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Sharma S, Dolean V, Jolivet P, Robinson B, Edwards JD, Kendzerska T, Sarkar A. Scalable computational algorithms for geospatial COVID-19 spread using high performance computing. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:14634-14674. [PMID: 37679152 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
A nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) based compartmental model of COVID-19 provides a continuous trace of infection over space and time. Finer resolutions in the spatial discretization, the inclusion of additional model compartments and model stratifications based on clinically relevant categories contribute to an increase in the number of unknowns to the order of millions. We adopt a parallel scalable solver that permits faster solutions for these high fidelity models. The solver combines domain decomposition and algebraic multigrid preconditioners at multiple levels to achieve the desired strong and weak scalabilities. As a numerical illustration of this general methodology, a five-compartment susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered-deceased (SEIRD) model of COVID-19 is used to demonstrate the scalability and effectiveness of the proposed solver for a large geographical domain (Southern Ontario). It is possible to predict the infections for a period of three months for a system size of 186 million (using 3200 processes) within 12 hours saving months of computational effort needed for the conventional solvers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhi Sharma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victorita Dolean
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
- Laboratoire J.A. Dieudonné, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Brandon Robinson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jodi D Edwards
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tetyana Kendzerska
- ICES, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Respirology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhijit Sarkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Sanchez T, Mavragani A, Cerqueira-Silva T, Carreiro R, Pinheiro A, Coutinho A, Barral Netto M. Syndromic Surveillance Using Structured Telehealth Data: Case Study of the First Wave of COVID-19 in Brazil. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023; 9:e40036. [PMID: 36692925 PMCID: PMC9875555 DOI: 10.2196/40036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telehealth has been widely used for new case detection and telemonitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic. It safely provides access to health care services and expands assistance to remote, rural areas and underserved communities in situations of shortage of specialized health professionals. Qualified data are systematically collected by health care workers containing information on suspected cases and can be used as a proxy of disease spread for surveillance purposes. However, the use of this approach for syndromic surveillance has yet to be explored. Besides, the mathematical modeling of epidemics is a well-established field that has been successfully used for tracking the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection, supporting the decision-making process on diverse aspects of public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The response of the current models depends on the quality of input data, particularly the transmission rate, initial conditions, and other parameters present in compartmental models. Telehealth systems may feed numerical models developed to model virus spread in a specific region. OBJECTIVE Herein, we evaluated whether a high-quality data set obtained from a state-based telehealth service could be used to forecast the geographical spread of new cases of COVID-19 and to feed computational models of disease spread. METHODS We analyzed structured data obtained from a statewide toll-free telehealth service during 4 months following the first notification of COVID-19 in the Bahia state, Brazil. Structured data were collected during teletriage by a health team of medical students supervised by physicians. Data were registered in a responsive web application for planning and surveillance purposes. The data set was designed to quickly identify users, city, residence neighborhood, date, sex, age, and COVID-19-like symptoms. We performed a temporal-spatial comparison of calls reporting COVID-19-like symptoms and notification of COVID-19 cases. The number of calls was used as a proxy of exposed individuals to feed a mathematical model called "susceptible, exposed, infected, recovered, deceased." RESULTS For 181 (43%) out of 417 municipalities of Bahia, the first call to the telehealth service reporting COVID-19-like symptoms preceded the first notification of the disease. The calls preceded, on average, 30 days of the notification of COVID-19 in the municipalities of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Additionally, data obtained by the telehealth service were used to effectively reproduce the spread of COVID-19 in Salvador, the capital of the state, using the "susceptible, exposed, infected, recovered, deceased" model to simulate the spatiotemporal spread of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Data from telehealth services confer high effectiveness in anticipating new waves of COVID-19 and may help understand the epidemic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thiago Cerqueira-Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Roberto Carreiro
- Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Adélia Pinheiro
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Coutinho
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral Netto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
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Grave M, Viguerie A, Barros GF, Reali A, Andrade RFS, Coutinho ALGA. Modeling nonlocal behavior in epidemics via a reaction-diffusion system incorporating population movement along a network. COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING 2022; 401:115541. [PMID: 36124053 PMCID: PMC9475403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cma.2022.115541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19, beginning in 2019 and continuing through the time of writing, has led to renewed interest in the mathematical modeling of infectious disease. Recent works have focused on partial differential equation (PDE) models, particularly reaction-diffusion models, able to describe the progression of an epidemic in both space and time. These studies have shown generally promising results in describing and predicting COVID-19 progression. However, people often travel long distances in short periods of time, leading to nonlocal transmission of the disease. Such contagion dynamics are not well-represented by diffusion alone. In contrast, ordinary differential equation (ODE) models may easily account for this behavior by considering disparate regions as nodes in a network, with the edges defining nonlocal transmission. In this work, we attempt to combine these modeling paradigms via the introduction of a network structure within a reaction-diffusion PDE system. This is achieved through the definition of a population-transfer operator, which couples disjoint and potentially distant geographic regions, facilitating nonlocal population movement between them. We provide analytical results demonstrating that this operator does not disrupt the physical consistency or mathematical well-posedness of the system, and verify these results through numerical experiments. We then use this technique to simulate the COVID-19 epidemic in the Brazilian region of Rio de Janeiro, showcasing its ability to capture important nonlocal behaviors, while maintaining the advantages of a reaction-diffusion model for describing local dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú Grave
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Brazil
| | - Alex Viguerie
- Department of Mathematics, Gran Sasso Science Institute, Italy
| | - Gabriel F Barros
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Reali
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Università di Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto F S Andrade
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz-Ba, Brazil
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4
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Viguerie A, Grave M, Barros GF, Lorenzo G, Reali A, Coutinho A. Data-Driven Simulation of Fisher-Kolmogorov Tumor Growth Models Using Dynamic Mode Decomposition. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:1141945. [PMID: 35771166 DOI: 10.1115/1.4054925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The computer simulation of organ-scale biomechanistic models of cancer personalized via routinely collected clinical and imaging data enables to obtain patient-specific predictions of tumor growth and treatment response over the anatomy of the patient's affected organ. However, the simulation of the underlying spatiotemporal models can entail a prohibitive computational cost, which constitutes a barrier to the successful development of clinically-actionable computational technologies for personalized tumor forecasting. Here we propose to utilize Dynamic-Mode Decomposition (DMD), an unsupervised machine learning method, to construct a low-dimensional representation of cancer models and accelerate their simulation. We show that DMD may be applied to Fisher-Kolmogorov models, which constitute an established formulation to represent untreated solid tumor growth that can further accommodate other relevant cancer phenomena. Our results show that a DMD implementation of this model over a clinically-relevant parameter space can yield impressive predictions, with short to medium-term errors remaining under 1% and long-term errors remaining under 20%, despite very short training periods. In particular, we have found that, for moderate to high tumor cell diffusivity and low to moderate tumor cell proliferation rate, DMD reconstructions provide accurate, bounded-error reconstructions for all tested training periods. We posit that this data-driven approach has the potential to greatly reduce the computational overhead of personalized simulations of cancer models, thereby facilitating tumor forecasting, parameter identification, uncertainty quantification, and treatment optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Viguerie
- Department of Mathematics, Gran Sasso Science Institute, Viale Francesco Crispi 7, L'Aquila, AQ 67100, Italy
| | - Malú Grave
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 68506, RJ 21945-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, BA 40296-710, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gabriel F Barros
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 68506, RJ 21945-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Lorenzo
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E. 24th Street, Austin, TX, 78712-1229, USA; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Architettura, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, Pavia, PV 27100, Italy
| | - Alessandro Reali
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Architettura, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, Pavia, PV 27100, Italy
| | - Alvaro Coutinho
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 68506, RJ 21945-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Boundary optimal control of time-space SIR model with nonlinear Robin boundary condition. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMICS AND CONTROL 2021; 10:1279-1290. [PMID: 34777944 PMCID: PMC8571985 DOI: 10.1007/s40435-021-00886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A boundary optimal control problem arising in time-space SIR epidemic models is treated. In this work we aim with the control of the flux of infected individuals crossing part of boundary. On the other side of the domain, we suppose a nonlinear boundary condition of third kind: nonlinear Robin boundary condition, this condition models immersing individual crossing this part of the boundary of the domain of study. We give the existence and uniqueness of the solution of both state and optimal control problem ending some numerical tests throughout a simple example.
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Navascués M, Budroni C, Guryanova Y. Disease control as an optimization problem. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257958. [PMID: 34591897 PMCID: PMC8483379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of epidemiology, policies for disease control are often devised through a mixture of intuition and brute-force, whereby the set of logically conceivable policies is narrowed down to a small family described by a few parameters, following which linearization or grid search is used to identify the optimal policy within the set. This scheme runs the risk of leaving out more complex (and perhaps counter-intuitive) policies for disease control that could tackle the disease more efficiently. In this article, we use techniques from convex optimization theory and machine learning to conduct optimizations over disease policies described by hundreds of parameters. In contrast to past approaches for policy optimization based on control theory, our framework can deal with arbitrary uncertainties on the initial conditions and model parameters controlling the spread of the disease, and stochastic models. In addition, our methods allow for optimization over policies which remain constant over weekly periods, specified by either continuous or discrete (e.g.: lockdown on/off) government measures. We illustrate our approach by minimizing the total time required to eradicate COVID-19 within the Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR) model proposed by Kissler et al. (March, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Navascués
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Costantino Budroni
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yelena Guryanova
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Bertaglia G, Boscheri W, Dimarco G, Pareschi L. Spatial spread of COVID-19 outbreak in Italy using multiscale kinetic transport equations with uncertainty. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:7028-7059. [PMID: 34517570 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we introduce a space-dependent multiscale model to describe the spatial spread of an infectious disease under uncertain data with particular interest in simulating the onset of the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy. While virus transmission is ruled by a SEIAR type compartmental model, within our approach the population is given by a sum of commuters moving on a extra-urban scale and non commuters interacting only on the smaller urban scale. A transport dynamics of the commuter population at large spatial scales, based on kinetic equations, is coupled with a diffusion model for non commuters at the urban scale. Thanks to a suitable scaling limit, the kinetic transport model used to describe the dynamics of commuters, within a given urban area coincides with the diffusion equations that characterize the movement of non-commuting individuals. Because of the high uncertainty in the data reported in the early phase of the epidemic, the presence of random inputs in both the initial data and the epidemic parameters is included in the model. A robust numerical method is designed to deal with the presence of multiple scales and the uncertainty quantification process. In our simulations, we considered a realistic geographical domain, describing the Lombardy region, in which the size of the cities, the number of infected individuals, the average number of daily commuters moving from one city to another, and the epidemic aspects are taken into account through a calibration of the model parameters based on the actual available data. The results show that the model is able to describe correctly the main features of the spatial expansion of the first wave of COVID-19 in northern Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bertaglia
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Ferrara, Via Machiavelli 30, Ferrara 44121, Italy
- Center for Modeling, Computing and Statistic (CMCS), University of Ferrara, Via Muratori 9, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Walter Boscheri
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Ferrara, Via Machiavelli 30, Ferrara 44121, Italy
- Center for Modeling, Computing and Statistic (CMCS), University of Ferrara, Via Muratori 9, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Giacomo Dimarco
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Ferrara, Via Machiavelli 30, Ferrara 44121, Italy
- Center for Modeling, Computing and Statistic (CMCS), University of Ferrara, Via Muratori 9, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pareschi
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Ferrara, Via Machiavelli 30, Ferrara 44121, Italy
- Center for Modeling, Computing and Statistic (CMCS), University of Ferrara, Via Muratori 9, Ferrara 44121, Italy
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Grave M, Viguerie A, Barros GF, Reali A, Coutinho ALGA. Assessing the Spatio-temporal Spread of COVID-19 via Compartmental Models with Diffusion in Italy, USA, and Brazil. ARCHIVES OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING : STATE OF THE ART REVIEWS 2021; 28:4205-4223. [PMID: 34335018 PMCID: PMC8315263 DOI: 10.1007/s11831-021-09627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 has led to a surge in interest in the mathematical modeling of infectious diseases. Such models are usually defined as compartmental models, in which the population under study is divided into compartments based on qualitative characteristics, with different assumptions about the nature and rate of transfer across compartments. Though most commonly formulated as ordinary differential equation models, in which the compartments depend only on time, recent works have also focused on partial differential equation (PDE) models, incorporating the variation of an epidemic in space. Such research on PDE models within a Susceptible, Infected, Exposed, Recovered, and Deceased framework has led to promising results in reproducing COVID-19 contagion dynamics. In this paper, we assess the robustness of this modeling framework by considering different geometries over more extended periods than in other similar studies. We first validate our code by reproducing previously shown results for Lombardy, Italy. We then focus on the U.S. state of Georgia and on the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro, one of the most impacted areas in the world. Our results show good agreement with real-world epidemiological data in both time and space for all regions across major areas and across three different continents, suggesting that the modeling approach is both valid and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú Grave
- Department of Civil Engineering, COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 68506, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970 Brazil
| | - Alex Viguerie
- Department of Mathematics, Gran Sasso Science Institute, Viale Francesco Crispi 7, 67100 L’Aquila, AQ Italy
| | - Gabriel F. Barros
- Department of Civil Engineering, COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 68506, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970 Brazil
| | - Alessandro Reali
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, PV Italy
| | - Alvaro L. G. A. Coutinho
- Department of Civil Engineering, COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 68506, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970 Brazil
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Abstract
We propose a real-time approximation of R0 in an SIR-type model that applies to the COVID-19 epidemic outbreak. A very useful direct formula expressing R0 is found. Then, various type of models are considered, namely, finite differences, cubic splines, Piecewise Cubic Hermite interpolation and linear least squares approximation. Preserving the monotonicity of the formula under consideration proves to be of crucial importance. This latter property is preferred over accuracy, since it maintains positive R0. Only the Linear Least Squares technique guarantees this, and is finally proposed here. Tests on real COVID-19 data confirm the usefulness of our approach.
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10
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Least-Squares Finite Element Method for a Meso-Scale Model of the Spread of COVID-19. COMPUTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/computation9020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates numerical properties of a flux-based finite element method for the discretization of a SEIQRD (susceptible-exposed-infected-quarantined-recovered-deceased) model for the spread of COVID-19. The model is largely based on the SEIRD (susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered-deceased) models developed in recent works, with additional extension by a quarantined compartment of the living population and the resulting first-order system of coupled PDEs is solved by a Least-Squares meso-scale method. We incorporate several data on political measures for the containment of the spread gathered during the course of the year 2020 and develop an indicator that influences the predictions calculated by the method. The numerical experiments conducted show a promising accuracy of predictions of the space-time behavior of the virus compared to the real disease spreading data.
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11
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Viguerie A, Lorenzo G, Auricchio F, Baroli D, Hughes TJR, Patton A, Reali A, Yankeelov TE, Veneziani A. Simulating the spread of COVID-19 via a spatially-resolved susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered-deceased (SEIRD) model with heterogeneous diffusion. APPLIED MATHEMATICS LETTERS 2021; 111:106617. [PMID: 32834475 PMCID: PMC7361091 DOI: 10.1016/j.aml.2020.106617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We present an early version of a Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered-Deceased (SEIRD) mathematical model based on partial differential equations coupled with a heterogeneous diffusion model. The model describes the spatio-temporal spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, and aims to capture dynamics also based on human habits and geographical features. To test the model, we compare the outputs generated by a finite-element solver with measured data over the Italian region of Lombardy, which has been heavily impacted by this crisis between February and April 2020. Our results show a strong qualitative agreement between the simulated forecast of the spatio-temporal COVID-19 spread in Lombardy and epidemiological data collected at the municipality level. Additional simulations exploring alternative scenarios for the relaxation of lockdown restrictions suggest that reopening strategies should account for local population densities and the specific dynamics of the contagion. Thus, we argue that data-driven simulations of our model could ultimately inform health authorities to design effective pandemic-arresting measures and anticipate the geographical allocation of crucial medical resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Viguerie
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Architettura, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, Pavia, PV 27100, Italy
| | - Guillermo Lorenzo
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E. 24th Street, Austin, TX 78712-1229, USA
| | - Ferdinando Auricchio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Architettura, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, Pavia, PV 27100, Italy
| | - Davide Baroli
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science (AICES), RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 2, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas J R Hughes
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E. 24th Street, Austin, TX 78712-1229, USA
| | - Alessia Patton
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Architettura, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, Pavia, PV 27100, Italy
| | - Alessandro Reali
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Architettura, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, Pavia, PV 27100, Italy
| | - Thomas E Yankeelov
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic Medicine, and Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E. 24th Street, Austin, TX 78712-1229, USA
| | - Alessandro Veneziani
- Department of Mathematics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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12
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Grave M, Coutinho ALGA. Adaptive mesh refinement and coarsening for diffusion-reaction epidemiological models. COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS 2021; 67:1177-1199. [PMID: 33649692 PMCID: PMC7905202 DOI: 10.1007/s00466-021-01986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 has led to a surge in the interest in the mathematical modeling of infectious diseases. Disease transmission may be modeled as compartmental models, in which the population under study is divided into compartments and has assumptions about the nature and time rate of transfer from one compartment to another. Usually, they are composed of a system of ordinary differential equations in time. A class of such models considers the Susceptible, Exposed, Infected, Recovered, and Deceased populations, the SEIRD model. However, these models do not always account for the movement of individuals from one region to another. In this work, we extend the formulation of SEIRD compartmental models to diffusion-reaction systems of partial differential equations to capture the continuous spatio-temporal dynamics of COVID-19. Since the virus spread is not only through diffusion, we introduce a source term to the equation system, representing exposed people who return from travel. We also add the possibility of anisotropic non-homogeneous diffusion. We implement the whole model in libMesh, an open finite element library that provides a framework for multiphysics, considering adaptive mesh refinement and coarsening. Therefore, the model can represent several spatial scales, adapting the resolution to the disease dynamics. We verify our model with standard SEIRD models and show several examples highlighting the present model's new capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú Grave
- Department of Civil Engineering, COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 68506, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970 Brazil
| | - Alvaro L. G. A. Coutinho
- Department of Civil Engineering, COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 68506, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970 Brazil
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Abstract
Controlling rabies among free-roaming street dogs has been a huge challenge in many parts of the world. Vaccination is a commonly used strategy to control rabies, however, sufficient vaccination coverage is very challenging when it comes to street dogs. Also, dog rabies data is scarce, making it difficult to develop proper strategies. In this study, we use a logistic growth incorporated epidemic model to understand the prevalence of rabies in the dog population of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study shows that, the basic reproduction number for dog rabies in Dhaka lies between 1.1 to 1.249 and the environmental carrying capacity lies approximately between 58,110 to 194,739. Considering the vaccination and neuter programs administered in the last decade, we attempt to explain rabies transmission among dogs in this population. We found that the high basic reproduction number is associated with high environmental carrying capacity and vice versa. Further, we compare different type of control strategies, viz., constant vaccination, pulse vaccination, and optimal vaccination strategies. In the case of high environmental carrying capacity, vaccination, and neuter strategy is not sufficient for controlling rabies in street dogs, whereas carrying capacity control through waste management coupled with vaccination and neuter is more effective.
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Jha PK, Cao L, Oden JT. Bayesian-based predictions of COVID-19 evolution in Texas using multispecies mixture-theoretic continuum models. COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS 2020; 66:1055-1068. [PMID: 32836598 PMCID: PMC7394277 DOI: 10.1007/s00466-020-01889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We consider a mixture-theoretic continuum model of the spread of COVID-19 in Texas. The model consists of multiple coupled partial differential reaction-diffusion equations governing the evolution of susceptible, exposed, infectious, recovered, and deceased fractions of the total population in a given region. We consider the problem of model calibration, validation, and prediction following a Bayesian learning approach implemented in OPAL (the Occam Plausibility Algorithm). Our goal is to incorporate COVID-19 data to calibrate the model in real-time and make meaningful predictions and specify the confidence level in the prediction by quantifying the uncertainty in key quantities of interests. Our results show smaller mortality rates in Texas than what is reported in the literature. We predict 7003 deceased cases by September 1, 2020 in Texas with 95 % CI 6802-7204. The model is validated for the total deceased cases, however, is found to be invalid for the total infected cases. We discuss possible improvements of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant K. Jha
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Lianghao Cao
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - J. Tinsley Oden
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
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15
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Viguerie A, Veneziani A, Lorenzo G, Baroli D, Aretz-Nellesen N, Patton A, Yankeelov TE, Reali A, Hughes TJR, Auricchio F. Diffusion-reaction compartmental models formulated in a continuum mechanics framework: application to COVID-19, mathematical analysis, and numerical study. COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS 2020; 66:1131-1152. [PMID: 32836602 PMCID: PMC7426072 DOI: 10.1007/s00466-020-01888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 has led to a surge in interest in the research of the mathematical modeling of epidemics. Many of the introduced models are so-called compartmental models, in which the total quantities characterizing a certain system may be decomposed into two (or more) species that are distributed into two (or more) homogeneous units called compartments. We propose herein a formulation of compartmental models based on partial differential equations (PDEs) based on concepts familiar to continuum mechanics, interpreting such models in terms of fundamental equations of balance and compatibility, joined by a constitutive relation. We believe that such an interpretation may be useful to aid understanding and interdisciplinary collaboration. We then proceed to focus on a compartmental PDE model of COVID-19 within the newly-introduced framework, beginning with a detailed derivation and explanation. We then analyze the model mathematically, presenting several results concerning its stability and sensitivity to different parameters. We conclude with a series of numerical simulations to support our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Viguerie
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Architettura, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, PV Italy
| | - Alessandro Veneziani
- Department of Mathematics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Computer Science, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Guillermo Lorenzo
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E. 24th Street, Austin, TX 78712-1229 USA
| | - Davide Baroli
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science (AICES), RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 2, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Aretz-Nellesen
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science (AICES), RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 2, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alessia Patton
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Architettura, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, PV Italy
| | - Thomas E. Yankeelov
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic Medicine, and Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712 USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E. 24th Street, Austin, TX 78712-1229 USA
| | - Alessandro Reali
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Architettura, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, PV Italy
| | - Thomas J. R. Hughes
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E. 24th Street, Austin, TX 78712-1229 USA
| | - Ferdinando Auricchio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Architettura, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, PV Italy
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16
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Pepper N, Gerardo-Giorda L, Montomoli F. Meta-modeling on detailed geography for accurate prediction of invasive alien species dispersal. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16237. [PMID: 31700073 PMCID: PMC6838098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species are recognized as a significant threat to biodiversity. The mathematical modeling of their spatio-temporal dynamics can provide significant help to environmental managers in devising suitable control strategies. Several mathematical approaches have been proposed in recent decades to efficiently model the dispersal of invasive species. Relying on the assumption that the dispersal of an individual is random, but the density of individuals at the scale of the population can be considered smooth, reaction-diffusion models are a good trade-off between model complexity and flexibility for use in different situations. In this paper we present a continuous reaction-diffusion model coupled with arbitrary Polynomial Chaos (aPC) to assess the impact of uncertainties in the model parameters. We show how the finite elements framework is well-suited to handle important landscape heterogeneities as elevation and the complex geometries associated with the boundaries of an actual geographical region. We demonstrate the main capabilities of the proposed coupled model by assessing the uncertainties in the invasion of an alien species invading the Basque Country region in Northern Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Pepper
- UQLab, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
| | | | - Francesco Montomoli
- UQLab, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
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17
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Laager M, Léchenne M, Naissengar K, Mindekem R, Oussiguere A, Zinsstag J, Chitnis N. A metapopulation model of dog rabies transmission in N'Djamena, Chad. J Theor Biol 2018; 462:408-417. [PMID: 30500602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rabies transmission was interrupted for several months in N'Djamena, the capital city of Chad, after two mass vaccination campaigns of dogs. However, there was a resurgence in cases, which was not predicted by previous models of rabies transmission. We developed a deterministic metapopulation model with importation of latent dogs, calibrated to four years of weekly incidence data from passive surveillance, to investigate possible causes for the early resurgence. Our results indicate that importation of latently infective dogs better explains the data than heterogeneity or underreporting. Stochastic implementations of the model suggest that the two vaccination campaigns averted approximately 67 cases of dog rabies (out of an estimated 74 cases without vaccination) and 124 human exposures (out of an estimated 148 human exposures without vaccination) over two years. Dog rabies vaccination is therefore an effective way of preventing rabies in the dog population and to subsequently reduce human exposure. However, vaccination campaigns have to be repeated to maintain the effect or reintroduction through importation has to be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Laager
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institue, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4001, Switzerland.
| | - Monique Léchenne
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institue, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4001, Switzerland
| | - Kemdongarti Naissengar
- Institut de Recherches en Elevage pour le Développement, BP 433, Farcha, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Rolande Mindekem
- Centre de Support en Santé Internationale, BP 972, Moursal, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Assandi Oussiguere
- Institut de Recherches en Elevage pour le Développement, BP 433, Farcha, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institue, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4001, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institue, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4001, Switzerland
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18
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White LA, Forester JD, Craft ME. Dynamic, spatial models of parasite transmission in wildlife: Their structure, applications and remaining challenges. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:559-580. [PMID: 28944450 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in contact rate can arise from host, group and landscape heterogeneity and can result in different patterns of spatial spread for diseases in wildlife populations with concomitant implications for disease control in wildlife of conservation concern, livestock and humans. While dynamic disease models can provide a better understanding of the drivers of spatial spread, the effects of landscape heterogeneity have only been modelled in a few well-studied wildlife systems such as rabies and bovine tuberculosis. Such spatial models tend to be either purely theoretical with intrinsic limiting assumptions or individual-based models that are often highly species- and system-specific, limiting the breadth of their utility. Our goal was to review studies that have utilized dynamic, spatial models to answer questions about pathogen transmission in wildlife and identify key gaps in the literature. We begin by providing an overview of the main types of dynamic, spatial models (e.g., metapopulation, network, lattice, cellular automata, individual-based and continuous-space) and their relation to each other. We investigate different types of ecological questions that these models have been used to explore: pathogen invasion dynamics and range expansion, spatial heterogeneity and pathogen persistence, the implications of management and intervention strategies and the role of evolution in host-pathogen dynamics. We reviewed 168 studies that consider pathogen transmission in free-ranging wildlife and classify them by the model type employed, the focal host-pathogen system, and their overall research themes and motivation. We observed a significant focus on mammalian hosts, a few well-studied or purely theoretical pathogen systems, and a lack of studies occurring at the wildlife-public health or wildlife-livestock interfaces. Finally, we discuss challenges and future directions in the context of unprecedented human-mediated environmental change. Spatial models may provide new insights into understanding, for example, how global warming and habitat disturbance contribute to disease maintenance and emergence. Moving forward, better integration of dynamic, spatial disease models with approaches from movement ecology, landscape genetics/genomics and ecoimmunology may provide new avenues for investigation and aid in the control of zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A White
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - James D Forester
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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19
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Gerardo-Giorda L, Keller J, Veneziani A. Incorporating Landscape Heterogeneities in the Spread of an Epidemic in Wildlife. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08138-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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