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Bloxham A, Horton CL. Enhancing and advancing the understanding and study of dreaming and memory consolidation: Reflections, challenges, theoretical clarity, and methodological considerations. Conscious Cogn 2024; 123:103719. [PMID: 38941924 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Empirical investigations that search for a link between dreaming and sleep-dependent memory consolidation have focused on testing for an association between dreaming of what was learned, and improved memory performance for learned material. Empirical support for this is mixed, perhaps owing to the inherent challenges presented by the nature of dreams, and methodological inconsistencies. The purpose of this paper is to address critically prevalent assumptions and practices, with the aim of clarifying and enhancing research on this topic, chiefly by providing a theoretical synthesis of existing models and evidence. Also, it recommends the method of Targeted Memory Reactivation (TMR) as a means for investigating if dream content can be linked to specific cued activations. Other recommendations to enhance research practice and enquiry on this subject are also provided, focusing on the HOW and WHY we search for memory sources in dreams, and what purpose (if any) they might serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bloxham
- Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, United Kingdom.
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Dong Y, Xiao F, Meng Y, Ye Z, Tang Y. The effect of target detection on memory retrieval. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:838-854. [PMID: 38413503 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Attention and memory are fundamental cognitive processes that closely interact. In the attentional boost effect (ABE), the stimuli that co-occur with targets are remembered better than those that co-occur with distractors in target detection tasks performed during memory encoding. In target detection tasks performed during retrieval, the stimuli that co-occur with targets are recognized as 'old' more easily than the stimuli that co-occur with distractors. This study mainly explored the internal mechanism of the effect of target detection on recognition. In Experiment 1, the full attention (FA; where participants performed only the memory task) condition was used to compare with divided attention (DA; where participants performed target detection while performing memory retrieval) condition to explore the impact of target detection and distraction inhibition on recognition. In Experiment 2, the proportion of old and new words in the retrieval stage was adjusted to 1:1 to eliminate the possible reaction tendency caused by the high proportion of old words. In Experiment 3, the presentation time of words was extended to 1.5 s and 3 s to eliminate the possible impact of rapid processing. The results indicated that the effect of target detection on recognition was attributed to both target detection and distraction rejection and is not affected by the ratio of old and new words and the word presentation time. The effect of target detection on recognition may be owing to temporal yoking of the dual tasks, which is different from the effect of target detection on memory encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqing Dong
- School of Psychology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, No.81 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan County, Huhhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 010028, People's Republic of China
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, No.8 Xuefunan Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350117, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenni Xiao
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, No.8 Xuefunan Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350117, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingfang Meng
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, No.8 Xuefunan Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350117, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zetong Ye
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, No.8 Xuefunan Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350117, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Tang
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, No.8 Xuefunan Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350117, People's Republic of China
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Jung JH, Wang Y, Mocle AJ, Zhang T, Köhler S, Frankland PW, Josselyn SA. Examining the engram encoding specificity hypothesis in mice. Neuron 2023; 111:1830-1845.e5. [PMID: 36990091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
According to the encoding specificity hypothesis, memory is best recalled by retrieval cues that overlap with training cues. Human studies generally support this hypothesis. However, memories are thought to be stored in neuronal ensembles (engrams), and retrieval cues are thought to reactivate neurons in an engram to induce memory recall. Here, we visualized engrams in mice to test whether retrieval cues that overlap with training cues produce maximal memory recall via high engram reactivation (engram encoding specificity hypothesis). Using variations of cued threat conditioning (pairing conditioned stimulus [CS] with footshock), we manipulated encoding and retrieval conditions along multiple domains, including pharmacological state, external sensory cue, and internal optogenetic cue. Maximal engram reactivation and memory recall occurred when retrieval conditions closely matched training conditions. These findings provide a biological basis for the encoding specificity hypothesis and highlight the important interaction between stored information (engram) and cues available at memory retrieval (ecphory).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hoon Jung
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Andrew J Mocle
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tao Zhang
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Stefan Köhler
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada; The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Paul W Frankland
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada; Child & Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Sheena A Josselyn
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
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Schaller R, Pinski S. You Might Not Remember Reading This. Health Psychol Res 2023; 11:75361. [PMID: 37405317 PMCID: PMC10317509 DOI: 10.52965/001c.75361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schaller
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
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Ding X, Chen Y, Liu Y, Zhao J, Liu J. The automatic detection of unexpected emotion and neutral body postures: A visual mismatch negativity study. Neuropsychologia 2022; 164:108108. [PMID: 34863799 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to automatically detect emotional changes in the environment is crucial for social interaction. In the visual system, expression-related mismatch negativity (EMMN) reflects the automatic processing of emotional changes in facial expression. However, body postures also carry visual emotional information that can be recognized effectively and processed automatically, although their processing mechanism remains unknown. In this study, the reverse oddball paradigm was used to investigate the mismatch responses of unexpected fear and neutral body postures. The nonparametric cluster permutation test revealed significant fear and neutral visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) activities, and the fear-related vMMN was enhanced prior (130-230 ms) to the neutral vMMN (180-230 ms). The body-sensitive N190 component may partially account for the vMMN obtained in this study. The fearful body posture evoked a greater N190 response over the neutral body, and amplitudes of N190 were more negative in the deviant condition than the standard condition. Additionally, the body-related visual mismatch oscillatory responses were associated with enhancement of the alpha band oscillation, especially for the fearful body posture. These results expanded the applicable scope of body posture cues corresponding to mismatch signals, objectively defined the electrophysiological activities evoked, and revealed the processing bias toward negative emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Ding
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, And Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jianyi Liu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, And Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China.
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Parish G, Michelmann S, Hanslmayr S, Bowman H. The Sync-Fire/deSync model: Modelling the reactivation of dynamic memories from cortical alpha oscillations. Neuropsychologia 2021; 158:107867. [PMID: 33905757 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We propose a neural network model to explore how humans can learn and accurately retrieve temporal sequences, such as melodies, movies, or other dynamic content. We identify target memories by their neural oscillatory signatures, as shown in recent human episodic memory paradigms. Our model comprises three plausible components for the binding of temporal content, where each component imposes unique limitations on the encoding and representation of that content. A cortical component actively represents sequences through the disruption of an intrinsically generated alpha rhythm, where a desynchronisation marks information-rich operations as the literature predicts. A binding component converts each event into a discrete index, enabling repetitions through a sparse encoding of events. A timing component - consisting of an oscillatory "ticking clock" made up of hierarchical synfire chains - discretely indexes a moment in time. By encoding the absolute timing between discretised events, we show how one can use cortical desynchronisations to dynamically detect unique temporal signatures as they are reactivated in the brain. We validate this model by simulating a series of events where sequences are uniquely identifiable by analysing phasic information, as several recent EEG/MEG studies have shown. As such, we show how one can encode and retrieve complete episodic memories where the quality of such memories is modulated by the following: alpha gate keepers to content representation; binding limitations that induce a blink in temporal perception; and nested oscillations that provide preferential learning phases in order to temporally sequence events.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Parish
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, UK.
| | | | - Simon Hanslmayr
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology & Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Howard Bowman
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, UK; School of Computing, University of Kent, UK
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Dahlgren K, Ferris C, Hamann S. Neural correlates of successful emotional episodic encoding and retrieval: An SDM meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia 2020; 143:107495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schreiner T, Staudigl T. Electrophysiological signatures of memory reactivation in humans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190293. [PMID: 32248789 PMCID: PMC7209925 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivation of neural activity that was present during the encoding of an event is assumed to be essential for human episodic memory retrieval and the consolidation of memories during sleep. Pioneering animal work has already established a crucial role of memory reactivation to prepare and guide behaviour. Research in humans is now delineating the neural processes involved in memory reactivation during both wakefulness and sleep as well as their functional significance. Focusing on the electrophysiological signatures of memory reactivation in humans during both memory retrieval and sleep-related consolidation, this review provides an overview of the state of the art in the field. We outline recent advances, methodological developments and open questions and specifically highlight commonalities and differences in the neuronal signatures of memory reactivation during the states of wakefulness and sleep. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schreiner
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Staudigl
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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