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Timlin M, Fitzpatrick E, McCarthy K, Tobin JT, Murphy EG, Pierce KM, Murphy JP, Hennessy D, O'Donovan M, Harbourne N, Brodkorb A, O'Callaghan TF. Impact of varying levels of pasture allowance on the nutritional quality and functionality of milk throughout lactation. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6597-6622. [PMID: 37532625 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the impact of increasing proportions of grazed pasture in the diet on the composition, quality, and functionality of bovine milk across a full lactation. Fifty-four spring-calving cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (n = 18), blocked on the basis of mean calving date (February 15, 2020 ± 0.8 d), pre-experimental daily milk yield (24.70 ± 3.70 kg), milk solids yield (2.30 ± 0.27 kg), lactation number (3.10 ± 0.13), and economic breeding index (182 ± 19). Raw milk samples were obtained weekly from each group between March and November 2020. Group 1 (GRS) consumed perennial ryegrass and was supplemented with 5% concentrates (dry matter basis); group 2 was maintained indoors and consumed a total mixed ration (TMR) diet consisting of maize silage, grass silage, and concentrates; and group 3 consumed a partial mixed ration diet (PMR), rotating between perennial ryegrass during the day and indoor TMR feeding at night. Raw milk samples consisted of a pooled morning and evening milking and were analyzed for gross composition, free amino acids, fatty acid composition, heat coagulation time, color, fat globule size, and pH. The TMR milks had a significantly higher total solids, lactose, protein, and whey protein as a proportion of protein content compared with both GRS and PMR milks. The GRS milks demonstrated a significantly lower somatic cell count (SCC), but a significantly higher pH and b*-value than both TMR and PMR milks. The PMR milks exhibited significantly lower total solids and fat content, but also demonstrated significantly higher SCC and total free amino acid content compared with GRS and TMR. Partial least squares discriminant analysis of fatty acid profiles displayed a distinct separation between GRS and TMR samples, while PMR displayed an overlap between both GRS and TMR groupings. Variable importance in projection analysis identified conjugated linoleic acid cis-9,trans-11, C18:2n-6 cis, C18:3n-3, C11:0, and C18:2n-6 trans as the largest contributors to the variation between the diets. Milk fats derived from GRS diets exhibited the highest proportion of unsaturated fats and higher unsaturation, health-promoting, and desaturase indices. The lowest proportions of saturated fats and the lowest atherogenic index were also exhibited by GRS-derived milk fats. This work highlights the positive influence of grass-fed milk for human consumption through its more nutritionally beneficial fatty acid profile, despite the highest milk solid percentages derived from TMR feeding systems. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the proportional response of previously highlighted biomarkers of pasture feeding to the proportion of pasture in the cow's diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Timlin
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland P61 C996; School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland D04 V1W8; Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Ireland D04 V1W8
| | - Ellen Fitzpatrick
- Teagasc, Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland Y35 Y521
| | - Kieran McCarthy
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland P61 P302
| | - John T Tobin
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland P61 C996
| | - Eoin G Murphy
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland P61 C996; Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Ireland D04 V1W8
| | - Karina M Pierce
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland D04 V1W8; Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Ireland D04 V1W8
| | - John P Murphy
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland P61 P302
| | - Deirdre Hennessy
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland P61 P302; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland T23 N73K
| | - Michael O'Donovan
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland P61 P302
| | - Niamh Harbourne
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland D04 V1W8
| | - André Brodkorb
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland P61 C996; Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Ireland D04 V1W8.
| | - Tom F O'Callaghan
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Ireland D04 V1W8; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland T12 K8AF
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Balivo A, Sacchi R, Genovese A. The Noble Method in the dairy sector as a sustainable production system to improve the nutritional composition of dairy products: A review. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balivo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples Federico II 80055 Portici (NA) Italy
| | - Raffaele Sacchi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples Federico II 80055 Portici (NA) Italy
| | - Alessandro Genovese
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples Federico II 80055 Portici (NA) Italy
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3
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Hall MB. Invited review: Corrected milk: Reconsideration of common equations and milk energy estimates. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2230-2246. [PMID: 36710181 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Corrected milk equations were developed in attempts to bring milk weights to a standardized basis for comparison by expressing the weight and composition of milk as corrected to the energy content of milk of a specific composition. Expressed as milk weights familiar on farm and in commerce, this approach integrates energy contributions of the dissimilar components to make the mass units more comparable. Such values are applied in evaluating feed efficiency, lactation performance, and global milk production, as functional units for lifecycle assessments, and in translation of research results. Corrected milk equations are derived from equations relating milk gross energy to milk composition. First, a milk energy equation is used to calculate the energy value of the milk composition to correct to (e.g., 0.695 Mcal/kg for milk with 3.5% fat, 3.05% true protein, and 4.85% lactose). That energy value is divided into the energy equation to give the corrected milk equation. Confusion has arisen, as different equations purport to correct to the same milk composition; their differences are based on uses of different energy equations or divisors. Accuracy of corrected milk equations depends on the accuracy of the energy equations used to create them. Energy equations have evolved over time as different milk component analyses have become more available. Inclusion of multiple milk components more accurately predicts milk energy content than does fat content alone. Omission of components from an equation requires the assumption that their content in milk is constant or highly correlated with an included component. Neither of these assumptions is true. Milk energy equations evaluated on a small data set of measured milk values have demonstrated that equations that incorporate protein, fat, and lactose contents multiplied by the gross energy of each component more closely predict milk energy than equations containing fewer components or regression-derived equations. This provides a tentative recommendation for using energy equations that include the 3 main milk components and their gross energy multipliers for predicting milk energy and deriving corrected milk equations. Accuracy of energy equations is affected by the accuracy of gross energy values of individual components and variability of milk composition. Lactose has consistent reported gross energy values. In contrast, gross energy of milk fat and protein vary as their compositional profiles change. Future refinements could assess accuracy of milk fat and protein gross energy and whether that appreciably improves milk energy predictions. Fat gross energy has potential to be calculated using the milk fatty acid profile, although the influence on gross energy may be small. For research, direct reporting of milk energy values, rather than corrected milk, provides the most explicit, least manipulated form of the data. However, provision of corrected milk values in addition to information on components can serve to translate the energy information to a form familiar to and widely used in the field. When reporting corrected milk data, the corrected milk equation, citation for the energy equation used, and composition and energy contents of the corrected milk must be described to make clear what the values represent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Hall
- U. S. Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI 53706.
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KARUNANAYAKA RHWM, NAYANANJALIE WAD, WEERASINGHA WVVR, SOMASIRI SC, KUMARI MAAP, ADIKARI AMJB, MANGALIKA ULP, SUNDARABARATHY TV. Effect of total mixed ration (TM R) briquettes on milk yield, composition and sensory properties of cow milk. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v92i10.118389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to assess the effect of feeding total mix ration (TMR) briquettes on milk composition, yield and sensory attributes. Jersey × Sahiwal crossbred cows (Nine) were randomly assigned to three treatments (CTL: guinea grass with commercial feed, TMR1 and TMR2: TMR briquettes) in a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square design. Daily milk yield was recorded and milk composition was measured at three days intervals. At the end of each period, fatty acid composition, calcium, phosphorus and sensory properties of milk were analysed. Milk yield trended to be higher in cows fed with TMR briquettes and milk fat content was similar among the treatments. There was no significant difference in milk fatty acid profile among the treatments; however, lauric acid (C12:0) concentration was significantly higher in milk obtained from the cows fed with TMR1 briquettes. Milk calcium and phosphorus contents did not show any significant difference. All the sensory attributes were significantly higher in milk tested from cows fed with TMR1. The present study revealed that feeding TMR1 briquette could be one of the strategies to overcome the inconsistent milk yield reported during the forage scare periods without affecting the milk composition, and fatty acid composition with better sensory attributes.
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Acosta Balcazar IC, Granados Rivera LD, Salinas Chavira J, Estrada Drouaillet B, Albarrán MR, Bautista Martínez Y. Relationship between the Composition of Lipids in Forages and the Concentration of Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Cow's Milk: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1621. [PMID: 35804520 PMCID: PMC9264792 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), has been shown to have protective effects against various diseases, such as obesity, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer. This fatty acid in ruminants results from two processes, biohydrogenation, which takes place in the rumen, and de novo synthesis, carried out in the mammary gland, and it has linoleic and α-linolenic acids as its precursors. The amounts of precursors in the diets of animals are related to the amounts of CLA in milk. In the literature review, it was found that the milk of cows fed fresh forage has a higher amount of CLA because they have a higher amount of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid compared to other foods used in the diets of cows. The amount of CLA precursors in pastures can be increased through agronomic practices, such as nitrogen fertilization, and regrowth age. It is also a technique used to increase the amount of CLA in milk to obtain a greater benefit regarding its nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cristina Acosta Balcazar
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (I.C.A.B.); (J.S.C.); (M.R.A.)
| | | | - Jaime Salinas Chavira
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (I.C.A.B.); (J.S.C.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Benigno Estrada Drouaillet
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico;
| | - Miguel Ruiz Albarrán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (I.C.A.B.); (J.S.C.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Yuridia Bautista Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (I.C.A.B.); (J.S.C.); (M.R.A.)
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6
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Șanta A, Mierlita D, Dărăban S, Socol CT, Vicas SI, Șuteu M, Maerescu CM, Stanciu AS, Pop IM. The Effect of Sustainable Feeding Systems, Combining Total Mixed Rations and Pasture, on Milk Fatty Acid Composition and Antioxidant Capacity in Jersey Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070908. [PMID: 35405896 PMCID: PMC8997149 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to assess the effect of using pasture combined with total mixed ration (TMR) on milk production and composition, fatty acid (FA) profiles, fat-soluble antioxidant content, and total milk antioxidant capacity (TAC). In addition, the effect of milk pasteurization and storage at 2 °C for 4 days, lipophilic antioxidants and TAC were assessed. Two homogeneous groups of Jersey cows (n = 8) were constituted, which were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments: TMR (without access to pasture), or partial mixed diet (pTMR: grazing 8 h/day + TMR indoors). To establish FA profiles and lipophilic antioxidants’ changes in milk during the grazing period, in case of the pTMR group the experimental period was spilt in three grazing periods: P1 (May), P2 (June), and P3 (June/July). Milk yielded from cows having limited access on pasture (pTMR diet) showed an improved FA profile, with higher concentrations of FAs considered benefic for human health (vaccenic acid (VA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), omega-3 FA (n-3 FA)) (p < 0.01) and a lower concentration of FAs with hypercholesterolemiant potential (C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0) (p < 0.05), compared to that of the TMR diet. This change in FA profile was correlated with improved sanogenous lipid indices of milk fat (n-6/n-3 FA atherogenic index and thrombogenic index). Milk yielded during the P1 grazing period had higher concentrations of VA, CLA, and n-3 FA (p < 0.05) and lower concentrations of C14:0 and C16:0 (p < 0.01); it exhibited the best values for the main sanogenous fat lipid indices of fat. Moreover, pTMR milk showed a higher α-tocopherol, retinol, and β-carotene content (p < 0.05), positively correlated with TAC values in milk (P1 ˃ P2 ˃ P3). By comparison, cows fed using the TMR diet yielded a higher quantity of milk (p < 0.05), but a lower fat and protein content (p < 0.01), and also a higher saturated FAs and n-6 FA content (p < 0.05) together with a lower concentration of lipophilic antioxidants in milk. Thermal treatment showed no effect on α-tocopherol and retinol content in milk, but their concentrations decreased during the storage, at the same time a TAC decrease. The results of this study prove the positive effect of using pasture combined with TMR on FA profiles, milk antioxidant content, and antioxidant capacity, with beneficial effects on nutrition and health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Șanta
- Doctoral School of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăștur St., 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Daniel Mierlita
- Doctoral School of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăștur St., 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 1 University St., 410087 Oradea, Romania; (C.T.S.); (S.I.V.); (C.M.M.); (A.S.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Stelian Dărăban
- Department of Technological Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăștur St., 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.D.); (M.Ș.)
| | - Claudia Terezia Socol
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 1 University St., 410087 Oradea, Romania; (C.T.S.); (S.I.V.); (C.M.M.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Simona Ioana Vicas
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 1 University St., 410087 Oradea, Romania; (C.T.S.); (S.I.V.); (C.M.M.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Mihai Șuteu
- Department of Technological Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăștur St., 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.D.); (M.Ș.)
| | - Cristina Maria Maerescu
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 1 University St., 410087 Oradea, Romania; (C.T.S.); (S.I.V.); (C.M.M.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Alina Stefania Stanciu
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 1 University St., 410087 Oradea, Romania; (C.T.S.); (S.I.V.); (C.M.M.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Ioan Mircea Pop
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iași, 3 Mihail Sadoveanu St., 700490 Iași, Romania;
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Coolbear T, Janin N, Traill R, Shingleton R. Heat-induced changes in the sensory properties of milk. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Milk Fatty Acid Profile of Holstein Cows When Changed from a Mixed System to a Confinement System or Mixed System with Overnight Grazing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2022; 2022:5610079. [PMID: 35242874 PMCID: PMC8888079 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5610079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed at comparing the milk fatty acid profile (FAP) of cows that changed from a mixed system (MS) of double grazing plus total mixed ration (TMR) to a total confinement system (TCS, 100% TMR) with cows that changed to another MS with one overnight grazing plus TMR and compare with cows that were kept unchanged in TCS. The diet change was made in the second month of lactation. The milk samples were collected at one (M1-spring) and three months of lactation (M3-summer). Three treatments are as follows (each n = 10): confined cows fed with TMR throughout the period (GTMR), cows that changed from MS with double grazing plus TMR in M1 to TCS in M3 (GCHD), and cows that changed from a MS with double grazing plus TMR in M1 to a MS with overnight grazing plus TMR in M3 (GTMR+P). Unlike GTMR+P, GCHD improved milk production after change (increased 14% from M1 to M3), but milk FAP was impaired. In M3, conjugated linoleic acid (C18 : 2-CLA) in GTMR and GCHD was lower than GTMR+P (p < 0.05), and linolenic (C18 : 3-n-3) was lower in GCHD than GTMR+P. Maintaining grazing in summer overnight sustained milk fat quality, evidenced by higher C18 : 3 (n-3); C18 : 2 (CLA); and n-6/n-3 ratio than cows that changed to TCS.
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Bodnár Á, Egerszegi I, Kuchtik J, Penksza K, Póti P, Pajor F. Effect of grazing on composition, fatty acid profile and nutritional
indices of the goat milk and cheese. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/144843/2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Multivariate modelling of milk fatty acid profile to discriminate the forages in dairy cows' ration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23201. [PMID: 34853357 PMCID: PMC8636629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are many studies on the importance of fatty acids (FA) in our diet and on the influence of dairy diets on FA metabolism, only a few investigate their predictive capacity to discriminate the type, amount and conservation method of farm forages. This research quantifies differences in milk FA concentrations and, using a supervised factorial discriminant analysis, assesses potential biomarkers when replacing maize with other silages, grass/lucerne hays or fresh grass. The statistical modelling identified three main clusters of milk FA profiles associated with silages, hays and fresh grass as dominant roughages. The main implication of a dairy cow feeding system based on poliphytic forages from permanent meadows is enhancing milk’s nutritional quality due to an increase in beneficial omega-3 polyunsaturated FA, conjugated linoleic acids and odd chain FA, compared to feeding maize silage. The study also identified a small but powerful and reliable pool of milk FA that can act as biomarkers to authenticate feeding systems: C16:1 c-9, C17:0, C18:0, C18:3 c-9, c-12, c-15, C18:1 c-9, C18:1 t-11 and C20:0.
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11
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Dietary strategies to enrich milk with healthy fatty acids – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Feed is the main factor impacting the composition and quality of milk of dairy animals. Therefore, the present review explores the effects of feed and nutrition on milk fat content and levels of healthy fatty acids (FA) in milk consumed by humans. Milk and dairy products are two main sources of healthy and unhealthy FA in human nutrition. The concentrations of FA in milk depend mainly on diets; therefore, milk FA concentrations and ratios can be greatly altered by some feeding strategies. Dietary supplementation of the diets of dairy livestock with vegetable seeds or oils, microalgae and phytogenic feed additives, and feeding of some grasses can enhance the contents of healthy FA, including n-3 FA, α-linolenic acid, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and, generally, unsaturated FA in milk and dairy products. Enrichment of milk with healthy FA may make milk a source of anticarcenogens (CLA and polyphenols) for human health. This review, therefore, focusses on the current research findings on enrichment of milk with healthy FA and summarizes some effective supplementation strategies to alter milk FA profile.
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Feeding System Resizes the Effects of DGAT1 Polymorphism on Milk Traits and Fatty Acids Composition in Modicana Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061616. [PMID: 34072555 PMCID: PMC8227090 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Genetic selection for single-locus polymorphisms could offer suitable opportunities to rapidly improve milk traits in local unselected cattle breeds characterized by low production levels. Since these hardy breeds are generally raised in traditional extensive and semi-intensive systems, which make wide use of grazing resources, the interactive effect between genotype and feeding system is worthy of investigation. In Modicana cattle breed, milk composition and fatty acid profile were influenced by both genetic polymorphisms at the DGAT1 K232A locus and feeding systems. The milk from homozygous AA cows was associated with a more favorable fatty acid composition due to a lower percentage of total saturated fatty acids, saturated to unsaturated ratio, atherogenic index, and a greater presence of oleic acid and total unsaturated fatty acids. Our finding confirmed the important role of pasture feeding on milk composition: the high nutritional and healthy value of milk obtained in extensive systems by pasture-fed cows. The interaction between the two experimental factors also appears to play a role: in our experimental condition, it seems that high pasture feeding can resize the effect of the DGAT1 genotype on milk traits and fatty acid composition in Modicana cows. Abstract The interaction between genetic polymorphism and feeding system on milk traits and fatty acid composition was investigated in Modicana cows. Two DGAT1 K232A genotypes (AK and AA) and two feeding regimes, extensive system (EX) with 8 h of grazing without concentrate (EX) and semi-intensive systems (SI) with 2 h of grazing with concentrate, were investigated. DGAT1 genotype did not influence milk yield and composition. The feeding system affected milk composition: protein was significantly higher in SI and lactose in the EX system. A significant genotype × feeding system interaction was observed: the protein and casein levels of AK cows were higher in the SI compared to the EX system. Milk fatty acids profile, total saturated to total unsaturated fatty acids, n-6 to n-3 ratios, and atherogenic index were affected by the feeding system, improving the healthy properties of milk from animals reared in the extensive system. DGAT1 genotype influenced the fatty acid composition: milk from AA cows had a more favorable fatty acid composition due to lower total saturated fatty acids, saturated to unsaturated ratio, atherogenic index, and higher levels of oleic acid and total unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, an interaction genotype x feeding system was observed: the AK milk was richer in short-chain FAs (C4:0–C8:0) and C10:0 only in the EX but not in the SI system. Our data suggest that a high amount of green forage in the diet of Modicana cows can resize the effect of the DGAT1 genotype on milk traits and fatty acids composition.
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Priyashantha H, Lundh Å, Höjer A, Bernes G, Nilsson D, Hetta M, Saedén KH, Gustafsson AH, Johansson M. Composition and properties of bovine milk: A study from dairy farms in northern Sweden; Part II. Effect of monthly variation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8595-8609. [PMID: 33896641 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of monthly variation on the composition and properties of raw farm milk collected as part of a full-scale cheese-making trial in a region in northern Sweden. In our companion paper, the contribution of on-farm factors to the variation in milk quality attributes is described. In total, 42 dairy farms were recruited for the study, and farm milk samples were collected monthly over 1 yr and characterized for quality attributes of importance for cheese making. Principal component analysis suggested that milk samples collected during the outdoor period (June-September) were different from milk samples collected during the indoor period. Despite the interaction with the milking system, the results showed that fat and protein concentrations were lower in milk collected during May through August, and lactose concentration was higher in milk collected during April through July than for the other months. Concentrations of free fatty acids were generally low, with the highest value (0.86 mmol/100 g of fat) observed in February and the lowest (0.70 mmol/100 g of fat) observed in June. Plasmin and plasminogen-derived activities varied with sampling month without a clear seasonal pattern. The pH of farm tank milk ranged from 6.60 to 6.82, with the lowest and highest values in September and February, respectively. The highest somatic cell count was observed in August (201 × 103 cells/mL) and the lowest in April (143 × 103 cells/mL). The highest value of gel strength, was recorded in December (88 Pa) and the lowest in July (64 Pa). Rennet coagulation time and gel strength were inversely correlated, with the lowest rennet coagulation time value observed in December. Orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) and discriminant analysis adaptation of OPLS identified casein micelle size and total proteolysis as the milk quality attributes with major responses to sampling month, with smaller casein micelle size and higher total proteolysis associated with the outdoor months. Using discriminant analysis adaptation of OPLS to further investigate causes behind the variation in milk traits revealed that there were factors in addition to feeding on pasture that differed between outdoor and indoor months. Because fresh grass was seldom the primary feed in the region during the outdoor period, grazing was not considered the sole reason for the observed difference between outdoor and indoor periods in raw milk quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasitha Priyashantha
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Åse Lundh
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Höjer
- Norrmejerier Ek. Förening, Mejerivägen 2, SE-906 22 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gun Bernes
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - David Nilsson
- Computational Life Science Cluster, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mårten Hetta
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Monika Johansson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Doran M, Mulligan F, Lynch M, O'Sullivan M, Fahey A, McKay Z, Brady E, Grace C, O'Rourke M, Pierce K. Effects of genotype and concentrate supplementation on milk composition and selected milk processability parameters in late-lactation spring-calving grazing dairy cows. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fleming A, Garrett K, Froehlich K, Beck M, Bryant RH, Edwards G, Gregorini P. Supplementation of Spring Pasture with Harvested Fodder Beet Bulb Alters Rumen Fermentation and Increases Risk of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis during Early Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081307. [PMID: 32751524 PMCID: PMC7460450 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fodder beet (FB) is widely used in grazing dairy systems of New Zealand to support early- and late-lactation milk production, however, the large fraction of water-soluble carbohydrate present in FB bulbs presents a risk of subacute and acute ruminal acidosis. Despite widespread use of FB across New Zealand, the incidence of ruminal acidosis using industry-recommended methods of feeding FB has not been investigated. This study analyzed the time-dependent changes to rumen fermentation, apparent dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition and plasma amino acid concentration of grazing dairy cows supplemented with moderate amounts (40% of dry matter intake) of FB during early lactation. Our findings indicate that incidence of subacute ruminal acidosis due to FB is greater than currently realized, as 25% of cows developed severe subacute ruminal acidosis following transition to target FB allocation (40% of daily intake). Across all cows, FB reduced rumen pH, feed conversion efficiency and was not advantageous to milk production. These results suggest methods for adapting cows to a diet containing FB require further evaluation to reduce the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) experienced by individuals within the herd. Abstract In a cross-over design, eight rumen cannulated dairy cows were used to explore the industry-recommended method for dietary transition to fodder beet (FB: Beta vulgaris L.) on changes to rumen fermentation and pH, milk production, dry matter intake (DMI) and the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) during early lactation. Cows were split into two groups and individually allocated a ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) diet (HO) or the same herbage supplemented with 6 kg DM/cow of harvested fodder beet bulbs (FBH). Dietary adaptation occurred over 20 days consisting of: stage 1: gradual transition to target FB intake (days 1–12, +0.5 kg DM of FB/d); stage 2: acclimatization (days 13–17) and stage 3: post-adaption sampling (days 18–20). Response variables were analyzed as a factorial arrangement of diet and stage of adaption using a combination of ANOVA and generalized linear mixed modelling. Dietary proportion of FB represented 22, (stage 1), 32 (stage 2) and 38% (stage 3) of daily DMI. One cow during each period developed SARA from FB and the duration of low pH increased with FBH compared to the HO treatment (p < 0.01). Rumen concentrations of lactic and butyric acid increased with FBH but concentrations of acetate, propionate and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) declined by 9.3% at day 20, compared to the HO treatment (p < 0.01). Treatments did not affect milk production but total DMI with supplemented cows increased during the final stage of adaptation and feed conversion efficiency (FCE kg milk/kg DM) declined with the FBH treatment. The occurrence of SARA in 25% of animals fed FB suggest it is a high-risk supplement to animal health and further evaluation of industry-recommended methods for feeding FB at the individual- and herd-scale are needed.
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Andres Contreras G, De Koster J, de Souza J, Laguna J, Mavangira V, Nelli RK, Gandy J, Lock AL, Sordillo LM. Lipolysis modulates the biosynthesis of inflammatory lipid mediators derived from linoleic acid in adipose tissue of periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1944-1955. [PMID: 31759597 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized linoleic acid metabolites (OXLAM) are products of adipocyte lipolysis with the potential to modulate adipose tissue (AT) lipid metabolism and inflammation. In periparturient cows, linoleic acid is preferentially mobilized from AT during lipolysis by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) compared with other polyunsaturated fatty acids. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions generate OXLAM from linoleic acid. Among OXLAM, 9-, 10-, and 12-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acids (HODE) are associated with pro-inflammatory responses, whereas 9- and 13-oxo-octadecadienoic acids (oxoODE) and 13-HODE can facilitate inflammation resolution and promote lipogenesis. This study evaluated the effect of HSL activity on OXLAM biosynthesis using subcutaneous AT explants collected from multiparous dairy cows at 10 d before and again at 10 and 24 d after calving. Explants were treated for 3 h without or with the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (ISO; 1 µM; MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA) to induce HSL activity. The contribution of HSL to OXLAM biosynthesis was determined by inhibiting its activity with CAY10499 (2 µM; Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI). After treatments, media and explants were collected for lipidomic analysis using HPLC-tandem mass spectroscopy. Results indicated that ISO increased the biosynthesis of 9-, 12-, and 13-HODE and 9-oxoODE, and this effect was reduced at 24 d after calving. Inhibiting HSL activity partially reversed ISO effects on HODE and 9-oxoODE. Our ex vivo model demonstrated for the first time a direct effect of HSL activity on the biosynthesis of OXLAM in AT, especially at 10 d before and 10 d after calving. The biosynthesis of anti-inflammatory OXLAM is limited during the first weeks after parturition and may promote AT inflammation and lipolytic responses to negative energy balance. These results indicate that HSL activity releases linoleic acid for OXLAM biosynthesis in concentrations of a magnitude that may bypass the need for the activation of phospholipases linked with the inflammatory cascade and thus supports, in part, lipolysis-driven inflammation within AT of periparturient cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| | - Jenne De Koster
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Jonas de Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Juliana Laguna
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Vengai Mavangira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Rahul K Nelli
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Jeff Gandy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Adam L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Lorraine M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Gebreyowhans S, Lu J, Zhang S, Pang X, Lv J. Dietary enrichment of milk and dairy products with n-3 fatty acids: A review. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Alothman M, Hogan SA, Hennessy D, Dillon P, Kilcawley KN, O'Donovan M, Tobin J, Fenelon MA, O'Callaghan TF. The "Grass-Fed" Milk Story: Understanding the Impact of Pasture Feeding on the Composition and Quality of Bovine Milk. Foods 2019; 8:E350. [PMID: 31426489 PMCID: PMC6723057 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is a highly nutritious food that contains an array of macro and micro components, scientifically proven to be beneficial to human health. While the composition of milk is influenced by a variety of factors, such as genetics, health, lactation stage etc., the animal's diet remains a key mechanism by which its nutrition and processing characteristics can be altered. Pasture feeding has been demonstrated to have a positive impact on the nutrient profile of milk, increasing the content of some beneficial nutrients such as Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vaccenic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), while reducing the levels of Omega-6 fatty acids and palmitic acid. These resultant alterations to the nutritional profile of "Grass-Fed" milk resonate with consumers that desire healthy, "natural", and sustainable dairy products. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of the impact that pasture and non-pasture feeding systems have on bovine milk composition from a nutritional and functional (processability) perspective, highlighting factors that will be of interest to dairy farmers, processors, and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alothman
- Department of Food Chemistry & Technology, Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Sean A Hogan
- Department of Food Chemistry & Technology, Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Hennessy
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Pat Dillon
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran N Kilcawley
- Department of Food Quality & Sensory Science, Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael O'Donovan
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - John Tobin
- Department of Food Chemistry & Technology, Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Mark A Fenelon
- Department of Food Chemistry & Technology, Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Tom F O'Callaghan
- Department of Food Chemistry & Technology, Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland.
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19
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Corazzin M, Romanzin A, Sepulcri A, Pinosa M, Piasentier E, Bovolenta S. Fatty Acid Profiles of Cow's Milk and Cheese as Affected by Mountain Pasture Type and Concentrate Supplementation. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E68. [PMID: 30813311 PMCID: PMC6406273 DOI: 10.3390/ani9020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this trial was to assess the effect of pasture type and concentrate supplementation on the fatty acids (FA) composition of milk and cheese obtained during summer grazing on mountain pasture. Seventy-two Italian Simmental dairy cows were assigned to two groups that differed by the amount of concentrate supplementation: 3.0 kg/head/d (HIGH) vs. 1.5 kg/head/d (LOW). The dairy cows grazed on a Poion alpinae alliance pasture (PAST1), and subsequently they grazed on a Seslerion caeruleae alliance pasture (PAST2) for 10 d each. In the last three days of each experimental period, milk samples were collected immediately before each cheese-making event. Cheese samples were collected from each cheese loaf after 60 d of ripening. LOW showed higher isoFA, FA intermediates of the ruminal biohydrogenation, C18:3 c9,c12,c15, and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels than HIGH. The pasture type had a more limited effect on FA composition of milk than concentrate level and was mainly related to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), which were higher in PAST1 than PAST2 (p < 0.05). In cheeses, these differences were reduced. The phytanic acid and phytanic isomer ratio (SRR/RRR) in milk were not affected either by supplement level (p > 0.05) or by type of pasture (p > 0.05). Increasing the concentrate offered to dairy cows from 1.5 to 3.0 kg/d did not markedly influence the level of PUFA in cheeses produced during summer grazing on high mountain pasture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Corazzin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Alberto Romanzin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Angela Sepulcri
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Pinosa
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Edi Piasentier
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Stefano Bovolenta
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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21
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Gómez-Cortés P, Cívico A, de la Fuente MA, Núñez Sánchez N, Juárez M, Peña Blanco F, Martínez Marín AL. Quick changes of milk fatty acids after inclusion or suppression of linseed oil in the diet of goats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5269-5277. [PMID: 29652436 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid supplementation of ruminant diet is an excellent tool to improve the nutritional quality of dairy fat. The purpose of this research was to monitor in detail the goat milk fatty acid (FA) profile during the first 24 h after linseed oil (LO) supplementation or suppression in the diet. Particular emphasis was placed in the changes of FA with bioactive properties. Milk fat was analysed by gas chromatography from milkings at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after diet shift. RESULTS The α-linolenic acid levels increased 12 h after LO incorporation in the diet and decreased 3 h after oil suppression. Most of the milk 10:0 to 16:0 saturated FA decreased 24 h after LO supplementation, whereas oil suppression raised their levels after 6 h. Similarly, raising of mono- and polyunsaturated trans-FA after LO inclusion was delayed in comparison with their decrease after oil suppression. CONCLUSION This study supports that ruminal bacteria and mammary glands would exhibit a fast responsiveness after the inclusion or suppression of LO in ruminant rations. Milk with an improved FA profile could be collected between 12 h after LO supplementation and the last milking before LO suppression in the diet. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Gómez-Cortés
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cívico
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel de la Fuente
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuela Juárez
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Kilcawley KN, Faulkner H, Clarke HJ, O'Sullivan MG, Kerry JP. Factors Influencing the Flavour of Bovine Milk and Cheese from Grass Based versus Non-Grass Based Milk Production Systems. Foods 2018. [PMID: 29534042 PMCID: PMC5867552 DOI: 10.3390/foods7030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a surge in interest in relation to differentiating dairy products derived from pasture versus confined systems. The impact of different forage types on the sensory properties of milk and cheese is complex due to the wide range of on farm and production factors that are potentially involved. The main effect of pasture diet on the sensory properties of bovine milk and cheese is increased yellow intensity correlated to β-carotene content, which is a possible biomarker for pasture derived dairy products. Pasture grazing also influences fat and fatty acid content which has been implicated with texture perception changes in milk and cheese and increased omega-3 fatty acids. Changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk and cheese due to pasture diets has been suggested may increase susceptibility to lipid oxidation but does not seem to be an issue to due increased antioxidants and the reducing environment of cheese. It appears that pasture derived milk and cheese are easier to discern by trained panellists and consumers than milk derived from conserved or concentrate diets. However, milk pasteurization, inclusion of concentrate in pasture diets, cheese ripening time, have all been linked to reducing pasture dietary effects on sensory perception. Sensory evaluation studies of milk and cheese have, in general, found that untrained assessors who best represent consumers appear less able to discriminate sensory differences than trained assessors and that differences in visual and textural attributes are more likely to be realized than flavour attributes. This suggests that sensory differences due to diet are often subtle. Evidence supports the direct transfer of some volatiles via inhalation or ingestion but more so with indirect transfer post rumen metabolism dietary components. The impact of dietary volatiles on sensory perception of milk and dairy products obviously depends upon their concentration and odour activity, however very little quantitative studies have been carried out to date. Some studies have highlighted potential correlation of pasture with enhanced “barny” or “cowy” sensory attributes and subsequently linked these to accumulation of p-cresol from the metabolism of β-carotene and aromatic amino acids or possibly isoflavones in the rumen. p-Cresol has also been suggested as a potential biomarker for pasture derived dairy products. Other studies have linked terpenes to specific sensory properties in milk and cheese but this only appears to be relevant in milk and cheese derived from unseeded wild pasture where high concentrations accumulate, as their odour threshold is quite high. Toluene also a product of β-carotene metabolism has been identified as a potential biomarker for pasture derived dairy products but it has little impact on sensory perception due to its high odour threshold. Dimethyl sulfone has been linked to pasture diets and could influence sensory perception as its odour threshold is low. Other studies have linked the presence of maize and legumes (clover) in silage with adverse sensory impacts in milk and cheese. Considerably more research is required to define key dietary related impacts on the flavour of milk and cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hope Faulkner
- Teagasc Food Research Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., P61 P996 Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Holly J Clarke
- Teagasc Food Research Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., P61 P996 Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Maurice G O'Sullivan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Joseph P Kerry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland.
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