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Park YD, Chae YJ, Maeng HJ. Investigation of N-Acetyltransferase 2-Mediated Drug Interactions of Amifampridine: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence of Drug Interactions with Acetaminophen. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051471. [PMID: 37242713 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Amifampridine is a drug used for the treatment of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States (US) in 2018. It is mainly metabolized by N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2); however, investigations of NAT2-mediated drug interactions with amifampridine have rarely been reported. In this study, we investigated the effects of acetaminophen, a NAT2 inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of amifampridine using in vitro and in vivo systems. Acetaminophen strongly inhibits the formation of 3-N-acetylamifmapridine from amifampridine in the rat liver S9 fraction in a mixed inhibitory manner. When rats were pretreated with acetaminophen (100 mg/kg), the systemic exposure to amifampridine significantly increased and the ratio of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve for 3-N-acetylamifampridine to amifampridine (AUCm/AUCp) decreased, likely due to the inhibition of NAT2 by acetaminophen. The urinary excretion and the amount of amifampridine distributed to the tissues also increased after acetaminophen administration, whereas the renal clearance and tissue partition coefficient (Kp) values in most tissues remained unchanged. Collectively, co-administration of acetaminophen with amifampridine may lead to relevant drug interactions; thus, care should be taken during co-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo-Dim Park
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jee Chae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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Seven ZGT, Özen D, Özyazgan S. Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers. Biomark Med 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/9789815040463122010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Why does the usual dose of medication work for a person while another
individual cannot give the expected response to the same drug? On the other hand, how
come half of the usual dose of an analgesic relieves an individual’s pain immediately,
as another man continue to suffer even after taking double dose? Although a treatment
method has been successfully used in majority of the population for many years, why
does the same therapy cause serious side effects in another region of the world? Most
presently approved therapies are not effective in all patients. For example, 20-40% of
patients with depression respond poorly or not at all to antidepressant drug therapy.
Many patients are resistant to the effects of antiasthmatics and antiulcer drugs or drug
treatment of hyperlipidemia and many other diseases. The reason for all those is
basically interindividual differences in genomic structures of people, which are
explained in this chapter in terms of the systems and the most frequently used drugs in
clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Gizem Todurga Seven
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-
Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Özen
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-
Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Özyazgan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-
Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Fulmali A, Bharate SS. Phosphate moiety in FDA-approved pharmaceutical salts and prodrugs. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:1059-1074. [PMID: 35656613 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The salification and prodrug approaches modulate the physicochemical properties and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity parameters of drugs and lead candidates. The "phosphate" is one of the key counterions/promoiety used in the salt formation and prodrug synthesis. Salification with phosphoric acid enhances the aqueous solubility and thereby facilitates the administration of a drug by the parenteral route. Phosphate moiety in prodrug synthesis mainly improves permeability by lipophilic substitution. Histamine phosphate is the first phosphate salt, and hydrocortisone phosphate was the first prodrug approved by FDA in 1939 and 1952, respectively. The orange book enlists 12 phosphate salts and 17 phosphate prodrugs. Phosphate prodrugs, namely combretastatin A-4 diphosphate, combretastatin A-4 phosphate, lufotrelvir, TP-1287, pyridoxal phosphate, riboflavin phosphate, and psilocybin are clinical candidates. This review focuses on the FDA-approved phosphate salts and prodrugs from 1939 to 2021. The biopharmaceutical advantage of phosphate salts and prodrugs over the parent molecule is also deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Fulmali
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Sonali S Bharate
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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Haskins M, Lusi M, Zaworotko MJ. Supramolecular Synthon Promiscuity in Phosphoric Acid-Dihydrogen Phosphate Ionic Cocrystals. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:3333-3342. [PMID: 35529065 PMCID: PMC9073934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 80% of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) studied as lead candidates in drug development exhibit low aqueous solubility, which typically results in such APIs being poorly absorbed and exhibiting low bioavailability. Salts of ionizable APIs and, more recently, pharmaceutical cocrystals can address low solubility and other relevant physicochemical properties. Pharmaceutical cocrystals are amenable to design through crystal engineering because supramolecular synthons, especially those sustained by hydrogen bonds, can be anticipated through computational modeling or Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) mining. In this contribution, we report a combined experimental and CSD study on a class of cocrystals that, although present in approved drug substances, remains understudied from a crystal engineering perspective: ionic cocrystals composed of dihydrogen phosphate (DHP) salts and phosphoric acid (PA). Ten novel DHP:PA ionic cocrystals were prepared from nine organic bases (4,4'-bipyridine, 5-aminoquinoline, 4,4'-azopyridine, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, piperazine, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)xylene, 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)-1,2-ethanediol, and isoquinoline-5-carboxylic acid) and one anticonvulsant API, lamotrigine. From the resulting crystal structures and a CSD search of previously reported DHP:PA ionic cocrystals, 46 distinct hydrogen bonding motifs (HBMs) have been identified between DHP anions, PA molecules, and, in some cases, water molecules. Our results indicate that although DHP:PA ionic cocrystals are a challenge from a crystal engineering perspective, they are formed reliably and, given that phosphoric acid is a pharmaceutically acceptable coformer, this makes them relevant to pharmaceutical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly
M. Haskins
- Department of Chemical Sciences
and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Matteo Lusi
- Department of Chemical Sciences
and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Michael J. Zaworotko
- Department of Chemical Sciences
and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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Jensen O, Brockmöller J, Dücker C. Identification of Novel High-Affinity Substrates of OCT1 Using Machine Learning-Guided Virtual Screening and Experimental Validation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2762-2776. [PMID: 33606526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OCT1 is the most highly expressed cation transporter in the liver and affects pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Newly marketed drugs have previously been screened as potential OCT1 substrates and verified by virtual docking. Here, we used machine learning with transport experiment data to predict OCT1 substrates based on classic molecular descriptors, pharmacophore features, and extended-connectivity fingerprints and confirmed them by in vitro uptake experiments. We virtually screened a database of more than 1000 substances. Nineteen predicted substances were chosen for in vitro testing. Sixteen of the 19 newly tested substances (85%) were confirmed as, mostly strong, substrates, including edrophonium, fenpiverinium, ritodrine, and ractopamine. Even without a crystal structure of OCT1, machine learning algorithms predict substrates accurately and may contribute not only to a more focused screening in drug development but also to a better molecular understanding of OCT1 in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Jensen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christof Dücker
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Hein DW, Millner LM. Arylamine N-acetyltransferase acetylation polymorphisms: paradigm for pharmacogenomic-guided therapy- a focused review. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:9-21. [PMID: 33094670 PMCID: PMC7790970 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1840551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The N-acetylation polymorphism has been the subject of comprehensive reviews describing the role of arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) in the metabolism of numerous aromatic amine and hydrazine drugs. AREAS COVERED We describe and review data that more clearly defines the effects of NAT2 haplotypes and genotypes on the expression of acetylator phenotype towards selected drugs within human hepatocytes in vitro, within human hepatocyte cultures in situ, and clinical measures such as bioavailability, plasma metabolic ratios of parent to N-acetyl metabolite, elimination rate constants and plasma half-life, and/or clearance determinations in human subjects. We review several drugs (isoniazid, hydralazine, sulfamethazine, amifampridine, procainamide, sulfasalazine, amonafide and metamizole) for which NAT2 phenotype-guided therapy may be important. The value of pharmacogenomics-guided isoniazid therapy for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis is presented as a paradigm for NAT2 phenotype-dependent dosing strategies. EXPERT OPINION Studies in human subjects and cryopreserved human hepatocytes show evidence for rapid, intermediate and slow acetylator phenotypes, with further data suggesting genetic heterogeneity within the slow acetylator phenotype. Incorporation of more robust NAT2 genotype/phenotypes relationships, including genetic heterogeneity within the slow acetylator phenotype, should lead to further advancements in both health outcomes and cost benefit for prevention and treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Hein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lori M. Millner
- Bluewater Diagnostic Laboratory, Mount Washington, Kentucky, USA
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Recent developments in pharmaceutical salts: FDA approvals from 2015 to 2019. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:384-398. [PMID: 33221522 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Around half of the new molecular entities approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are pharmaceutical salts. The pharmaceutical salts have been on a continuous growth trajectory since the approval of the first salt form in 1939. This review aims to provide updates on pharmaceutical salts approved by the FDA between 2015 and 2019. The five-year drug-approval database contains 61 pharmaceutical salts, featuring a diverse range of counterions; however, hydrochlorides are the most abundant. The chemical structures of all pharmaceutical salts in each class are presented here, along with their therapeutic indications and date of approval. The reason behind the selection of a particular counterion and the technical superiority achieved by the salt form over the free active pharmaceutical ingredient base are also discussed.
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Sharifinia S, Hajibabaei F, Salehzadeh S, Hosseinpour Moghadam N, Khazalpour S. Probing the Strength and Mechanism of Binding Between Amifampridine and Calf Thymus DNA. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:2134-2142. [PMID: 33090906 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have investigated the strength and mechanism of amifampridine (3,4-Diaminopyridine/3,4-DAP) interaction with calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA). The existence and the strength of interaction are evaluated using circular dichroism (CD), UV-vis absorption, and differential pulse voltammogram studies. Results from UV-vis absorption technique indicate that amifampridine can significantly interact with DNA through a binding constant of Kb = 1.66 × 105 M-1 at 298 K. The mechanism of the interaction between amifampridine and DNA is also studied using ionic effect investigations, competitive fluorescence experiments, viscosity measurements, and molecular docking studies. The viscosity results indicate that amifampridine can bind to DNA via intercalation binding mode. Competitive fluorescence experiments using Acridine Orange (AO) and Hoechst 33258 (HO) probes also reveal that amifampridine binds to DNA via an intercalation mode of binding. Finally, the molecular docking studies also suggest that amifampridine tends to bind with the G-C rich region of DNA.
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