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Marco Sánchez JM, Bardón Cancho EJ, Benéitez D, Payán-Pernía S, Collado Gimbert A, Ruiz-Llobet A, Salinas JA, Sebastián E, Argilés B, Bermúdez M, Vázquez MÁ, Ortega MJ, López Rubio M, Gondra A, Uriz JJ, Morado M, Coll MT, López Duarte M, Baro M, Cervera Á, Recasens V, García Blanes C, Del Carcavilla MP, Tallon M, González Espín A, Olteanu Olteanu FC, González P, Del Mañú Pereira MM, Cela E. Haemoglobinopathies and other rare anemias in Spain: ten years of a nationwide registry (REHem-AR). Ann Hematol 2024; 103:2743-2755. [PMID: 38763941 PMCID: PMC11283438 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-024-05788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
REHem-AR was created in 2013. The progressive implementation of neonatal screening for haemoglobinopathies in Spanish autonomous communities where the registry had not been implemented, as well as the addition of new centres during this period, has considerably increased the sample of patients covered. In this study, we update our previous publication in this area, after a follow-up of more than 5 years. An observational, descriptive, multicentre and ambispective study of adult and paediatric patients with haemoglobinopathies and rare anaemias registered in REHem was performed. The data are from a cross-sectional analysis performed on 1 June, 2023. The study population comprised 1,756 patients, of whom 1,317 had SCD, 214 had thalassaemia and 224 were diagnosed with another condition. Slightly more than one third of SCD patients (37%) were diagnosed based on neonatal bloodspot screening, and the mean age at diagnosis was 2.5 years; 71% of thalassaemia patients were diagnosed based on the presence of anaemia. Vaso-occlusive crisis and acute chest syndrome continue to be the most frequent complications in SCD. HSCT was performed in 83 patients with SCD and in 50 patients with thalassaemia. Since the previous publication, REHem-AR has grown in size by more than 500 cases. SCD and TM are less frequent in Spain than in other European countries, although the data show that rare anaemias are frequent within rare diseases. REHem-AR constitutes an important structure for following the natural history of rare anaemias and enables us to calculate investment needs for current and future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Marco Sánchez
- Data Manager of the Spanish Registry of Rare Haemoglobinopathies and Rare Anaemias (REHem-AR), Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute. Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology.Pediatrics Service, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, O'Donnell, 48, Madrid, Spain
- CSUR Erithropathology. ERN-EuroBloodNet. CIBERER, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Jesús Bardón Cancho
- CSUR Erithropathology. ERN-EuroBloodNet. CIBERER, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service. Hospital General, Universitario Gregorio Marañón, O'Donnell, 48, Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Benéitez
- Hematology Service. Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron. Barcelona. ERN-Eurobloodnet, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de La Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Payán-Pernía
- Hematology Service. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Av. Manuel Siurot, S/N, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Anna Collado Gimbert
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron. Barcelona, Passeig de La Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Ruiz-Llobet
- Hematology Service. Hospital Sant Joan de DéuUniversitat de Barcelona. Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu. CSUR Eritropatología. ERN-EuroBloodNet, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu, 2Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Salinas
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Carretera de Valldemossa, 79, 07120, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Elena Sebastián
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús. Foundation for Biomedical Research of the Niño Jesús University Childrens Hospital, Av. de Menéndez Pelayo, 65, 28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bienvenida Argilés
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service. Hospital, Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Avinguda de Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Bermúdez
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service. Hospital Clínico, Universitario Virgen de La Arrixaca, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena, S/N, 30120El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Vázquez
- Section of Pediatric Hematology. Hospital Materno-Infantil Torrecárdenas, Calle Hermandad de Donantes Sangre S/N, 04009, Almería, Spain
| | - María José Ortega
- Section of Pediatric Hematology. Hospital, Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves, Av. de Las Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014, Granada, Spain
| | - Montserrat López Rubio
- Hematology Service. Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Carretera de Alcalá Meco S/N, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Gondra
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Montevideo Etorb, 18, 48013, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José Javier Uriz
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service, Hospital Universitario Donostia, , Begiristain Doktorea Pasealekua, S/N, 20014, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Marta Morado
- Hematology Service. Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046 , Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Coll
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service, Hospital General de Granollers. , Carrer de Francesc Ribas, S/N, 08402, Barcelona, Granollers, Spain
| | - Mónica López Duarte
- Hematology Service, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Av Valdecilla S/N, 39008, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - María Baro
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Avenida Córdoba S/n2, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Áurea Cervera
- Pediatric Service, Hospital Universitario Móstoles, C. Dr. Luis Montes, S/N, 28935, Madrid, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Valle Recasens
- Hematology Service. Hospital Miguel Servet, P.º de Isabel La Católica, 1-3, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen García Blanes
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service, Hospital Clínico Valencia, Av Blasco Ibáñez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Pozo Del Carcavilla
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service, Complejo Hospitalario Albacete, C. Hermano Falco, 37, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - María Tallon
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Estrada de Clara Campoamor, 341, 36312, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana González Espín
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service, Complejo Hospitalario Jaén, Av Ejército Español, 10, 23007, Jaén, Spain
| | - Filip Camil Olteanu Olteanu
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service. Hospital, Universitario de Guadalajara, C Donante de Sangre, S/N, 19002, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Pablo González
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Calle O'Donnell, 48, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Mar Del Mañú Pereira
- Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron. BarcelonaERN-EurobloodnetUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de La Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Cela
- CSUR Erithropathology. ERN-EuroBloodNet. CIBERER, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Section of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology. Pediatrics Service. Hospital General, Universitario Gregorio Marañón, O'Donnell, 48, Madrid, Spain
- Coordinator of REHem-AR. Erythropathology Working Group of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (SEHOP), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Gupta P, Kumar R. Nitric oxide: A potential etiological agent for vaso-occlusive crises in sickle cell disease. Nitric Oxide 2024; 144:40-46. [PMID: 38316197 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a vasodilator contributes to the vaso-occlusive crisis associated with the sickle cell disease (SCD). Vascular nitric oxide helps in vasodilation, controlled platelet aggregation, and preventing adhesion of sickled red blood cells to the endothelium. It decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory genes responsible for atherogenesis associated with SCD. Haemolysis and activated endothelium in SCD patients reduce the bioavailability of NO which promotes the severity of sickle cell disease mainly causes vaso-occlusive crises. Additionally, NO depletion can also contribute to the formation of thrombus, which can cause serious complications such as stroke, pulmonary embolism etc. Understanding the multifaceted role of NO provides valuable insights into its therapeutic potential for managing SCD and preventing associated complications. Various clinical trials and studies suggested the importance of artificially induced nitric oxide and its supplements in the reduction of severity. Further research on the mechanisms of NO depletion in SCD is needed to develop more effective treatment strategies and improve the management of this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Gupta
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, India.
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Reis de Souza V, Kelly S, Cerdeira Sabino E, Mendes de Oliveira F, Silva T, Miranda Teixeira C, Máximo C, Loureiro P, Barbara de Freitas Carneiro-Proietti A, Gomes I, Custer B, de Almeida-Neto C. Factors Associated with Leg Ulcers in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease in Brazil. Adv Skin Wound Care 2023; 36:98-105. [PMID: 36662043 DOI: 10.1097/01.asw.0000911152.41719.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the prevalence of leg ulcers and identify the clinical and laboratory factors associated with leg ulcers in adult participants. METHODS The authors conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,109 patients who were 18 years or older with SS or Sβ0-thalassemia genotypes from a Brazilian cohort. Investigators assessed the prevalence of factors associated with leg ulcers from 2013 to 2017. RESULTS The prevalence of leg ulcers was 21%. Increasing age (odds ratio [OR], 1.07; range, 1.06-1.09), male sex (OR, 2.03; range, 1.44-2.87), treatment with chronic transfusion therapy (OR, 1.88; range, 1.15-3.03), higher indirect bilirubin levels (OR, 1.48; range, 1.02-2.16), and low hemoglobin levels (OR, 2.17; range, 1.52-3.11) were associated with leg ulcers. Participants who self-reported as Black (OR, 6.75; range, 2.63-21.32), mixed (OR, 3.91; range, 1.55-12.20), and other/unknown (OR, 3.84; range, 1.04-15.24) were more likely to have leg ulcers compared with those who self-reported as White. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of leg ulcers in this Brazilian cohort was higher than the prevalence reported in developed countries. Known factors such as age and male sex were corroborated. The increased bilirubin level and decreased hemoglobin levels among participants with leg ulcers support the hypothesis that hemolysis is correlated with leg ulcer pathogenesis. Self-reported black skin color was an independent predictor of leg ulcers and warrants further study to understand the etiology and implications of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valquíria Reis de Souza
- Valquíria Reis de Souza, MSc, is Biologist, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Shannon Kelly, MD, is Associate Professor, Pediatrics, Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California. Also at Instituto de Medicina Tropical, University of São Paulo, Ester Cerdeira Sabino, MD, PhD, is Associate Professor and Franciane Mendes de Oliveira, BSc, is Master's Degree Student. Tassila Silva, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte. Carolina Miranda Teixeira, MSc, is Biologist and Master, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Claudia Máximo, MD, is Hematologist at Hemorio, Hemocentro do Rio de Janeiro. Paula Loureiro, MD, PhD, is Adjunct Professor and Researcher at Hemope and Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife. Also at Fundação Hemominas, Hemocentro de Minas Gerais, Anna Barbara de Freitas Carneiro-Proietti, MD, PhD, is Senior Researcher. Isabel Gomes, PhD, is Researcher at Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Brian Custer, PhD, MPH, is Director, Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California and Professor of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Cesar de Almeida-Neto, MD, PhD, is Associate Professor at Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Chief of Apheresis Department at Fundação Pró-Sangue Hemocentro de São Paulo. Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute by grant HHSN268201100007I. Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study-III: International Component (Brazil), with the participation of the following centers and investigators. Brazilian participants: Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo (USP): Ester C. Sabino, Cecilia Alencar; Fundação Pró-Sangue (São Paulo): Alfredo Mendrone, Jr, Cesar de Almeida Neto, Ligia Capuani; Instituto de Tratamento do Câncer Infantil (São Paulo): Miriam Park; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo): Paula Blatyta; Hemominas-Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais): Anna Bárbara de Freitas Carneiro-Proietti, Andre Belisario, Carolina Miranda Teixeira, Tassila Salomon, Franciane Mendes de Oliveira, Valquíria Reis. Hemominas; Montes Claros (Minas Gerais): Rosemere Afonso Mota, José Wilson Sales; Hemominas-Juiz de Fora (Minas Gerais): Daniela de Oliveira Werneck; Fundação Hemope-Recife (Pernambuco): Paula Loureiro, Aderson Araújo, Dahra Teles Hemorio (Rio de Janeiro): Clarisse Lobo, Claudia Máximo, Luiz Amorin; Instituto de Matemática e Estatística da Universidade de São Paulo-USP (São Paulo): João Eduardo Ferreira, Márcio Katsumi Oikawa, Pedro Losco Takecian, Mina Cintho Ozahata, Rodrigo Muller de Carvalho. US Investigators: Vitalant Research Institute and University of California San Francisco: Brian Scott Custer, Michael P. Busch, and Thelma Therezinha Gonçalez; Research Triangle Institute: Donald Brambilla, Liliana R. Preiss, Christopher McClure; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland: Shannon Kelly; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-Simone A. Glynn. The authors have disclosed no other financial relationships related to this article. Submitted February 16, 2022; accepted in revised form August 12, 2022
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Abi Rached NM, Gbotosho OT, Archer DR, Jones JA, Sterling MS, Hyacinth HI. Adhesion molecules and cerebral microvascular hemodynamic abnormalities in sickle cell disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:976063. [PMID: 36570439 PMCID: PMC9767957 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.976063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular abnormalities are a common feature of sickle cell disease that may be associated with risk of vaso-occlusive pain crises, microinfarcts, and cognitive impairment. An activated endothelium and adhesion factors, VCAM-1 and P-selectin, are implicated in sickle cell vasculopathy, including abnormal hemodynamics and leukocyte adherence. This study examined the association between cerebral expression of these adhesion factors and cortical microvascular blood flow dynamics by using in-vivo two-photon microscopy. We also examined the impact of blood transfusion treatment on these markers of vasculopathy. Results showed that sickle cell mice had significantly higher maximum red blood cell (RBC) velocity (6.80 ± 0.25 mm/sec, p ≤ 0.01 vs. 5.35 ± 0.35 mm/sec) and more frequent blood flow reversals (18.04 ± 0.95 /min, p ≤ 0.01 vs. 13.59 ± 1.40 /min) in the cortical microvasculature compared to controls. In addition, sickle cell mice had a 2.6-fold (RFU/mm2) increase in expression of VCAM-1 and 17-fold (RFU/mm2) increase in expression of P-selectin compared to controls. This was accompanied by an increased frequency in leukocyte adherence (4.83 ± 0.57 /100 μm/min vs. 2.26 ± 0.37 /100 μm/min, p ≤ 0.001). We also found that microinfarcts identified in sickle cell mice were 50% larger than in controls. After blood transfusion, many of these parameters improved, as results demonstrated that sickle cell mice had a lower post-transfusion maximum RBC velocity (8.30 ± 0.98 mm/sec vs. 11.29 ± 0.95 mm/sec), lower frequency of blood flow reversals (12.80 ± 2.76 /min vs. 27.75 ± 2.09 /min), and fewer instances of leukocyte adherence compared to their pre-transfusion imaging time point (1.35 ± 0.32 /100 μm/min vs. 3.46 ± 0.58 /100 μm/min). Additionally, we found that blood transfusion was associated with lower expression of adhesion factors. Our results suggest that blood transfusion and adhesion factors, VCAM-1 and P-selectin, are potential therapeutic targets for addressing cerebrovascular pathology, such as vaso-occlusion, in sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Mary Abi Rached
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology Undergraduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Oluwabukola T. Gbotosho
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - David R. Archer
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jayre A. Jones
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Morgan S. Sterling
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hyacinth I. Hyacinth
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Sickle Cell Disease Pathophysiology and Related Molecular and Biophysical Biomarkers. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2022; 36:1077-1095. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Azbell RCG, Desai PC. Treatment dilemmas: strategies for priapism, chronic leg ulcer disease, and pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2021; 2021:411-417. [PMID: 34889382 PMCID: PMC8791181 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2021000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease is a disorder characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia and multiorgan disease complications. Although vaso-occlusive episodes, acute chest syndrome, and neurovascular disease frequently result in complication and have well-documented guidelines for management, the management of chronic hemolytic and vascular-related complications, such as priapism, leg ulcers, and pulmonary hypertension, is not as well recognized despite their increasing reported prevalence and association with morbidity and mortality. This chapter therefore reviews the current updates on diagnosis and management of priapism, leg ulcers, and pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta C G Azbell
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, OH
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Payal Chandarana Desai
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, OH
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Columbus, OH
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Anurogo D, Yuli Prasetyo Budi N, Thi Ngo MH, Huang YH, Pawitan JA. Cell and Gene Therapy for Anemia: Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Gene Editing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126275. [PMID: 34200975 PMCID: PMC8230702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary anemia has various manifestations, such as sickle cell disease (SCD), Fanconi anemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDD), and thalassemia. The available management strategies for these disorders are still unsatisfactory and do not eliminate the main causes. As genetic aberrations are the main causes of all forms of hereditary anemia, the optimal approach involves repairing the defective gene, possibly through the transplantation of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from a normal matching donor or through gene therapy approaches (either in vivo or ex vivo) to correct the patient’s HSCs. To clearly illustrate the importance of cell and gene therapy in hereditary anemia, this paper provides a review of the genetic aberration, epidemiology, clinical features, current management, and cell and gene therapy endeavors related to SCD, thalassemia, Fanconi anemia, and G6PDD. Moreover, we expound the future research direction of HSC derivation from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), strategies to edit HSCs, gene therapy risk mitigation, and their clinical perspectives. In conclusion, gene-corrected hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has promising outcomes for SCD, Fanconi anemia, and thalassemia, and it may overcome the limitation of the source of allogenic bone marrow transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dito Anurogo
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (D.A.); (N.Y.P.B.); (M.-H.T.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Makassar 90221, Indonesia
| | - Nova Yuli Prasetyo Budi
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (D.A.); (N.Y.P.B.); (M.-H.T.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Mai-Huong Thi Ngo
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (D.A.); (N.Y.P.B.); (M.-H.T.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (D.A.); (N.Y.P.B.); (M.-H.T.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.H.); (J.A.P.); Tel.: +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3150) (Y.-H.H.); +62-812-9535-0097 (J.A.P.)
| | - Jeanne Adiwinata Pawitan
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
- Stem Cell Medical Technology Integrated Service Unit, Cipto Mangunkusumo Central Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.H.); (J.A.P.); Tel.: +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3150) (Y.-H.H.); +62-812-9535-0097 (J.A.P.)
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