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Jaghbeer M, Sutt AL, Bergström L. Dysphagia Management and Cervical Auscultation: Reliability and Validity Against FEES. Dysphagia 2023; 38:305-314. [PMID: 35838785 PMCID: PMC9873722 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-022-10468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the reliability and validity (sensitivity and specificity) of cervical auscultation (CA) using both swallow and pre-post swallow-respiratory sounds, as compared with Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES). With 103 swallow-respiratory sequences from 23 heterogenic patients, these swallows sounds were rated by eight CA-trained Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) to investigate: (1) if the swallow was safe (primary outcome); (2) patient dysphagia status; (3) the influence of liquid viscosity on CA accuracy (secondary outcomes). Primary outcome data showed high CA sensitivity (85.4%), and specificity (80.3%) with all consistencies for the safe measurement, with CA predictive values of [Formula: see text] 90% to accurately detect unsafe swallows. Intra-rater reliability was good (Kappa [Formula: see text] 0.65), inter rater reliability moderate (Kappa [Formula: see text] 0.58). Secondary outcome measures showed high sensitivity (80.1%) to identify if a patient was dysphagic, low specificity (22.9%), and moderate correlation (rs [Formula: see text] 0.62) with FEES. A difference across bolus viscosities identified that CA sensitivities (90.1%) and specificities ([Formula: see text] 84.7%) for thin liquids were greater than for thick liquids (71.0-77.4% sensitivities, 74.0-81.3% specificities). Results demonstrate high validity and moderate-good reliability of CA-trained SLPs to determine swallow safety when compared with FEES. Data support the use of CA as an adjunct to the clinical swallow examination. CA should include pre-post respiratory sounds and requires specific training. Clinical implications: The authors advocate for holistic dysphagia management including instrumental assessment and ongoing CSE/review [Formula: see text] CA. Adding CA to the CSE/review does not replace instrumental assessment, nor should CA be used as a stand-alone tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Jaghbeer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Speech and Language Pathology Unit, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- , Alian Al Aajalain Street, Amman, Jordan
| | - Anna-Liisa Sutt
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Adult Intensive Care Services, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Liza Bergström
- Remeo Stockholm, Torsten Levenstamsväg 8, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ng ML, Ki A. Acoustic characteristics associated with liquid swallowing sounds of different bolus consistencies in young healthy adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2022; 57:552-564. [PMID: 35166419 DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical auscultation has been used clinically as an augmentative procedure for swallow examination. Despite its frequent use for screening and preliminary assessment of swallowing, the usefulness of cervical auscultation is controversial due to a lack of sufficient research, particularly in quantifying swallowing sounds. AIMS To document the acoustic characteristics of normal swallowing sound associated with swallowing bolus of different consistencies among younger healthy adults. METHODS & PROCEDURES A total of 30 healthy young adult participants swallowed 5 ml thickened liquids of four different consistencies (slightly thick, mildly thick, moderately thick and extremely thick) prepared using a starch-based commercial thickener, and the corresponding swallowing sounds were recorded using a wireless accelerometric stethoscope. An array of acoustic measures including duration of swallowing sound (DSS), duration to peak intensity (DPI), frequency at peak intensity (FPI), peak intensity (PI), average intensity (AI), and difference between peak and average intensity (DPAI) values associated with the swallowing signals were obtained. OUTCOMES & RESULTS In general, increased durational measures of the swallowing sounds were associated with an increase in bolus consistency. Intensity measures including PI, AI and DPAI were found to be stable across different consistencies. The change in FPI did not appear to be particularly meaningful due to its high variability. In addition, no significant differences were observed between men and women. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS Swallow sounds associated with different bolus consistencies could be quantified and used to differentiate consistencies. The present findings could serve as a reference for future swallowing research of normal and dysphagic population. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS What is already known on the subject Cervical auscultation using traditional stethoscope has been used as part of an informal clinical swallow examination by practitioners. Validity of cervical auscultation is controversial, possibly due to the lack of normative data on swallow sounds. What this paper adds to existing knowledge The present study explored the possibility of using wireless accelerometric stethoscopy for cervical auscultation for dysphagia screening. Acoustic profiles of swallow sounds associated with boluses of different consistencies in healthy individuals were examined. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Findings contribute to our knowledge about the acoustic characteristics of swallow sounds of boluses of different consistencies in healthy young individuals. The study provides normative clinical data on cervical auscultation using wireless accelerometric stethoscope for normal swallow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manwa L Ng
- Speech Science Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anthony Ki
- Speech Science Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Bergström L, Cichero JA. Dysphagia management: Does structured training improve the validity and reliability of cervical auscultation? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2022; 24:77-87. [PMID: 34328050 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2021.1953592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Cervical auscultation (CA) uses a stethoscope or microphone to complement the clinical swallow examination by interpreting swallowing sounds and swallow-respiratory coordination. This study investigated the effects of structured CA training on CA-rating agreement with Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) and CA rater reliability.Method: Thirty-nine speech-language pathologists participated in a structured CA training course at Gothenburg University. They rated nine swallow-respiratory sound recordings which were simultaneously recorded during FEES. Swallow sounds were rated six weeks prior to the CA-workshop using two binary yes/no questions, (1) Safe, (2) Dysphagia, and a third Dysphagia Severity rating. Swallow sounds were rated again (re-randomised) one month post CA-workshop.Result: Agreement with FEES (validity) improved significantly (p < 0.05) pre-post training for the Safe and Dysphagia questions, with post training sensitivities >90% and specificities at 76% and 85% respectively. Dysphagia severity rating improved non-significantly. Intra-rater reliability improved significantly with kappa statistics >0.90 post training. Improvements for inter-rater reliability were noted, though non-significant.Conclusion: Results demonstrate that with structured training, the validity of CA (to detect a Safe/Dysphagic swallow) significantly improves, as does intra-rater reliability. This is congruent with literature identifying the positive effects of structured training improving instrumental dysphagia assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Bergström
- Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Department of Health & Rehabilitation, Speech and Language Pathology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
- Speech Therapy Clinic, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- REMEO Stockholm, Sköndal, Sweden
| | - Julie Ay Cichero
- School of Pharmacy, PACE, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
- Mater Research, South Brisbane, Australia
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Hattori S, Nozue S, Ihara Y, Takahashi K. A study of acoustic characteristics of voluntary expiratory sounds produced before and immediately after swallowing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:765. [PMID: 35031643 PMCID: PMC8760329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the expiratory sounds produced during swallowing recorded simultaneously with videofluorographic examination of swallowing (VF) using fast Fourier transform (FFT), and to examine the relationship between dysphagia and its acoustic characteristics. A total of 348 samples of expiratory sounds were collected from 61 patients with dysphagia whose expiratory sounds were recorded during VF. The VF results were evaluated by one dentist and categorized into three groups: safe group (SG), penetration group (PG), and aspiration group (AG). The duration and maximum amplitude of expiratory sounds produced were measured as the domain characteristics on the time waveform of these sounds and compared among the groups. Time window-length appropriate for FFT and acoustic discriminate values (AD values) of SG, PG, and AG were also investigated. The groups were analyzed using analysis of variance and Scheffé's multiple comparison method. The maximum amplitude of SG was significantly smaller than those of PG and AG. The mean duration in SG (2.05 s) was significantly longer than those in PG (0.84 s) and AG (0.96 s). The AD value in SG was significantly lower than those in PG and AG. AD value detects penetration or aspiration, and can be useful in screening for dysphagia.
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Frakking TT, Chang AB, Carty C, Newing J, Weir KA, Schwerin B, So S. Using an Automated Speech Recognition Approach to Differentiate Between Normal and Aspirating Swallowing Sounds Recorded from Digital Cervical Auscultation in Children. Dysphagia 2022; 37:1482-1492. [PMID: 35092488 PMCID: PMC9643257 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-022-10410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Use of machine learning to accurately detect aspirating swallowing sounds in children is an evolving field. Previously reported classifiers for the detection of aspirating swallowing sounds in children have reported sensitivities between 79 and 89%. This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of using an automatic speaker recognition approach to differentiate between normal and aspirating swallowing sounds recorded from digital cervical auscultation in children. We analysed 106 normal swallows from 23 healthy children (median 13 months; 52.1% male) and 18 aspirating swallows from 18 children (median 10.5 months; 61.1% male) who underwent concurrent videofluoroscopic swallow studies with digital cervical auscultation. All swallowing sounds were on thin fluids. A support vector machine classifier with a polynomial kernel was trained on feature vectors that comprised the mean and standard deviation of spectral subband centroids extracted from each swallowing sound in the training set. The trained support vector machine was then used to classify swallowing sounds in the test set. We found high accuracy in the differentiation of aspirating and normal swallowing sounds with 98% overall accuracy. Sensitivity for the detection of aspiration and normal swallowing sounds were 89% and 100%, respectively. There were consistent differences in time, power spectral density and spectral subband centroid features between aspirating and normal swallowing sounds in children. This study provides preliminary research evidence that aspirating and normal swallowing sounds in children can be differentiated accurately using machine learning techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T. Frakking
- Research Development Unit, Caboolture Hospital, Metro North Hospital & Health Service, McKean St, Caboolture, QLD 4510 Australia ,Centre for Clinical Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029 Australia ,Speech Pathology Department, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast Hospital & Health Service, 1 Hospital Boulevard, Southport, QLD 4215 Australia
| | - Anne B. Chang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queensland Children’s Hospital, 501 Stanley St, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia ,Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT 0811 Australia ,Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Level 7, 62 Graham St, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
| | - Christopher Carty
- Research Development Unit, Caboolture Hospital, Metro North Hospital & Health Service, McKean St, Caboolture, QLD 4510 Australia ,Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222 Australia
| | - Jade Newing
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport, QLD 4215 Australia
| | - Kelly A. Weir
- Menzies Health Institute QLD & School of Health Sciences & Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, 1 Parklands Avenue, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia ,Allied Health Research, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast Hospital & Health Service, 1 Hospital Boulevard, Southport, QLD 4215 Australia
| | - Belinda Schwerin
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport, QLD 4215 Australia
| | - Stephen So
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, Southport, QLD 4215 Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Tutor
- Program in Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, LeBonheur Children's Hospital, and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Mahurin-Smith J, Genna CW. Assessing the Breastfeeding Dyad: A Guide for Speech-Language Pathologists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1044/2019_pers-sig13-2018-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
More than 80% of U.S. mothers initiate breastfeeding; for many of them, direct breastfeeding is an important goal. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who assess infants with feeding concerns, however, are generally much more familiar with assessing bottle-feeding. The purpose of this tutorial is to assist SLPs in building on their existing assessment skills in order to provide effective, evidence-based options for mothers who wish to breastfeed their infants.
Conclusion
SLPs can assist families in meeting their breastfeeding goals through effective assessment of breastfeeding dyads.
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Huang Z, Huang Y, Ma C, Ma X, Zhang X, Lin L, Zhao Z, Pan X, Wu C. Endotracheal Aerosolization Device for Laboratory Investigation of Pulmonary Delivery of Nanoparticle Suspensions: In Vitro and in Vivo Validation. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5521-5533. [PMID: 30252486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform the in vitro and in vivo validation of an endotracheal aerosolization (ETA) device (HRH MAG-4, HM). Solid lipid nanoparticle suspension (SLNS) formulations with particle sizes of approximately 120, 240, 360, and 480 nm were selected as model nanoparticle suspensions for the validation. The emission rate (ER) of the in vitro aerosolization and the influence of aerosolization on the physicochemical properties were investigated. A high ER of up to 90% was obtained, and no significant alterations in physicochemical properties were observed after the aerosolization. The pulmonary deposition of model drug budesonide in Sprague-Dawley rats was determined to be approximately 80%, which was satisfactory for pulmonary delivery. Additionally, a fluorescent probe with aggregation-caused quenching property was encapsulated in SLNS formulations for in vivo bioimaging, after excluding the effect of aerosolization on its fluorescence spectrum. It was verified that SLNS formulations were deposited in the lung region. The results demonstrated the feasibility and reliability of the HM device for ETA in laboratory investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , 510006 Guangdong , P. R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , 510006 Guangdong , P. R. China
| | - Cheng Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , 510006 Guangdong , P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Ma
- College of Pharmacy , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Xuejuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , 510006 Guangdong , P. R. China.,Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China
| | - Ling Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , 510006 Guangdong , P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , 510006 Guangdong , P. R. China
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , 510006 Guangdong , P. R. China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , 510006 Guangdong , P. R. China
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