exercise pill" in different inflammatory status.

Levels of cardiorespiratory fitness in men exerts strong impact on lymphocyte function after mitogen stimulation

Relationship between lymphocyte function and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is well-documented at rest; however, upon mitogen stimulation the proliferation and cytokine production alters, but knowledge is incipient about lymphocyte responses after mitogen stimulus according to CRF. So, the purpose of the present study was to analyze the lymphocyte function according to the physical fitness status of healthy young men. The study is divided in two experiments being the first analyzing the lymphocyte phenotypes profile and the inflammatory responses, according to CRF, in lymphocyte cell cultures treated for 48 h with concanavalin A (ConA). The second experiment analyzed the proliferation, reactive oxygen species production, viability, and mitochondrial polarization state in lymphocytes treated with ConA in different concentrations, considering the CRF levels. The results showed a difference in the percentage of total lymphocytes expression between groups (P = 0.011) observing a lower lymphocytes T expression in the group with high maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o_2max) when compared with the moderate V̇o_2max group. When treated with ConA, the lymphocytes of the low V̇o_2max group released higher TNF-α concentration (P = 0.032), reflecting an elevated TNF-α/IL-10 ratio (P = 0.055), parallel with lower IL-6 production (P = 0.027), mainly when compared with the moderate V̇o_2max group. In addition, there is a positive relationship between V̇o_2max and IL-6 production (r = 0.507; P = 0.016), whereas the percentage of total lymphocytes (LyT%) shows a negative trend with V̇o_2max (r = -0.497; P = 0.060). Also, individuals with lower V̇o_2max showed reduced absolute and relative ROS production, lower cell proliferation, and higher mitochondrial membrane depolarization. In conclusion, cardiorespiratory fitness degree exerts a strong impact on lymphocyte function after mitogen stimulation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The innovation of the research is to elucidate the impact of different physical fitness status on metabolism, cell proliferation, and lymphocyte activity and, consequently, on the specific inflammatory response against a mitogen.

Immunoregulation induced by autologous serum collected after acute exercise in obese men: a randomized cross-over trial

In this study, we evaluated the effects of autologous serum collected after two types of exercise on the in vitro inflammatory profile and T cell phenotype of resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in obese men. Serum samples and PBMCs were obtained from eight obese men who performed two exercise bouts—high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and exhaustive exercise session to voluntary fatigue—in a randomized cross-over trial. Pre-exercise PBMCs were incubated with 50% autologous serum (collected before and after each exercise bout) for 4 h. In vitro experiments revealed that post-HIIE serum reduced the histone H4 acetylation status and NF-κB content of PBMCs and suppressed the production of both TNF-α and IL-6 by PBMCs, while increasing IL-10 production. Post-exhaustive exercise serum induced histone H4 hyperacetylation and mitochondrial depolarization in lymphocytes and increased TNF-α production. In vitro post-HIIE serum incubation resulted in an increase in the frequencies of CD4 + CTLA-4 + and CD4 + CD25+ T cells expressing CD39 and CD73. Post-exhaustive exercise serum decreased the frequency of CD4 + CD25 + CD73+ T cells but increased CD4 + CD25-CD39 + T cell frequency. Both post-exercise serums increased the proportions of CD4 + PD-1 + and CD8 + PD-1+ T cells. Blood serum factors released during exercise altered the immune response and T cell phenotype. The type of exercise impacted the immunomodulatory activity of the post-exercise serum on PBMCs.

The Interplay between Oxidative Stress, Exercise, and Pain in Health and Disease: Potential Role of Autonomic Regulation and Epigenetic Mechanisms

Oxidative stress can be induced by various stimuli and altered in certain conditions, including exercise and pain. Although many studies have investigated oxidative stress in relation to either exercise or pain, the literature presents conflicting results. Therefore, this review critically discusses existing literature about this topic, aiming to provide a clear overview of known interactions between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain in healthy people as well as in people with chronic pain, and to highlight possible confounding factors to keep in mind when reflecting on these interactions. In addition, autonomic regulation and epigenetic mechanisms are proposed as potential mechanisms of action underlying the interplay between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain. This review highlights that the relation between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain is poorly understood and not straightforward, as it is dependent on the characteristics of exercise, but also on which population is investigated. To be able to compare studies on this topic, strict guidelines should be developed to limit the effect of several confounding factors. This way, the true interplay between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain, and the underlying mechanisms of action can be revealed and validated via independent studies.