Valeriana jatamansiroot extract a potent source for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biomedical applications, and photocatalytic decomposition

Synthesizing hybrid copper phosphate (Cu3(PO4)2) nanoflowers using Cu+2 and shed snakeskin: antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, guaiacol, anionic, and cationic dye degradation properties

BACKGROUND

Synthesis of organic@inorganic hNFs is achieved by the coordination of organic compounds containing amine, amide, and diol groups with bivalent metals. The use of bio-extracts containing these functional groups instead of expensive organic inputs such as DNA, enzymes, and protein creates advantages in terms of cost and applicability. In this study, the application potentials (antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, guaiacol, anionic, and cationic dye degradation) of hybrid (organic@inorganic) nanoflowers (hNFs) synthesized with Cu+2 and snakeskin (SSS) were proposed.

RESULTS

Morphology, presence, and composition of elements of Cu and SSS-coordinated hNFs (Cu@SSS hNFs) were shown through FE-SEM-EDX spectroscopy. According to FE-SEM findings, hNFs synthesized with 0.5 ml and 1 ml extract have diameters of 12.81 and 3 µm, respectively. Diffraction peaks of hNFs determined by XRD were consistent with JCPDS Card 00-022 -0548. Cu@SSS NFs showed antioxidant properties depending on time through DPPH scavenging behavior (ability (R2: 0.5612, IC50: 2.07 mg/ml). Cu@SSS hNFs synthesized coordination of SSS and Cu degraded (75%) methylene blue at the highest pH 9 condition. However, hNFs highest degraded (68%) brilliant blue in an acidic PBS medium. hNFs oxidized guaiacol depending on exposure time. Cu@SSS hNFs demonstrated antibacterial properties towards Gram (-/ +) pathogen strains (MIC: 60 µg/ml). The catalytic and antimicrobial properties of hNFs were mentioned by the Fenton reaction. The cytotoxicity of Cu@SSS hNFs on the lung carcinoma (A549) cell line was shown to be concentration-dependent by the MTT test assay (IC50: 56.4 µg/ml).

CONCLUSION

As a result, Cu-based hNFs synthesized by using an organic waste (SSS) might be improved for environmental and biomedical applications.

Clerodane diterpene 3-deoxycaryoptinol (Clerodin) selectively induces apoptosis in human monocytic leukemia (THP-1) cells and upregulates apoptotic protein caspase-3

3-deoxycaryoptinol (Clerodin) is a clerodane diterpene isolated from the leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum. The present research investigates the anticancer therapeutic efficacy of clerodin in human monocytic leukemic (THP-1) cells for the first time. In vitro assay using THP-1 cells showed the cytotoxic ability of clerodin. Further, Annexin-V(FITC)/PI and intracellular ROS (DCFDA) assays carried out using flow cytometry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the apoptotic potential of clerodin. Moreover, the Western blot was used to detect mitochondrial apoptosis of THP-1 cells. RT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot analysis clearly indicated that clerodin significantly increased the expression of pro-apoptotic marker caspase-3 in THP-1 cells. clerodin also selectively targeted the G2/M phase of THP-1 cells, a key feature for anticancer molecules. Importantly, the clerodin did not exhibit cytotoxicity against human peripheral blood cells. These properties of clerodin make it a potential chemotherapeutic agent that can selectively induce apoptosis in leukemia-like cancer cells.

Design and optimization of chitosan-coated solid lipid nanoparticles containing insulin for improved intestinal permeability using piperine

The objective of this research was to optimize the composition and performance of chitosan-coated solid lipid nanoparticles carrying insulin (Ch-In-SLNs) and to assess the potential of piperine in enhancing the intestinal permeability of insulin from these SLNs in vitro. The SLNs were formulated from glyceryl behenate (GB), soya lecithin, and poloxamer® 407, and then coated with a combination of chitosan and piperine to facilitate insulin penetration across the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa. A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was utilized to optimize the Ch-In-SLNs formulations, with PDI, particle size, zeta potential, and association efficiency (AE) serving as the response variables. The resulting Ch-In-SLNs exhibited excellent monodispersity (PDI = 0.4), optimal particle size (654.43 nm), positive zeta potential (+36.87 mV), and low AE values. The Ch-In-SLNs demonstrated sustained release of insulin for 12 h in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and intestinal fluid (SIF), with increased release in the latter. After incubation in SGF and SIF for 12 h, the insulin SLNs retained 54 and 41 % of their initial insulin load, respectively, indicating effective protection from gastric enzymes. Permeation studies using goat intestine and Caco-2 cell lines indicated improved insulin permeation in the presence of piperine. Additionally, cell uptake studies confirmed the role of piperine in enhancing insulin permeation.

Novel approaches of mycosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using Pleurotus sajor-caju extract and their biological and environmental applications

In this study, mycosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are fabricated via Pleurotus sajor-caju mushroom extract, and their potential medical and environmental applications are demonstrated. The biosynthesized ZnONPs were assessed for their antibacterial, anticancer, and biodecolorization potential efficiency. They were also characterized and morphologically analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX, HR-TEM, Zeta potential, and GC-MS analysis. The UV visible spectrum analysis of synthesized ZnONPs analyzed outcome 354 nm was the SPR peak that the nanoparticles displayed. The characteristic Zn-O bond was indicated by a strong peak in the FT-IR study at 432.05 cm-1. Based on XRD analysis, P. sajor-caju mediated ZnONPs were crystalline nature, with an average nano particle size of 14.21 nm and a polydispersity directory of 0.29. The nanoparticles exhibit modest constancy, as shown by their zeta potential value of - 33.2 mV. The presence of oxygen and zinc was verified by EDX analysis. The ZnONPs were found to be spherical in shape and crystalline nature structure, with smooth surface morphology and a mean particle size of 10 nm using HR-TEM and SAED analysis. The significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus (6.2 ± 0.1), S. mutans (5.4 ± 0.4), and B. subtilis (5.2 ± 0.1 mm) was demonstrated by the synthesized ZnONPs made using mushroom extract. It was discovered that when the concentration of mushroom extract was increased together with synthesized ZnONPs, the bactericidal activity increased considerably. A higher concentration of ZnONPs demonstrated superior antibacterial activity across the ZnONPs ratio tests. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay showed that ZnONPs, even at low doses, had a substantial number of cytotoxic effects on liver cancer cells (LC50 values 47.42 µg/mL). The effectiveness test revealed that acid blue 129 was degraded. The best decolorization of acid blue 129 at 72.57% after 3 h of soaking serves as evidence for the theory that myco-synthesized ZnONPs by P. sajor-caju mushroom can function as catalysts in reducing the dye. The mycosynthesized ZnONPs from P. sajor-caju extract, and its potential for antibacterial, anticancer, and decolorization are in this investigation. The mycosynthesized ZnONPs suggest a novel use for nanoparticles in the creation of environmental and medicinal products.

Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated graphene oxide nanosheets derived from Lissachatina fulica snail mucus and their biomedical applications

The modern nanomedicine incorporates the multimodal treatments into a single formulation, offering innovative cancer therapy options. Nanosheets function as carriers, altering the solubility, biodistribution, and effectiveness of medicinal compounds, resulting in more efficient cancer treatments and reduced side effects. The non-toxic nature of fluorinated graphene oxide (FGO) nanosheets and their potential applications in medication delivery, medical diagnostics, and biomedicine distinguish them from others. Leveraging the unique properties of Lissachatina fulica snail mucus (LfSM), FGO nanosheets were developed to reveal the novel characteristics. Consequently, LfSM was utilized to create non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and long-lasting FGO nanosheets. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy revealed a prominent absorbance peak at 235 nm. The characterization of the synthesized FGO nanosheets involved X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. The antimicrobial activity data demonstrated a broad spectrum of antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cytotoxicity efficacy of LfSM-FGO nanosheets against pancreatic cancer cell line (PANC1) showed promising results at low concentrations. The study suggests that FGO nanosheets made from LfSM could serve as alternate factors for in biomedical applications in the future.

Clean synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on polyamide fabrics by Verbascum thapsus L. (mullein) extract: characterization, colorimetric, antibacterial, and colorfastness studies

The production of antibacterial colored textiles using nanomaterials (NMs) has become an ideal goal from both a research and industrial perspective. In this study, the clean synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on polyamide fabrics were performed using mullein extract for the first time. Natural dyes were extracted from mullein leaves using an ultrasonic method, with an optimal amount of 15 g/L. The synthesized AgNPs in different ratios of mullein extract and Ag ions were analyzed (using UV-visible spectroscopy) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). It was found that AgNPs synthesized with a ratio of 1:4 of mullein extract: to Ag ions had a diameter of 85 nm. The active site groups of the synthesized AgNPs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Nylon fabrics dyed with different ratios of mullein extract and Ag ions exhibited acceptable color strength values (K/S) of 3.36. Furthermore, the reduction in bacterial growth for dyed fabrics improved with an increase in the ratio of Ag ions, with a 100% reduction observed for a sample dyed with mullein extract: Ag ions at a ratio of 1:4. Overall, this method offers a simple, low-cost, and compatible process with environment without the consumption of any chemicals to producing nylon with acceptable antibacterial and dyeing properties.