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Fasting Protocols Do Not Improve Intestinal Architecture and Immune Parameters in C57BL/6 Male Mice Fed a High Fat Diet. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:medicines10020018. [PMID: 36827218 PMCID: PMC9961949 DOI: 10.3390/medicines10020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal ecosystem, including epithelium, immune cells, and microbiota, are influenced by diet and timing of food consumption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate various dietary protocols after ad libitum high fat diet (HFD) consumption on intestinal morphology and mucosal immunity. METHODS C57BL/6 male mice were fed a 45% high fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks and then randomized to the following protocols; (1) chow, (2) a purified high fiber diet known as the Daniel Fast (DF), HFD consumed (3) ad libitum or in a restricted manner; (4) caloric-restricted, (5) time-restricted (six hours of fasting in each 24 h), or (6) alternate-day fasting (24 h fasting every other day). Intestinal morphology and gut-associated immune parameters were investigated after 2 months on respective protocols. RESULTS Consuming a HFD resulted in shortening of the intestine and reduction in villi and crypt size. Fasting, while consuming the HFD, did not restore these parameters to the extent seen with the chow and DF diet. Goblet cell number and regulatory T cells had improved recovery with high fiber diets, not seen with the HFD irrespective of fasting. CONCLUSION Nutritional content is a critical determinant of intestinal parameters associated with gut health.
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Yawitz TA, Barts N, Kohl KD. Comparative digestive morphology and physiology of five species of Peromyscus under controlled environment and diet. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 271:111265. [PMID: 35760269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Digestive morphology and physiology differ across animal species, with many comparative studies uncovering relationships between animal ecology or diet, and the morphology and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. However, many of these studies compare wild-caught animals feeding on uncontrolled diets and compare broadly related taxa. Thus, few studies have disentangled the phenotypic consequences of genetics from those potentially caused by the environment, especially across closely related species that occupy similar ecological niches. Here, we examined differences in digestive morphology and physiology of five closely related species of Peromyscus mice that were captive bred under identical environmental conditions and identical diets for multiple generations. Using phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) of species means to control for body size, we identified a phylogenetic signal in the mass of the foregut and length of the small intestine across species. As proportions of total gut mass, we identified phylogenetic signals in relative foregut and small intestine masses, indicating that the sizes of these structures are more similar among closely related species. Finally, we detected differences in activities of the protease aminopeptidase-N enzyme across species. Overall, we demonstrate fine-scale differences in digestive morphology and physiology among closely related species. Our results suggest that Peromyscus could provide a system for future studies to explore the interplay between natural history, morphology, and physiology (e.g. ecomorphology and ecophysiology), and to investigate the genetic architecture that underlies gut anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tate A Yawitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Nick Barts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Wen JS, Xu QQ, Zhao WY, Hu CH, Zou XT, Dong XY. Effects of early weaning on intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, and cytokine status in domestic pigeon squabs (Columba livia). Poult Sci 2021; 101:101613. [PMID: 34936957 PMCID: PMC8703073 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of early weaning on growth performance, intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, and cytokine status in domestic pigeon squabs (Columba livia). The conclusion is based on body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG), length index and weight index of small intestine, small intestinal morphology, activity of digestive enzymes in duodenum content, the concentrations of jejunal antioxidant status and cytokines. A completely randomized design with 2 treatments, the control group (CON) and early weaning (EW) group, was utilized. Eight squabs per treatment were sampled at the age of 25 d. The results showed that early weaning reduced BW (P < 0.05), ADG (P < 0.05), ileac length index (P < 0.05), and weight index (P < 0.01). Compared with the CON group, small intestinal morphology was altered in the EW group. Ileac crypt depth (CD) increased significantly (P < 0.01). The villus area was decreased in the duodenum (P < 0.05), jejunum (P < 0.01), and ileum (P < 0.05). The ileac ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VCR) in the EW group was lower than the ileac ratio of villus height to VCR in the CON group (P < 0.01). The activity of trypsin (P < 0.05), sucrase (P < 0.01) and aminopeptidase-N (APN) (P < 0.01) in the duodenum was reduced. Jejunal malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.01) was increased and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) (P < 0.01) was reduced significantly. Early weaning decreased the concentrations of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (P < 0.01), interleukin-4 (IL-4) (P < 0.05) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) (P < 0.01) but induced significant upregulation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggested that early weaning did harm the BW and ADG, intestinal length index and weight index, intestinal morphology, activity of digestive enzymes, and antioxidant and cytokine status.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Q Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - W Y Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - C H Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - X T Zou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - X Y Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou J, Qin Y, Xiong X, Wang Z, Wang M, Wang Y, Wang QY, Yang HS, Yin Y. Effects of iron, vitamin A, and the interaction between the two nutrients on intestinal development and cell differentiation in piglets. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6360813. [PMID: 34467981 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of iron, vitamin A (VA) and their interaction on intestinal development and differentiation of cells in suckling piglets. Therefore, 32 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire 0-d-old newborn boars with similar body weights were randomly divided into four groups, with eight replicates in each group and one pig in each replicate. All the piglets were breastfed. In addition, the piglets were given normal saline (CON group) or ferrous sulfate (OAFe group) or VA (VA group) or ferrous sulfate and VA (OAFe + VA group) on the 2nd, 7th, 12th, and 17th day, respectively. The piglets were then slaughtered on the 21st day, and intestinal samples were collected. The results showed that: 1) iron (P < 0.001) significantly increased the length, weight, relative weight, and the length to weight ratio of the small intestine. On the other hand, VA had a significant effect on the weight to length ratio (P = 0.015) and relative weight (P < 0.001) of the small intestine; 2) with regard to intestinal morphology, supplementation with iron (P <0.05) had obvious effects on the villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), villus width (VW), and surface area. Additionally, both VA and interaction of VA and iron increased the VH (P < 0.05) and surface area (P = 0.001). The results also showed that iron (P < 0.01) increased the number of crypt goblet cells, Ki67-positive cells, and endocrine cells. Moreover, both VA and the interaction between VA and iron increased the number of endocrine cells in the villi (P = 0.05); 3) With regard to the mRNA expression levels of stem cell differentiation marker genes, iron (P < 0.05) decreased the expression of trophinin 2 (Trop2), leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 positive (Lgr5+), male-specific lethal 1(Msl1), BMI 1 proto-oncogene, polycomb ring finger (Bmi1), and achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 2 (Ascl2). On the other hand, VA increased the expression of Ascl2 (P = 0.001) although the interaction of VA and iron (P < 0.05) had an effect on the expression of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) and Bmi1. In addition, VA decreased the gene or mRNA expression of aconitase 1 (Aco1; P < 0.001), transferrin receptor (TFRC; P = 0.001), and solute carrier family 11 member 2 (DMT1; P = 0.003) in the Iron Reactive Element/Iron Regulatory Protein (IRE/IRP) signaling pathway although iron and the interaction of VA and iron had no effect on the genes' expression. The results therefore showed that VA, iron, and their interaction can promote intestinal development and epithelial cell differentiation in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaobin Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Min Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Yancan Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Qiye Y Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Huansheng S Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
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The growth performance, intestinal digestive and absorptive capabilities in piglets with different lengths of small intestines. Animal 2019; 14:1196-1203. [PMID: 31829913 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111900288x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The small intestine is an important digestive organ and plays a vital role in the life of a pig. We tested the hypothesis that the length of the small intestine is related to growth performance and intestinal functions of piglets. A total of 60 piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire), weaned at day 21, were fed an identical diet during a 28-day trial. At the end of the study, all piglets were sacrificed, dissected and grouped according to small intestine lengths (SILs), either short small intestine (SSI), middle small intestine (MSI) or long small intestine (LSI), respectively. Positive relationships between SIL and BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain-to-feed ratios (G : F) were observed. Final BW, ADG, ADFI and G : F significantly increased (P < 0.05) in MSI and LSI piglets compared with SSI piglets. Short small intestine and MSI had greater jejunal mucosa sucrase and alkaline phosphatase activities (P < 0.05) than LSI piglets. The mRNA level of solute carrier family 2 member 2 (Slc2a2) in the jejunal mucosa of SSI piglets was the greatest. The MSI piglets had a greater (P < 0.05) ileal villus height than other piglets and greater (P < 0.05) villus height-to-crypt depth ratios than LSI piglets. However, the LSI piglets had a greater (P < 0.05) ileal crypt depth than SSI piglets. No significant differences in duodenal, jejunal, caecal and colonic morphologies were detected among the groups. Moreover, luminal acetate, propionate, butyrate and total short-chain fatty acid contents were greater (P < 0.05) in SSI and MSI piglets than those in LSI piglets. In addition, there was greater serum glucose concentration in MSI piglets than other piglets. Serum albumin concentration in SSI piglets was the lowest. In conclusion, these results indicate that SIL was significantly positively associated with growth performance, and in terms of intestinal morphology and mucosal digestive enzyme activity, the piglets with a medium length of small intestine have better digestion and absorption properties.
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Moreira GCM, Salvian M, Boschiero C, Cesar ASM, Reecy JM, Godoy TF, Ledur MC, Garrick D, Mourão GB, Coutinho LL. Genome-wide association scan for QTL and their positional candidate genes associated with internal organ traits in chickens. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:669. [PMID: 31438838 PMCID: PMC6704653 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poultry breeding programs have been focused on improvement of growth and carcass traits, however, this has resulted in correlated changes in internal organ weights and increased incidence of metabolic disorders. These disorders can affect feed efficiency or even cause death. We used a high density SNP array (600 K, Affymetrix) to estimate genomic heritability, perform genome-wide association analysis, and identify genomic regions and positional candidate genes (PCGs) associated with internal organ traits in an F2 chicken population. We integrated knowledge of haplotype blocks, selection signature regions and sequencing data to refine the list of PCGs. RESULTS Estimated genomic heritability for internal organ traits in chickens ranged from low (LUNGWT, 0.06) to high (GIZZWT, 0.45). A total of 20 unique 1 Mb windows identified on GGA1, 2, 4, 7, 12, 15, 18, 19, 21, 27 and 28 were significantly associated with intestine length, and weights or percentages of liver, gizzard or lungs. Within these windows, 14 PCGs were identified based on their biological functions: TNFSF11, GTF2F2, SPERT, KCTD4, HTR2A, RB1, PCDH7, LCORL, LDB2, NR4A2, GPD2, PTPN11, ITGB4 and SLC6A4. From those genes, two were located within haplotype blocks and three overlapped with selection signature regions. A total of 13,748 annotated sequence SNPs were in the 14 PCGs, including 156 SNPs in coding regions (124 synonymous, 26 non-synonymous, and 6 splice variants). Seven deleterious SNPs were identified in TNFSF11, NR4A2 or ITGB4 genes. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study provide novel insights to understand the genetic architecture of internal organ traits in chickens. The QTL detection performed using a high density SNP array covered the whole genome allowing the discovery of novel QTL associated with organ traits. We identified PCGs within the QTL involved in biological processes that may regulate internal organ growth and development. Potential functional genetic variations were identified generating crucial information that, after validation, might be used in poultry breeding programs to reduce the occurrence of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayara Salvian
- University of São Paulo (USP), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Boschiero
- University of São Paulo (USP), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Mello Cesar
- University of São Paulo (USP), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - James M. Reecy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa USA
| | - Thaís Fernanda Godoy
- University of São Paulo (USP), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Dorian Garrick
- School of Agriculture, Massey University, Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Gerson Barreto Mourão
- University of São Paulo (USP), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz L. Coutinho
- University of São Paulo (USP), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ma M, Shen M, Qu L, Dou T, Guo J, Hu Y, Lu J, Li Y, Wang X, Wang K. Genome-wide association study for carcase traits in spent hens at 72 weeks old. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1507626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ma
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manman Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Qu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taocun Dou
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuping Hu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kehua Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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