1
|
Sneed L, Taylor R, Cook I, Befi M, Fitchett B, Samelson D, Bemmel V. Initial Psychometric Properties of the Catalight Family Wellbeing Scale. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06254-0. [PMID: 38300503 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wellbeing refers to a person's overall happiness and satisfaction with life. Wellbeing for people with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (I/DD) and their families is historically significantly lower compared to the general population. It is important in the context of behavioral health treatment to not only measure the individual who is receiving treatment's overall wellbeing, but also the wellbeing of the family. The purpose of this study was to understand the initial psychometric properties of the Catalight Family Wellbeing Scale. METHODS The Catalight Family Wellbeing Scale was developed for families who have a child with I/DD. Caregivers of 3106 families who have a child with a diagnosed I/DD, including autism spectrum disorder, completed the scale as part of their onboarding for behavioral health treatment along with three other questionnaires. The psychometric properties including internal reliability and factor structure were completed as well as initial convergent and divergent validity. RESULTS Results of the analyses revealed very strong internal reliability and a three-factor structure. Validity analyses revealed a moderate positive relationship with parental self-efficacy and a moderate negative relationship with parental stress. Additionally, the sample population represents an ethnically diverse group with multiple co-occurring diagnosis in addition to I/DD. CONCLUSIONS The initial psychometric properties of the Catalight Family Wellbeing Scale are positive and support the use of the scale for families who have a child with I/DD across a diverse sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Sneed
- Catalight Research Institute, 2730 Shadelands Dr. Walnut Creek, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, US.
| | - Ryan Taylor
- Catalight Research Institute, 2730 Shadelands Dr. Walnut Creek, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, US
| | - Ian Cook
- Catalight Research Institute, 2730 Shadelands Dr. Walnut Creek, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, US
| | - Michelle Befi
- Catalight Research Institute, 2730 Shadelands Dr. Walnut Creek, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, US
| | - Brianna Fitchett
- Catalight Research Institute, 2730 Shadelands Dr. Walnut Creek, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, US
| | - Doreen Samelson
- Catalight Research Institute, 2730 Shadelands Dr. Walnut Creek, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, US
| | - Vincent Bemmel
- Catalight Research Institute, 2730 Shadelands Dr. Walnut Creek, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, US
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Warreman EB, Lloyd SE, Nooteboom LA, Leenen PJ, Terry MB, Hoek HW, van Rossum EF, Vermeiren RR, Ester WA. Psychological, behavioural, and physical aspects of caregiver strain in autism-caregivers: a cohort study. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 64:102211. [PMID: 37767192 PMCID: PMC10520302 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background People who give care to autistic individuals (autism-caregivers) experience higher levels of caregiver strain than people who provide care for individuals with other chronic conditions (non-autism-caregivers). This places them at higher risk for psychological, behavioural and physical health concerns. The aim of this study is to delineate psychological, behavioural, and physical aspects of caregiver strain in autism-caregivers compared to non-autism-caregivers. Methods We included 3354 adult caregivers from the general population in the Netherlands participating in the second assessment (January, 1, 2014-December, 31, 2017) of the Lifelines Cohort. In this cohort study, using multivariable regression adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic status, we analysed psychological (anxiety and depression based on a Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and self-reported stress and perceived health), behavioural (questionnaire-assessed physical activity, alcohol use, and smoking), and physical aspects (body mass index, waist circumference, and leukocyte-counts) of caregiver strain in autism-caregivers (n = 722) compared with non-autism-caregivers (n = 2632). Findings Autism-caregivers reported more stress (OR 3.61, 95% CI 2.60-4.99). Both anxiety (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.37-2.49) and depressive disorders (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.17-2.86) were more common in autism-caregivers than in non-autism-caregivers. Perceived health, physical activity, alcohol use, and smoking were not different between autism- and non-autism-caregivers. In autism-caregivers, lymphocyte- and monocyte-counts were lower than in non-autism-caregivers. Interpretation In this large cohort, autism-caregivers had worse psychological health than non-autism-caregivers. Moreover, autism-caregiving might be associated with an altered immune balance. These findings underline the higher caregiver strain in autism-caregivers compared to other caregivers. This calls for increased support to autism-caregivers. Funding Lifelines has been funded by the Dutch government.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva B. Warreman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LUMC Curium, Leiden University Medical Centre, Endegeesterstraatweg 27, Oegstgeest 2342 AK, the Netherlands
| | - Susan E. Lloyd
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St., New York, United States
| | - Laura A. Nooteboom
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LUMC Curium, Leiden University Medical Centre, Endegeesterstraatweg 27, Oegstgeest 2342 AK, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter J.M. Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St., New York, United States
| | - Hans W. Hoek
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St., New York, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Youz, Kiwistraat 43, The Hague 2552 DH, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F.C. van Rossum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Robert R.J.M. Vermeiren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LUMC Curium, Leiden University Medical Centre, Endegeesterstraatweg 27, Oegstgeest 2342 AK, the Netherlands
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Youz, Kiwistraat 43, The Hague 2552 DH, the Netherlands
| | - Wietske A. Ester
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LUMC Curium, Leiden University Medical Centre, Endegeesterstraatweg 27, Oegstgeest 2342 AK, the Netherlands
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Youz, Kiwistraat 43, The Hague 2552 DH, the Netherlands
- Sarr Autism Rotterdam, Youz Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dynamostraat 18, Rotterdam 3083 AK, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fecteau SM, Trudel M, Champagne N, Picard F. Are all parental experiences equal?: Cluster analysis of salivary cortisol and perception of parental stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 139:104550. [PMID: 37327575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) report high stress levels related to their parenting role. The experience of stress is reflected in physical symptoms and well-being, as observed by abnormal patterns of cortisol regulation. However, it may be a mistake to conceive parenthood as unilaterally stressful as diverse experiences are possible. Mothers of children with ASD provided salivary cortisol samples and self-rated parental stress. The area under the curve with respect to ground was calculated in regard to three daily collection time points. As a group, mothers reported average levels of parenting stress and flat daily cortisol output. The current age of the child and age at the time of diagnosis moderately predicted overall daily cortisol. Hierarchical clusters analysis identified four distinct profiles of stress regulation based on daily cortisol regulation and perception of parental stress. Groups did not differ based on the severity of symptoms related to autism or demographic information. We suggest that other variables, such as stress mediators and secondary stressors, may explain variability in stress regulation. Future research and intervention should perceive the parental experience as heterogeneous and focus on individualizing the support offered in light of diverse experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie-M Fecteau
- Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Canada.
| | - Marcel Trudel
- Département de psychoéducation, Faculté d'éducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Noël Champagne
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mountcastle L, Zajdel M, Robinson T, Keller KR, Gelles S, Livinski AA, Kikani B, Lea DE, Koehly LM. The impact of caregiving for children with chronic conditions on the HPA axis: A scoping review. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 69:101062. [PMID: 36773674 PMCID: PMC10182255 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Caregiving has been robustly linked to caregiver health through the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the context of caregiving for an adult with a chronic illness. However, little research examines the physiological impact of caregiving for a child with a chronic illness despite high burden and unique stressors. In this review, we explore the links of caregiving for a child with a congenital, chromosomal, or genetic disorder to the regulation or dysregulation of the HPA axis. A search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and the Web of Science and 15 studies met inclusion criteria. Overall, there were inconsistent links of caregiving to HPA axis functioning, perhaps due to the heterogeneity across disease contexts, study designs, and biomarker measurement. Future research should standardize measurement and study designs, increase participant diversity, and examine moderators of the links of caregiving to the HPA axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Mountcastle
- Social Network Methods Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute
| | - Melissa Zajdel
- Social Network Methods Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute.
| | - Taylor Robinson
- Social Network Methods Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute
| | - Krystyna R Keller
- Social Network Methods Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute
| | - Shani Gelles
- Social Network Methods Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute
| | - Alicia A Livinski
- National Institutes of Health Library, Office of Research Services, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bijal Kikani
- Social Network Methods Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute
| | - Dawn E Lea
- Social Network Methods Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute
| | - Laura M Koehly
- Social Network Methods Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ljubičić M, Delin S, Kolčić I. Family and Individual Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Developmental Disorders and Diabetes Type 1. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102861. [PMID: 35628987 PMCID: PMC9145317 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This cross-sectional study assessed both family and individual quality of life (QOL), and their association with self-esteem, optimism, chronic psychological stress, anxiety, and depression in parents of children with chronic conditions. Methods: Parents of children with Down syndrome (DS), autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), cerebral palsy (CP), diabetes mellitus type 1 (DMT1), and parents of children without chronic diseases with typical development (TD) were included. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to assess parental characteristics associated with the domains of individual and family QOL. Results: Compared to the parents of TD children, parents of children with ASD and DS were more likely to report reduced family QOL in all domains, while parents of children with DMT1 had lower parental perception. Self-esteem was positively associated with all domains of individual QOL, while optimism was associated with the overall individual QOL perception and health. Higher stress perception was negatively associated with most of the domains of individual and family QOL. Conclusions: This study confirmed that parents of children with chronic conditions are more likely to have lower perception of both individual and family QOL, which were associated with self-esteem, chronic stress, anxiety, and depression. Interventions should focus not only on the child with a chronic condition but on parents too.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Ljubičić
- Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, Splitska 1, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital Zadar, Bože Peričića 5, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Sanja Delin
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital Zadar, Bože Peričića 5, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Obala kralja Petra Krešimira IV 2, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Ivana Kolčić
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; or
- Algebra LAB, Algebra University College, Gradišćanska ul. 24, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Heart rate variability in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:463-471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
7
|
Kuhlthau KA, Luberto CM, Traeger L, Millstein RA, Perez GK, Lindly OJ, Chad-Friedman E, Proszynski J, Park ER. A Virtual Resiliency Intervention for Parents of Children with Autism: A Randomized Pilot Trial. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:2513-2526. [PMID: 30900195 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03976-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parents of children with Autism experience high levels of stress. Resiliency is the ability to cope and adapt when faced with stressful events. This randomized, waitlist controlled pilot trial examines the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of an adapted virtual mind-body group intervention for parents of children with ASD. The intervention was feasible and acceptable. The immediate treatment group showed no difference in distress and greater improvement in resiliency and stress reactivity/coping relative to the delayed treatment group, (M difference 5.78; p = .038 and M difference 7.78; p = .001 respectively). Findings showed promising feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy for parents of children with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Kuhlthau
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, 125 Nashua Street Suite 860, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Christina M Luberto
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lara Traeger
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Rachel A Millstein
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Giselle K Perez
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Olivia J Lindly
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, 125 Nashua Street Suite 860, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emma Chad-Friedman
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline Proszynski
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Pratt Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elyse R Park
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The cumulative science linking stress to negative health outcomes is vast. Stress can affect health directly, through autonomic and neuroendocrine responses, but also indirectly, through changes in health behaviors. In this review, we present a brief overview of (a) why we should be interested in stress in the context of health; (b) the stress response and allostatic load; (c) some of the key biological mechanisms through which stress impacts health, such as by influencing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and cortisol dynamics, the autonomic nervous system, and gene expression; and (d) evidence of the clinical relevance of stress, exemplified through the risk of infectious diseases. The studies reviewed in this article confirm that stress has an impact on multiple biological systems. Future work ought to consider further the importance of early-life adversity and continue to explore how different biological systems interact in the context of stress and health processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl B O'Connor
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA;
| | - Kavita Vedhara
- Division of Primary Care, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dijkstra-de Neijs L, Leenen PJM, Hays JP, van der Valk ES, Kraaij R, van Rossum EFC, Ester WA. Biological Consequences of Psychological Distress in Caregivers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and its Potential Relevance to Other Chronic Diseases Including Cancer. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-020-00237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Caregivers of children with a chronic illness are a neglected group in medical research and patient care, and are frequently confronted with chronic psychological distress. The biological consequences of this chronic distress are unclear but highly relevant, as these caregivers have a lifelong task in caring for their child. In this review, the authors specifically describe caregiver distress related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the review may be relevant to other chronic diseases, including cancer.
Recent Findings
Epidemiological evidence illustrates the increased mortality risk in caregivers of children with ASD although some individual factors appear to diminish these risks. Biological studies demonstrate that caregiver distress can lead to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis, a pro-inflammatory state of the immune and central nervous system, and gut microbiome imbalance.
Summary
Caregivers of children with a chronic illness like ASD deserve more health-related attention with respect to their psychological and physical well-being. Such attention would benefit individual caregivers, as well as their children, as both are highly interconnected. Structural psychological and physical screening of caregivers can be considered.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ljubičić M, Baković L, Ćoza M, Pribisalić A, Kolčić I. Awakening cortisol indicators, advanced glycation end products, stress perception, depression and anxiety in parents of children with chronic conditions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 117:104709. [PMID: 32450487 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aims to investigate awakening cortisol indicators and to explore their association with stress perception, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), depression and anxiety in parents of children with chronic conditions. We included five parental groups according to children's diagnoses: Down syndrome (DS; N = 31), autistic spectrum disorder (ASD; N = 29), cerebral palsy (CP; N = 15), diabetes mellitus type 1 (DMT1; N = 38), and a control group of heathy children (CG; N = 33). Salivary cortisol and AGEs were measured, alongside with psychological indices. Partial correlation and multiple linear regression were used in the analysis to identify parental characteristics associated with total awakening cortisol output (area under the curve with respect to the ground, AUCG), cortisol awakening response (area under the curve with respect to the increase, AUCI), perceived stress, and health outcomes (AGEs, depression and anxiety). There was no difference between groups for AUCG, while DS and DMT1 groups showed reduced AUCI (β = -0.241, p = 0.040; β = -0.249, p = 0.028, respectively), and ASD parents had a borderline insignificant result (β = -0.205, p = 0.081). Non-smokers had higher AUCG, and parental sedentary activity and sleep duration were associated with AUCI. AUCG was positively associated with AGEs (β = 0.218, p = 0.013), anxiety (β = 0.207, p = 0.004), and with depression (β = 0.156, p = 0.034), unlike the AUCI. DS parental group showed lower general stress perception (β = -0.260, p = 0.005). Parents of children with DMT1 had more pronounced depressive symptoms (β = 0.183, p = 0.039), while CP parents had a borderline insignificant result for depression (β = 0.143, p = 0.058). Based on these results, parents of children with chronic conditions have altered awaking cortisol response and are under increased risk of adverse health consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Ljubičić
- Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, Splitska 1, 23000 Zadar, Croatia; Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital Zadar, Boze Pericica 5, 23000 Zadar, Croatia.
| | - Lada Baković
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, General Hospital Zadar, Boze Pericica 5, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Martina Ćoza
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, General Hospital Zadar, Boze Pericica 5, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Ajka Pribisalić
- University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Kolčić
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|