1
|
Méndez MN, Swanepoel N, Robinson PH, Pons V, Jasinsky A, Adrien MDL, Chilibroste P. Behavior, Intake, Digestion and Milk Yield of Early Lactation Holstein Dairy Cows with Two Levels of Environmental Exposure and Feeding Strategy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1905. [PMID: 38998017 PMCID: PMC11240589 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Eighty-four autumn (ACS, n = 45)- and spring (SCS, n = 39)-calved multiparous early lactation Holstein cows were assigned to groups of either: (a) grazing + mixed ration (MR) during partial confinement in outdoor soil-bedded pens with shade (OD-GRZ); (b) grazing + MR during partial confinement in a compost-bedded pack barn with cooling (CB-GRZ); or (c) total confinement fed a totally mixed ration (CB-TMR) in a compost-bedded pack barn. Data were analyzed using the SAS MIXED procedure with significance at p ≤ 0.05. In both seasons, despite behavioral differences (p < 0.05) between the OD-GRZ and CB-GRZ groups (i.e., standing, first grazing meal length, bite rate), the milk and component yields, DM intake, microbial CP output (MCP) and NE efficiency were unaffected by the housing conditions, possibly due to mild weather conditions. The milk yield was substantially higher in the CB-TMR group versus the OD-TMR and CB-TMR groups (p < 0.01) in both ACS (~35%) and SCS (~20%) despite there being no intake differences, without any impact on milk component levels. In ACS, this was associated with a higher MCP, likely due to the higher nutritional value of TMR compared to pasture, which was not the case in SCS. In conclusion, the OD-GRZ group achieved the same milk production as the CB-GRZ group through behavior adaptation, under mild weather conditions, in both calving seasons. The CB-TMR group outperformed the grazing systems in both calving seasons, regardless of the MCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Noel Méndez
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Nadia Swanepoel
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter H. Robinson
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Victoria Pons
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Alejandra Jasinsky
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Maria de Lourdes Adrien
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Chilibroste
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Felini R, Cavallini D, Buonaiuto G, Bordin T. Assessing the impact of thermoregulatory mineral supplementation on thermal comfort in lactating Holstein cows. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 24:100363. [PMID: 38883423 PMCID: PMC11177189 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) occurs when animals are enable to effectively dissipate excessive body heat, potentially affecting their welfare and productivity. Several tools can be used to mitigate HS in dairy cows. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermoregulatory mineral supplementation on dairy cows' physiological response to HS and reproductive status. Thirty pluriparous Holstein dairy cows (2.8 ± 0.3 lactation), from a semi confinement production system (freestall barn), were enrolled in a 35 days duration experiment, and divided into two groups: 15 cows receiving a thermoregulatory mineral mixture containing calcium, sodium, chlorine, and potassium (200 g/day; TRT); and, 15 cows that did not receive any type of supplement (CON). Data on respiration rates (RR), rectal temperature (RT), milk yield, barn temperature, relative humidity, and temperature and humidity index (THI) were obtained on weekly evaluations (D7, D14, D21, D28, and D35). ANOVA and correlation analysis were used to compare variables between groups, and physiological and climate variables, regardless of group. Related to farm's protocols, on D0 and D35, all cows were submitted to US evaluation and categorized as inseminated, pregnant, and not pregnant, and this data analysed using Fisher's exact test. Cows in the TRT group had lower RT, compared to the CON group (38,8 °C and 39,0 °C, respectively; P = 0.0147), however both averages were within physiological range. As to physiological variables, stronger positive correlations were found between RR and RT with barn temperature and THI. In this study, the thermoregulatory mineral supplement did not significantly affect physiological responses to HS or reproductive status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Felini
- Curso de Agronomia, Faculdade CESURG Marau, Avenida Júlio Borella, 1968, Centro, CEP 99150-000, Marau, RS, Brasil
| | - Damiano Cavallini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Buonaiuto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiago Bordin
- Curso de Agronomia, Faculdade CESURG Marau, Avenida Júlio Borella, 1968, Centro, CEP 99150-000, Marau, RS, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Beale PK, Foley WJ, Moore BD, Marsh KJ. Warmer ambient temperatures reduce protein intake by a mammalian folivore. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220543. [PMID: 37839444 PMCID: PMC10577027 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between ambient temperature and nutrition in wild herbivores is frequently overlooked, despite the fundamental importance of food. We tested whether different ambient temperatures (10°C, 18°C and 26°C) influenced the intake of protein by a marsupial herbivore, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). At each temperature, possums were offered a choice of two foods containing different amounts of protein (57% versus 8%) for one week. Animals mixed a diet with a lower proportion of protein to non-protein (P : NP, 0.20) when held at 26°C compared to that at both 10°C and 18°C (0.22). Since detoxification of plant secondary metabolites imposes a protein cost on animals, we then studied whether addition of the monoterpene 1,8-cineole to the food changed the effect of ambient temperature (10°C and 26°C) on food choice. Cineole reduced food intake but also removed the effect of temperature on P : NP ratio and instead animals opted for a diet with higher P : NP (0.19 with cineole versus 0.15 without cineole). These experiments show the proportion of P : NP chosen by animals is influenced by ambient temperature and by plant secondary metabolites. Protein is critical for reproductive success in this species and reduced protein intake caused by high ambient temperatures may limit the viability of some populations in the future. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillipa K. Beale
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - William J. Foley
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ben D. Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Karen J. Marsh
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Varela AMG, de Lima Junior DM, de Araújo TLAC, de Souza Junior JBF, de Macedo Costa LL, Pereira MWF, Batista NV, de Lima Melo VL, de Oliveira Lima P. The effect of propolis extract on milk production and composition, serum biochemistry, and physiological parameters of heat-stressed dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:244. [PMID: 37340113 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether feeding propolis extract (PE) influences nutrient intake, milk production and composition, serum biochemistry, and physiological parameters of heat-stressed dairy cows. For this purpose, we used three primiparous Holstein cows with a lactation period of 94 ± 4 days and with 485 ± 13 kg body weight. The treatments were 0 mL/day, 32 mL/day, and 64 mL/day of PE randomly assigned in a 3x3 Latin square design, repeated over time. The experiment lasted a total of 102 days; each Latin square lasted 51 days divided into three 17-day periods (12 days for adaptation and five days for data collection). The PE supply did not influence (P > 0.05) the cows' intake of dry matter (18.96 kg/d), crude protein (2.83 kg/d), and neutral detergent-insoluble fiber (7.36 kg/d), but there was an increase in feeding time with the 64 ml/day PE supply (P < 0.05). Providing 64 ml/day of PE tended (P = 0.06) to increase milk production by 11.64% and improve gross feed efficiency of cows by 12.04%. The PE supply did not influence milk composition and blood parameters of cows (P > 0.05). Offering 32 mL/day of PE decreased (P < 0.05) the rectal temperature and respiratory rate of cows. We recommend a supply of 64 mL/day of PE for heat-stressed dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Michell Garcia Varela
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Dorgival Morais de Lima Junior
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, 59625-900, Brazil.
| | | | - João Batista Freire de Souza Junior
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- ThermoBio - Research Nucleus in Applied Animal Biometeorology, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lelis de Macedo Costa
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, 59625-900, Brazil
- ThermoBio - Research Nucleus in Applied Animal Biometeorology, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Nayane Valente Batista
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Vitor Lucas de Lima Melo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Oliveira Lima
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, 59625-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aditya S, Bahutala MB, Hibatullah DN, Pourazad P, Wahyono T, Qumar M, Penagos-Tabares F, Wulansari N. Evaluation of milk yield and composition, feed intake, chewing activities, and clinical variables in dairy cows under hot-humid climate of tropical zone. J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103608. [PMID: 37329840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Dairy cows increase heat loads when the temperature-humidity index (THI) value is elevated in the ambient environments. This condition often occurs in the tropical areas due to a higher THI rate throughout seasons. The major objective of the study was to investigate the different responses in milk yield and composition, chewing activities, and health parameters in dairy cows under the dry and wet seasons of tropical climate zone in Indonesia. Twenty mid-lactating Indonesian Holstein-Friesian cows (139.3 ± 24.63 DIM; 10 primiparous and 10 multiparous; 441 ± 21.5 kg BW) were randomly subjected to 2 groups, dairy cows under dry (n = 10) and wet season (n = 10). Both groups received the same diets throughout the experiment. To determine the heat stress condition, the THI values were recorded daily. Overall, a higher number of THI was more pronounced in wet season. A lower dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were observed in wet season group. A tendency towards higher milk protein contents was found in dairy cows under dry season compared to cows under wet season. The other milk compositions such as fat, lactose, and SNF remained unchanged in both dry and wet season groups. The comparison between both groups at several time points of eating and ruminating time revealed significantly higher in cows under dry season. Overall, a higher chewing per bolus was observed in cows under dry season than their counterparts. Furthermore, a tendential greater extent rectal temperature pointed in the wet season group compared to the dry season group relatively. Data suggest that a stronger heat stress condition in wet season was more pronounced compared to dry season, with adversely affecting stronger declined DMI, milk yield, and chewing activities of dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siska Aditya
- The National Agency for Research and Innovation of The Republic of Indonesia, B.J. Habibie Building, M.H. Thamrin Street No. 8, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Puncak Dieng Eksklusif, Kalisongo, Dau, Malang, East Java, 6514, Indonesia.
| | - Mohammad Bahutala Bahutala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Puncak Dieng Eksklusif, Kalisongo, Dau, Malang, East Java, 6514, Indonesia
| | - Dhimas Naufal Hibatullah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Puncak Dieng Eksklusif, Kalisongo, Dau, Malang, East Java, 6514, Indonesia
| | - Poulad Pourazad
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, Langwiesen 24, 4209, Engerwitzdorf, Austria
| | - Teguh Wahyono
- The National Agency for Research and Innovation of The Republic of Indonesia, B.J. Habibie Building, M.H. Thamrin Street No. 8, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Qumar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production & Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Unit of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria; Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria; FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Nawang Wulansari
- The Animal Teaching Hospital, Universitas Brawijaya, Puncak Dieng Eksklusif, Kalisongo, Dau, Malang, East Java, 6514, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meneses JAM, de Sá OAAL, Ramirez-Zamudio GD, Nascimento KB, Gionbelli TRS, Luz MH, Ladeira MM, Casagrande DR, Gionbelli MP. Heat stress promotes adaptive physiological responses and alters mrna expression of ruminal epithelium markers in Bos taurus indicus cattle fed low- or high-energy diets. J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103562. [PMID: 37344024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to evaluate the impact of temperature and energy status on the thermal indices, physiological parameters, and ruminal papilla mRNA expression levels of Zebu beef heifers (Bos taurus indicus). In this trial, we used six ruminal-cannulated Nellore females. The experimental design was a 6 × 6 Latin square, with six treatments and six periods. The research used a 2 × 2 + 2 factorial scheme. The arrangement comprised: two thermal conditions [thermoneutrality (TN; 21.6 °C) or heat stress (HS, 34 °C)]; two dietary energy levels (low or high-energy); and two additional treatments, with heifers exposed to the TN, but pair-fed with females exposed to HS (PFTN). For our purposes, body temperature, heart and respiratory rates were measured and the relative mRNA expression was quantified using the PCR-RT technique. Compared to TN or PFTN, the HS increased the body temperature measurements in the morning and evening (p ≤ 0.04). Heart rate was 22% greater for heifers under HS than for TN (p < 0.01) and 13% higher for those under HS than PFTN (p = 0.03) in the morning. Respiratory rates increased with HS exposure compared to TN or PFTN (p < 0.01). Heifers submitted to HS and fed low-energy diets had and tended to have lower caspase 3 (CASP3, p <i=></i> 0.001) and sodium-glucose cotransporter type 1 (SGLT1; p = 0.17) mRNA expressions, respectively. Heat-stressed heifers fed low-energy diets also increased the putative anion transporter (PAT1; p ≤ 0.01) mRNA expressions by 60%. Heifers under HS-fed high-energy diets had greater kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) 9 expressions (p = 0.02), while KLK10 (p = 0.11) tended to be up-regulated in heifers in TN-fed a low-energy diets. In conclusion, heat stress down-regulated the mRNA expression of rumen markers related to short-chain fatty acids transport and pH modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier A M Meneses
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil; Department of Medicine Veterinary and Animal Science, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (UDCA), Cartagena, Bolivar, 130001, Colombia.
| | - Olavo A A L de Sá
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil; De Heus industry, Rio Claro, SP, 13505-600, Brazil.
| | | | - Karolina B Nascimento
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil.
| | - Tathyane R S Gionbelli
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil.
| | - Matheus H Luz
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil.
| | - Márcio M Ladeira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniel R Casagrande
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil.
| | - Mateus P Gionbelli
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee D, Yoo D, Kim H, Seo J. Negative association between high temperature-humidity index and milk performance and quality in Korean dairy system: big data analysis. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:588-595. [PMID: 37332291 PMCID: PMC10271930 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of heat stress on milk traits in South Korea using comprehensive data (dairy production and climate). The dataset for this study comprised 1,498,232 test-day records for milk yield, fat- and protein-corrected milk, fat yield, protein yield, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and somatic cell score (SCS) from 215,276 Holstein cows (primiparous: n = 122,087; multiparous: n = 93,189) in 2,419 South Korean dairy herds. Data were collected from July 2017 to April 2020 through the Dairy Cattle Improvement Program, and merged with meteorological data from 600 automatic weather stations through the Korea Meteorological Administration. The segmented regression model was used to estimate the effects of the temperature-humidity index (THI) on milk traits and elucidate the break point (BP) of the THI. To acquire the least-squares mean of milk traits, the generalized linear model was applied using fixed effects (region, calving year, calving month, parity, days in milk, and THI). For all parameters, the BP of THI was observed; in particular, milk production parameters dramatically decreased after a specific BP of THI (p < 0.05). In contrast, MUN and SCS drastically increased when THI exceeded BP in all cows (p < 0.05) and primiparous cows (p < 0.05), respectively. Dairy cows in South Korea exhibited negative effects on milk traits (decrease in milk performance, increase in MUN, and SCS) when the THI exceeded 70; therefore, detailed feeding management is required to prevent heat stress in dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongseok Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Daekyum Yoo
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jakyeom Seo
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Idris M, Gay CC, Woods IG, Sullivan M, Gaughan JB, Phillips CJC. Automated Quantification of the Behaviour of Beef Cattle Exposed to Heat Load Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061125. [PMID: 36978665 PMCID: PMC10044595 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle change their behaviour in response to hot temperatures, including by engaging in stepping that indicates agitation. The automated recording of these responses would be helpful in the timely diagnosis of animals experiencing heat loading. Behavioural responses of beef cattle to hot environmental conditions were studied to investigate whether it was possible to assess behavioural responses by video-digitised image analysis. Open-source automated behavioural quantification software was used to record pixel changes in 13 beef cattle videorecorded in a climate-controlled chamber during exposure to a simulated typical heat event in Queensland, Australia. Increased digitised movement was observed during the heat event, which was related to stepping and grooming/scratching activities in standing animals. The 13 cattle were exposed in two cohorts, in which the first group of cattle (n = 6) was fed a standard finisher diet based on a high percentage of cereal grains, and the second group of cattle (n = 7) received a substituted diet in which 8% of the grains were replaced by lucerne hay. The second group displayed a smaller increase in digitised movements on exposure to heat than the first, suggesting less discomfort under hot conditions. The results suggest that cattle exposed to heat display increased movement that can be detected automatically by video digitisation software, and that replacing some cereal grain with forage in the diet of feedlot cattle may reduce the measured activity responses to the heat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Musadiq Idris
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan
| | - Caitlin C Gay
- School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Ian G Woods
- Department of Biology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Megan Sullivan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - John B Gaughan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Clive J C Phillips
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwalki 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Napolitano F, Bragaglio A, Braghieri A, El-Aziz AHA, Titto CG, Villanueva-García D, Mora-Medina P, Pereira AMF, Hernández-Avalos I, José-Pérez N, Casas-Alvarado A, Lezama-García K, Domínguez-Oliva A, Rodríguez-González D, Bertoni A, Mota-Rojas D. The effect of birth weight and time of day on the thermal response of newborn water buffalo calves. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1084092. [PMID: 36925607 PMCID: PMC10011160 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1084092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the 1st days of life, water buffalo calves, especially those with low birth weight, are susceptible to hypothermic mortality due to scarce energy reserves provided by fats. This means that monitoring the thermal state of newborns is essential. The objectives of the present study were to apply infrared thermography (IRT) in 109 buffalo calves to detect differences in the surface temperatures of six thermal windows -lacrimal gland, lacrimal caruncle, periocular region, nostrils, ear canal, pelvic limbs-, and determine their association to birth weight during the first 6 days of life. The calves were divided into four categories according to their weight (Q1, 37.8-41.25 kg; Q2, 41.3-46.3 kg; Q3, 46.4-56.3 kg; Q4, 56.4-60.3 kg). The thermographic images were recorded in the morning and afternoon. Results showed that the animals in Q4 registered the highest temperatures in all the thermal windows, and that these were higher in the afternoon (p < 0.0001). When considering the thermal windows, those located in the facial region recorded the highest temperatures; in contrast, the temperatures at the pelvic limbs remained below the average values of the other windows (33.41 and 33.76°C in the morning and afternoon, respectively). According to these results, the birth weight of water buffaloes is a factor that alters their thermoregulation during the 1st days of life, a condition that can be partially compensated by colostrum intake to promote development of an efficient thermoregulatory mechanism in water buffalo calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Napolitano
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Bragaglio
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi Dell'Economia Agraria (CREA), Research Centre for Engineering and Food Processing, Treviglio, Italy
| | - Ada Braghieri
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Ayman H Abd El-Aziz
- Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Cristiane Gonçalves Titto
- Laboratório de Biometeorologia e Etologia, FZEA-USP, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán, Mexico
| | - Alfredo M F Pereira
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ismael Hernández-Avalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán, Mexico
| | - Nancy José-Pérez
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karina Lezama-García
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Rodríguez-González
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aldo Bertoni
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Son AR, Kim SH, Islam M, Oh SJ, Paik MJ, Lee SS, Lee SS. Higher Concentration of Dietary Selenium, Zinc, and Copper Complex Reduces Heat Stress-Associated Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Alteration in the Blood of Holstein and Jersey Steers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223104. [PMID: 36428332 PMCID: PMC9686896 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of high concentrations of dietary minerals on reducing heat stress (HS)-associated oxidative stress and metabolic alterations in the blood of Holstein and Jersey steers. Holstein steers and Jersey steers were separately maintained under a 3 × 3 Latin square design during the summer conditions. For each trial, the treatments included Control (Con; fed basal TMR without additional mineral supplementation), NM (NRC recommended mineral supplementation group; [basal TMR + (Se 0.1 ppm + Zn 30 ppm + Cu 10 ppm) as DM basis]), and HM (higher than NRC recommended mineral supplementation group; [basal TMR + (Se 3.5 ppm + Zn 350 ppm + Cu 28 ppm) as DM basis]). Blood samples were collected at the end of each 20-day feeding trial. In both breeds, a higher superoxide dismutase concentration (U/mL) along with lower HSP27 (μg/L) and HSP70 (μg/L) concentrations were observed in both mineral-supplemented groups compared to the Con group (p < 0.05). The HM group had significantly higher lactic acid levels in Jersey steers (p < 0.05), and tended to have higher alanine levels in Holstein steers (p = 0.051). Based on star pattern recognition analysis, the levels of succinic acid, malic acid, γ-linolenic acid, 13-methyltetradecanoic acid, and tyrosine decreased, whereas palmitoleic acid increased with increasing mineral concentrations in both breeds. Different treatment groups of both breeds were separated according to the VIP scores of the top 15 metabolites through PLS−DA analysis; however, their metabolic trend was mostly associated with the glucose homeostasis. Overall, the results suggested that supplementation with a higher-than-recommended concentration of dietary minerals rich in organic Se, as was the case in the HM group, would help to prevent HS-associated oxidative stress and metabolic alterations in Holstein and Jersey steers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-Rang Son
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Seon-Ho Kim
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Mahfuzul Islam
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Song-Jin Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Man-Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Sung-Sill Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science and University-Centered Laboratory, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Sang-Suk Lee
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +82-61-750-3237
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
How Geography and Climate Shaped the Genomic Diversity of Italian Local Cattle and Sheep Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172198. [PMID: 36077919 PMCID: PMC9454691 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this paper, we study the inter-relationships among geography, climate, and genetics in Italian local cattle and sheep breeds. In terms of genetic diversity, geography (latitude and longitude) appears to play a larger role in sheep (26.4%) than that in cattle (13.8%). Once geography is accounted for, 10.1% of cattle genomic diversity and 13.3% of that of sheep are attributable to climatic effects. Stronger geographic effects in sheep can be related to a combination of higher predomestication genetic variability together with biological and productive specializations. The climate alone seems to have had less impact on the current genetic diversity in both species even if climate and geography are greatly confounded. Results confirm that both species are the result of complex evolutionary histories triggered by interactions between human needs and environmental conditions. Abstract Understanding the relationships among geography, climate, and genetics is increasingly important for animal farming and breeding. In this study, we examine these inter-relationships in the context of local cattle and sheep breeds distributed along the Italian territory. To this aim, we used redundancy analysis on genomic data from previous projects combined with geographical coordinates and corresponding climatic data. The effect of geographic factors (latitude and longitude) was more important in sheep (26.4%) than that in cattle (13.8%). Once geography had been partialled out of analysis, 10.1% of cattle genomic diversity and 13.3% of that of sheep could be ascribed to climatic effects. Stronger geographic effects in sheep can be related to a combination of higher pre-domestication genetic variability together with biological and productive specificities. Climate alone seems to have had less impact on current genetic diversity in both species, even if climate and geography are greatly confounded. Results confirm that both species are the result of complex evolutionary histories triggered by interactions between human needs and environmental conditions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Effects of Heat Stress in Dairy Cows Offered Diets Containing Either Wheat or Corn Grain during Late Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162031. [PMID: 36009623 PMCID: PMC9404427 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A common nutritional strategy to reduce heat stress on dairy cows is to provide a more slowly degradable starch source that reduces the amount of heat generated during digestion. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the responses of late lactation dairy cows to cereal grain-based diets in a short-term heat challenge. Cows were offered a diet of alfalfa hay supplemented with either wheat grain (fast rumen degradable) or corn grain (slow rumen degradable). Individual cow measurements of feed intake, milk yield and composition, respiration rate, and body temperature were taken daily before, during and after a 4-day heat challenge, during which the cows were in individual controlled-climate chambers and exposed to air temperature up to 33 °C with 50% relative humidity. While exposed to the heat challenge during late lactation, cows that were offered corn grain had greater feed intake and tended to produce more energy-corrected milk but had lower respiration rates and similar body temperature to the cows offered wheat grain. The economic impact of feeding corn in place of wheat grain needs to be assessed before any comparative value of feeding corn grain or wheat grain can be determined. Abstract Cereal grains that differ in the rate and extent of ruminal fermentation differ in heat increment and may be used to improve thermoregulation during heat stress. This experiment investigated the responses of dairy cows in late lactation to a heat challenge when offered wheat-grain or corn-grain. Eighteen lactating cows, 220 ± 94 (mean ± standard deviation) days in milk, 3.7 ± 0.17 years of age and 558 ± 37 kg bodyweight, were allocated treatments containing 6 kg dry matter (DM)/day of wheat grain or 6 kg DM/day corn grain (9 per treatment) plus 14 kg DM/day of alfalfa hay. Measurements were made during a 7-day pre-challenge period at ambient conditions in individual stalls, during a 4-day heat challenge (temperature humidity index of 74 to 84) in individual controlled-climate chambers, then during a 7-day recovery period at ambient conditions in individual stalls. During the heat challenge, cows offered corn had lower respiration rates (p = 0.017) and greater feed intake (p = 0.021) but energy-corrected milk (p = 0.097) was not different to that of cows offered wheat. Feeding corn grain to dairy cows during a heat challenge reduced some of the negative impacts of heat stress, enabling the cows to consume more forage compared with supplementing with wheat grain.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ceconi I, Pighin DG, Davies P, Cunzolo SA, Pazos A, Grigioni G. Dietary inclusion of ruminally protected linseed oil as a means to mitigate heat and slaughter-induced stress in feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6542080. [PMID: 35240690 PMCID: PMC9030236 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence of a relationship between increased energy intake and the development of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance (IR), and between the aforementioned metabolic state and impaired tolerance to heat stress. Based on the anti-inflammatory properties and mitigating effects on IR and stress of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), an experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation to feedlot-finished steers during summer on animal performance, physiological and biochemical variables associated with glucose metabolism, heat and preslaughter-induced stress, and meat quality. A total of 48 Angus steers (388 ± 2 kg) were fed one of three corn-based finishing diets containing (dry matter basis) 0% added oil (CON; negative control), or 1.90% of sunflower oil-calcium salt (SUN; positive control), or 1.92% of linseed oil-calcium salt (LIN). There was a trend (P = 0.08) for greater dry matter intake (DMI) and greater (P = 0.02) average daily gain (ADG) in LIN-fed animals compared with the average between those that received the CON or SUN diets, whereas no differences (P ≥ 0.34) were observed between the latter. No other performance, physiological, or carcass variables were affected (P ≥ 0.12) by treatment. Blood glucose and insulin were similar (P ≥ 0.14), though the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) which gauges IR tended (P = 0.06) to be reduced for LIN-fed animals compared with the average between those that received the CON or SUN diets. Blood insulin and HOMA increased linearly (P ≤ 0.01) with days on feed. An interaction between the study phase (feeding period or slaughter) and treatment was observed (P ≤ 0.05) for glucose and cortisol. While the magnitude of glucose increase (P < 0.01) from the end of the feeding period to slaughter was greater for CON- and SUN-fed animals compared with LIN-fed ones, cortisol increased (P < 0.05) only in animals that received CON or SUN diets. Meat quality attributes were not affected (P ≥ 0.16) by treatment. The concentration of n-3 PUFA was greater (P < 0.01) and n-6:n-3 ratio was lesser (P < 0.01) in meat from LIN-fed animals compared with that resulting from the average between the animals that received the negative (CON) or positive (SUN) control diets. Results suggest that n-3 PUFA supplementation mitigated metabolic alterations associated with IR and preslaughter-related stress. It may have also improved tolerance to heat, resulting in greater DMI and ADG of steers fed a high-energy diet during summer. Results also indicate that glucose metabolism and heat stress tolerance worsen with time when feeding concentrate-based diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ceconi
- Department of Animal Production, Experimental Station of General Villegas, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), General Villegas, Buenos Aires B6230DCB, Argentina
| | - Dario G Pighin
- Food Technology Institute – Institute of Science and Technology of Sustainable Food Systems, UEDD INTA CONICET, Castelar, Buenos Aires B1708WAB, Argentina,Agronomy Faculty, University of Morón, Morón, Buenos Aires B1708JPD, Argentina,Corresponding author:
| | - Patricio Davies
- Department of Animal Production, Experimental Station of General Villegas, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), General Villegas, Buenos Aires B6230DCB, Argentina
| | - Sebastián A Cunzolo
- Food Technology Institute – Institute of Science and Technology of Sustainable Food Systems, UEDD INTA CONICET, Castelar, Buenos Aires B1708WAB, Argentina,Agronomy Faculty, University of Morón, Morón, Buenos Aires B1708JPD, Argentina
| | - Adriana Pazos
- Food Technology Institute – Institute of Science and Technology of Sustainable Food Systems, UEDD INTA CONICET, Castelar, Buenos Aires B1708WAB, Argentina,Agronomy Faculty, University of Morón, Morón, Buenos Aires B1708JPD, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Grigioni
- Food Technology Institute – Institute of Science and Technology of Sustainable Food Systems, UEDD INTA CONICET, Castelar, Buenos Aires B1708WAB, Argentina,Agronomy Faculty, University of Morón, Morón, Buenos Aires B1708JPD, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thornton P, Nelson G, Mayberry D, Herrero M. Impacts of heat stress on global cattle production during the 21st century: a modelling study. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e192-e201. [PMID: 35278386 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat stress in animals is one of the major climate change impacts on domesticated livestock raised in both intensive and extensive production systems. At temperatures higher than an animal's thermoneutral zone, heat stress can affect liveweight gain, milk yield, and fertility. Animal welfare may also be negatively affected by heat stress even in the absence of effects on productivity, at least in the short term. METHODS We estimated the comparative statics change in the value of cattle milk and meat production from heat stress-induced losses at the global level, using climate scenario outputs for the middle (2045) and end of the century (2085). The loss estimates are based on bioenergetic equations that relate changes in dry matter intake (DMI) to both cold and hot, humid weather. DMI changes were estimated using CMIP6 climate data and linked to a global dataset containing information on livestock production systems, animal numbers, and region-specific and system-specific animal diets. Changes in DMI were converted to changes in milk and meat production and valued using early 20th century world prices (ie, constant 2005 US dollars). FINDINGS For a high greenhouse-gas emission scenario (SSP5-8.5), production losses from heat stress were estimated to amount to $39·94 billion (95% CI 34·39-45·49 billion) per year by the end of the century, or 9·8% of the value of production of meat and milk from cattle in 2005. For a low emission scenario (SSP1-2.6), the value of production losses was $14·89 billion (12·62-16·95 billion) per year, or 3·7% of 2005 value. In both scenarios, losses in most tropical regions were projected to be far greater than they were in temperate regions. INTERPRETATION Our results highlight the potential magnitude and extent of the adaptation efforts that will be necessary to combat the effects of increasing heat stress on cattle production during this century if food security challenges are to be minimised. Adaptations include switching to more heat-tolerant breeds and provision of shade, ventilation, and cooling systems. FUNDING CGIAR Trust Fund and bilateral donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Thornton
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | - Dianne Mayberry
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mario Herrero
- Department of Global Development, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences & Cornell Atkinson Centre for Sustainability, Cornell University, Warren Hall, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Burhans W, Rossiter Burhans C, Baumgard L. Invited review: Lethal heat stress: The putative pathophysiology of a deadly disorder in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3716-3735. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
16
|
Amini A, Pirmohammadi R, Khalilvandi-Behroozyar H, Mazaheri-Khameneh R. Effects of heat stress on in vivo and in vitro ruminal metabolism in fat-tailed ewes. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an20625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
17
|
Meneses JAM, de Sá OAAL, Coelho CF, Pereira RN, Batista ED, Ladeira MM, Casagrande DR, Gionbelli MP. Effect of heat stress on ingestive, digestive, ruminal and physiological parameters of Nellore cattle feeding low- or high-energy diets. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
18
|
SINGH SV, SOMAGOND YALLAPPAM, DESHPANDE ADITYA. Nutritional management of dairy animals for sustained production under heat stress scenario. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v91i5.115381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dairy industry plays a significant role in the agriculture sector for sustainable growth. Heat stress, on the other hand, has been proven to have a detrimental impact on dairy output in terms of growth, reproductive performance and milk production in dairy animals, especially in tropical areas. Heat stress is one of the most significant issues facing the dairy industry, as rising temperatures and humidity limit animal productivity throughout the summer, resulting in devastating economic repercussions. The purpose of this review is to gather knowledge on the effects of heat stress on dairy output and how to ameliorate them. The diversion of energy resources from the production to the adaptation pathway may be responsible for the loss in productive capacity of dairy animals, when they are exposed to heat stress. There are different approaches pertaining to relieving the adverse effects of heat stress on dairy production system. These approaches may be classified into three major categories viz. genetic, management and nutritional interventions. These approaches might help dairy animals to perform better by reducing the harmful impacts of heat stress. Appropriate shelter design, giving shade, employing sprinklers, installing cooling devices, and using fans and ventilation systems are among the management strategies. The nutritional interventions comprise ration balancing and providing essential micronutrients to improve the productive and reproductive performance. Some of the most widely used dietary measures to ensure optimal production are inclusion of protein or fat (prill fat), micronutrients antioxidants (vitamins and minerals) and some feed additives (Astaxanthin, betaine, melatonin, Chlorophytum borivilianum) in the diet. These antioxidants and feed additives can be used to attenuate the negative effects of environmental stress. Furthermore, providing adequate energy and antioxidants help to ensure optimum growth, milk production and reproduction efficiency during heat stress. This review provides an overview of the consequences of heat stress on dairy animals, emphasizes essential nutritional strategies for heat stress reduction in dairy animals, and evaluates the influence of various feed supplements on growth, productivity and physiology.
Collapse
|
19
|
Alvear DC, Guerrero JD, Bonifaz NF, Noriega PF. Calidad composicional y concentración de ácidos grasos omega-3 (alfa-linolénico) y omega-6 (linoleico) presentes en leche bovina de tres regiones naturales del Ecuador. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v68n2.98027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
La leche de vaca es un componente importante en la dieta humana y uno de sus aportes nutricionales es la fracción lipídica formada por diversos ácidos grasos, entre ellos, el ácido linoleico (AL) de familia omega-6 y el ácido alfa-linolénico (AAL) de familia omega-3, ambos constituyentes estructurales de membranas de tejidos celulares y reguladores metabólicos. Por su importancia, el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la concentración de ácidos grasos omega-3 (alfa-linolénico) y omega-6 (linoleico) mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS), en relación con la influencia de los factores región (Costa, Sierra y Amazonía) y época (lluviosa y seca) sobre la concentración de dichos ácidos. Se trabajó con 30 centros de acopio y se recolectó según el protocolo LCL-INS-01. El análisis composicional se realizó bajo el método ISO 9622-IDF 141/2013 /LCL-PE-01 y el análisis del perfil lipídico mediante GC-MS. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron concentraciones (%) promedio de 2,72 y 0,06 para AL y AAL, respectivamente, en el perfil lipídico. En cuanto al factor región, Costa presentó 2,07%, Sierra 3,03% y Amazonía 3,06%, por lo que se evidenció alta diferencia significativa (p ≤ 0,01) para el AL, mientras que el AAL no mostró variación. En el factor época, el AL presentó 2,63% en época seca y 3,03% en época lluviosa, y el AAL 0,14 y 0,06%, respectivamente. Los resultados permitieron concluir que el factor región influye en la concentración del AL, pero no en el AAL, y el factor época no es influyente en la concentración del AL ni en la del AAL.
Collapse
|
20
|
Siddiqui SH, Kang D, Park J, Khan M, Belal SA, Shin D, Shim K. Altered relationship between gluconeogenesis and immunity in broilers exposed to heat stress for different durations. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101274. [PMID: 34237551 PMCID: PMC8267598 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the relationship between inflammation and gluconeogenesis level in broilers in different durations of heat stress. A total of 240 Ross 308 broilers were offered control and heat stress temperature from 21 to 35 d post-hatch, each experimental group had 8 replications, and each replication obtained 15 broilers. The temperature in the control (Ctrl) group and heat stress group were maintained at 24 ± 1°C and 34 ± 1°C, respectively throughout the experimental period. Based on the duration of heat stress, the heat stress group was divided into 2 subgroups, like, 7-d heat stress (28-day-old broiler) designated ST group and 14-d heat stress (35-day-old broiler) designated the LT group. The ad libitum commercial feed and fresh water were provided to all experimental broilers during the experiment. The growth performance of experimental broilers was calculated at 35 d. However, the liver and blood samples were collected from the Ctrl group in 21 d, as well as these samples were collected from the heat stress ST and LT groups in 28-d and 35-d, respectively. Obvious gene expression of immunity, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glycogenesis, as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphate was determined in the liver sample. The blood glucose concentration and histopathology of the liver was also examined in the different grouped broilers. Body weight, weight gain, and feed intake significantly decreased in the 35-d heat stress group than the Ctrl group. However, the feed conversion ratio increased at the 35-d heat stress group than the Ctrl group. The amount of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly higher in ST and LT groups than Ctrl, whereas the blood glucose level was downregulated in the LT group. The amount of adenosine triphosphate was significantly decreased in the LT group than the Ctrl and ST groups. Heat stress acts as an impediment to the general relation between gluconeogenesis and immunity, as well as changes cellular structure. This experiment contributed to the establishment of a relationship between gluconeogenesis and immunity, which affects the growth performance of broilers during heat stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Hasan Siddiqui
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Darae Kang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinryong Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mousumee Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shah Ahmed Belal
- Department of Poultry Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Donghyun Shin
- The Animal Molecular Genetics & Breeding Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanseob Shim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Al-Badwi MA, Samara EM, Abdoun KA, Al-Haidary AA. Using chrono-physiological management in form of shifting the feeding time has no advantage in goat kids exposed to experimentally induced heat stress. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:297. [PMID: 33928449 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the proven outcomes of implementing chrono-physiological management (CPM) in several animals to promote their production performance, studies on its usefulness in goats are lacking. Twelve healthy Aardi male goat kids (22.60±1.10kg body weight; 6 months of age) were randomly allocated into two groups (morning-fed at 09:00 h and evening-fed at 21:00 h). The physiological and productive advantage of CPM (in form of shifting feeding time) was investigated in both groups while exposed to experimentally induced heat stress for 42 days (daily ambient temperature was cycling from 25 to 45°C). Thermophysiological (rectal, skin, and coat temperatures as well as respiratory rate), blood biochemical (plasma level of albumin, glucose, triacylglycerol, and urea), and production performance (daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio) measurements were all obtained throughout this period. Current findings collectively revealed that shifting feeding time from 09:00 to 21:00 h had no (P > 0.05) impact on the thermophysiological status and blood metabolites of heat stressed kids. Above all, evidences have indicated that shifting feeding time had failed (P > 0.05) to demonstrate any consequence on promoting growth in these kids, thereby suggesting that shifting feeding time under hot climatic conditions has no advantage in goats. In fact, implementation of such an approach might not to be encouraged for heat-adapted animals. Experiments using other CPM methods (such as simultaneous shift of both feeding time and lighting program) can be however of further interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Al-Badwi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Animal Production, Ibb University, P.O. Box 70270, Ibb, Yemen.
| | - Emad M Samara
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Abdoun
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Haidary
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tosto MSL, Santos SA, Filho RDCP, Rodrigues TCGDC, Nicory IMC, de Carvalho GGP, Bittencourt RF, Ayres MCC, Pereira TCDJ. Metabolic and behavior changings during the transition period as predictors of calving proximity and welfare of dairy goats. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 11:100168. [PMID: 33598586 PMCID: PMC7868806 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This Research aimed to evaluate the metabolic status and behavior changes during the transition period in dairy goats from three breeds, under tropical conditions. Thirty multiparous female goats were kept in pens, distributed randomly by breeds. Infrared cameras were fitted in the pens to monitor the animals, and its activities were recorded. Goats displayed varied idle, standing, walking, and feeding behaviors at kidding day (P < 0.10) when compared with the days after and before. Agnostic interactions prevailed between 3.33 and 7.98% of the time on the day of kidding. There was a day effect for the exploratory activities (P < 0.10), where the most exploratory activities were observed on the day of kidding. The milk production and fat content differed according to breed and lactation week. Collective pens for lactating goats, kept in a tropical environment, do not compromise the social behavior and welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Silva Libânio Tosto
- Corresponding author. Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Adhemar de Barros Avenue, 500, Ondina, Zipcode 40170-110, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Heydari M, Ghorbani GR, Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi A, Rafiee H, Ahamdi F, Saeidy H. Beet pulp substituted for corn silage and barley grain in diets fed to dairy cows in the summer months: feed intake, total-tract digestibility, and milk production. Animal 2020; 15:100063. [PMID: 33516039 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The responses of dairy cows to the substitution of beet pulp (BP) for grain or forage are not consistent, and heat stress may affect the response of dairy cows to this substitution. The effects of substituted BP for corn silage and barley grain on feed intake, performance, and ruminal parameters were evaluated using eight multiparous Holstein cows in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-day periods. Cows were in mid-lactation (45.4 ± 3.6 kg/day milk production and 116 ± 10 days in milk) with an average BW of 664 ± 41.2 kg. Dietary treatments were as follows: 1) 0% BP (0BP, control, 38.5% barley grain, and 20.3% corn silage); 2) 12% BP (12BP, 32.5% barley grain, and 14.3% corn silage); 3) 18% BP (18BP, 29.5% barley grain, and 11.3% corn silage); and 4) 24% BP (24BP, 26.5% barley grain, and 8.3% corn silage). Cows were under mild heat stress and the average temperature-humidity index was 70.5; increasing BP caused a linear decrease in respiration rate (P < 0.01). Higher BP in the diet caused a linear increase in DM intake (P = 0.01) and NDF digestibility (P = 0.03). Dry and organic matter (OM) digestibilities tended to increase linearly with higher BP (P < 0.10). Milk yield, energy-corrected milk, protein, lactose, and fat production and content were not affected by the treatments. Increasing BP in the diet caused a linear decrease in feed efficiency and rumen ammonia (P < 0.05) and a tendency to a linear decrease in milk urea nitrogen (P < 0.10). Rumen pH and acetate to propionate ratio were not affected by the replacement. Total volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen increased linearly with increasing the BP inclusion (P = 0.04). Acetate and butyrate (P = 0.07) proportion tended to increase, whereas propionate (P = 0.06) and isovalerate (P = 0.08) proportion tended to decrease linearly as BP was substituted for corn silage and barley grain. The results indicated that under mild heat stress condition, BP can be successfully substituted for barley grain and corn silage up to 24% of the diet without any negative effect on production and ruminal pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Heydari
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - G R Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - A Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - H Rafiee
- Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Areeo, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - F Ahamdi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - H Saeidy
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chauhan SS, Dunshea FR, Plozza TE, Hopkins DL, Ponnampalam EN. The Impact of Antioxidant Supplementation and Heat Stress on Carcass Characteristics, Muscle Nutritional Profile and Functionality of Lamb Meat. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1286. [PMID: 32731563 PMCID: PMC7460097 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of antioxidant supplementation and short-term heat stress on lamb body weight gain, meat nutritional profile and functionality (storage stability of lipids and colour) of lamb meat was investigated. A total of 48 crossbred ((Merino × Border Leicester) × Dorset) lambs (42 ± 2 kg body weight, 7 mo age) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments (n = 16) by liveweight (LW) that differed in dosage of vitamin E and selenium (Se) in the diet. Vitamin E and Se levels in the control (CON), moderate (MOD) and supranutritional (SUP) dietary treatments were 28, 130 and 228 mg/kg DM as α-tocopherol acetate and 0.16, 0.66 and 1.16 mg Se as SelPlex™/kg DM, respectively. After four weeks of feeding in individual pens, including one week of adaptation, lambs were exposed to two heat treatments. Animals were moved to metabolism cages for one week and subjected to heat treatments: thermoneutral (TN; 18-21 °C and 40-50% relative humidity) and heat stress (HS; 28-40 °C and 30-40% relative humidity) conditions, respectively. Final LW and hot carcass weight were influenced by dietary treatments with higher final live weight (FLW) (p = 0.05; 46.8 vs. 44.4 and 43.8 kg, respectively) and hot carcass weight (HCW) (p = 0.01; 22.5 vs. 21.3 and 21.0 kg, respectively) recorded in lambs fed the SUP as opposed to the CON and MOD diets. Vitamin E concentration in the longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle tended to be higher in lambs fed MOD or SUP diets than the CON group. Lipid oxidation of aged meat at 72 h of simulated retail display was reduced by antioxidant supplementation. Short-term (one week) heat stress treatment significantly increased muscle linoleic acid and total omega-6 concentrations compared with the CON group. The results demonstrate that four-week antioxidant supplementation at the SUP level improved animal productivity by increasing LW and carcass weight and the functionality of meat exhibited by reduced lipid oxidation. An increase in muscle omega-6 fatty acid concentration from short-term heat stress may induce oxidative stress via proinflammatory action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surinder S. Chauhan
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (S.S.C.); (F.R.D.)
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (S.S.C.); (F.R.D.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Tim E. Plozza
- Chemistry, Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Macleod, VIC 3085, Australia;
| | - David L. Hopkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development, P.O. Box 129, Cowra, NSW 2794, Australia;
| | - Eric N. Ponnampalam
- Animal Production Sciences, Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Al-Qaisi M, Horst EA, Kvidera SK, McCarthy CS, Mayorga EJ, Abeyta MA, Goetz B, Upah NC, McKilligan DM, Kolstad BW, Timms LL, Baumgard LH. Effects of dietary electrolytes, osmolytes, and energetic compounds on body temperature indices in heat-stressed lactating cows. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:42-48. [PMID: 32480187 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to determine the effects of a product containing electrolytes, osmolytes, and energetic compounds (EOEC) on body temperature indices in heat-stressed (HS) Holstein cows. Lactating cows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) a control diet (n = 10) or 2) a control diet supplemented with 113 g/d of EOEC (n = 10; Bovine BlueLite® Pellets; TechMix LLC, Stewart, MN). The trial consisted of 2 experimental periods (P). During P1 (4 d), cows were fed their respective treatments and housed in thermoneutral conditions. During P2 (4 d), HS was artificially induced using an electric heat blanket (EHB). Overall, HS markedly increased vaginal temperature (Tv), rectal temperature (Tr), skin temperature (Ts), and respiration rate (RR) (P < .01). There were no dietary treatment differences in Tv, Tr, or RR; however, during P2 EOEC-supplemented cows had increased Ts (0.8 °C; P = .04). Compared to P1, HS decreased DMI and milk yield (45 and 27%, respectively, P < .01) similarly amongst treatments. Relative to P1, circulating insulin decreased (41%; P = .04) in CON cows, whereas it remained unaffected in EOEC-supplemented cows, resulting in a 2-fold increase in EOEC compared with CON-fed cows (P < .01) during P2. Relative to P1, HS increased circulating non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA; 63%; P < .01). During P2, there tended to be a treatment by day interaction on circulating NEFA, as concentrations decreased from d 2 to 4 of P2 in EOEC-fed cows but continued to increase in CON cows. In summary, feeding EOEC altered some key aspects of energetic metabolism and increased Ts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohmmad Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Department of Animal Production, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Erin A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sara K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Megan A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brady Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Leo L Timms
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Osei-Amponsah R, Dunshea FR, Leury BJ, Cheng L, Cullen B, Joy A, Abhijith A, Zhang MH, Chauhan SS. Heat Stress Impacts on Lactating Cows Grazing Australian Summer Pastures on an Automatic Robotic Dairy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E869. [PMID: 32429603 PMCID: PMC7278445 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to measure the impacts of summer heat events on physiological parameters (body temperature, respiratory rate and panting scores), grazing behaviour and production parameters of lactating Holstein Friesian cows managed on an Automated Robotic Dairy during Australian summer. The severity of heat stress was measured using Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) and impacts of different THIs-low (≤72), moderate (73-82) and high (≥83)-on physiological responses and production performance were measured. There was a highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect of THI on respiratory rate (66.7, 84.7 and 109.1/min), panting scores (1.4, 1.9 and 2.3) and average body temperature of cows (38.4, 39.4 and 41.5 °C), which increased as THI increased from low to moderate to high over the summer. Average milk production parameters were also significantly (p ≤ 0.01) affected by THI, such that daily milk production dropped by 14% from low to high THI, milk temperature and fat% increased by 3%, whilst protein% increased by 2%. The lactation stage of cow had no significant effect on physiological parameters but affected (p ≤ 0.05) average daily milk yield and milk solids. Highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) positive correlations were obtained between THI and milk temperature, fat% and protein% whilst the reverse was observed between THI and milk yield, feed intake and rumination time. Under moderate and high THI, most cows sought shade, spent more time around watering points and showed signs of distress (excessive salivation and open mouth panting). In view of the expected future increase in the frequency and severity of heat events, additional strategies including selection and breeding for thermotolerance and dietary interventions to improve resilience of cows need to be pursued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Osei-Amponsah
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 226, Accra, Ghana
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Brian J. Leury
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Long Cheng
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Brendan Cullen
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Aleena Joy
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Archana Abhijith
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Michael H. Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Surinder S. Chauhan
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Al-Qaisi M, Mayorga EJ, Horst EA, Kvidera SK, McCarthy CS, Abeyta MA, Goetz BM, Ramirez-Ramirez HA, Timms LL, Baumgard LH. Validating a heat stress model: The effects of an electric heat blanket and nutritional plane on lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5550-5560. [PMID: 32229128 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of an electric heat blanket (EHB) has previously been confirmed as an alternative method to evaluate heat stress (HS). However, a pair-feeding design has not been used with the EHB model. Therefore, study objectives were to determine the contribution of the nutritional plane to altered metabolism and productivity during EHB-induced HS. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 18; 140 ± 10 d in milk) were subjected to 2 experimental periods (P); during P1 (4 d), cows were in thermoneutral conditions with ad libitum feed intake. During P2 (4 d), cows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: (1) thermoneutral conditions and pair-fed (PF; n = 8) or (2) EHB-induced HS with ad libitum feed intake (n = 10). Overall, the EHB increased rectal temperature, vaginal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate (1.4°C, 1.3°C, 0.8°C, and 42 breaths/min, respectively) relative to PF cows. The EHB reduced dry matter intake (DMI; 47%) and, by design, PF cows had a similar pattern and extent of decreased DMI. Milk yield decreased in EHB and PF cows by 27.3% (12.1 kg) and 13.4% (5.4 kg), respectively, indicating that reduced DMI accounted for only ∼50% of decreased milk synthesis. Milk fat content tended to increase (19%) in the EHB group, whereas in the PF cows it remained similar relative to P1. During P2, milk protein and lactose contents tended to decrease or decreased (1.3 and 2.2%, respectively) in both EHB and PF groups. Milk urea nitrogen remained unchanged in PF controls but increased (34.2%) in EHB cows relative to P1. The EHB decreased blood partial pressure of CO2, total CO2, HCO3, and base excess levels (17, 16, 17, and 81%, respectively) compared with those in PF cows. During P2, the EHB and PF cows had similar decreases (4%) in plasma glucose content, but no differences in circulating insulin were detected. However, a group by day interaction was detected for plasma nonesterified fatty acids; levels progressively increased in PF controls but remained unaltered in the EHB cows. Blood urea nitrogen increased in the EHB cows (61%) compared with the PF controls. In summary, utilizing the EHB model indicated that reduced nutrient intake explains only about 50% of the decrease in milk yield during HS, and the postabsorptive changes in nutrient partitioning are similar to those obtained in climate-controlled chamber studies. Consequently, the EHB is a reasonable and economically feasible model to study environmental physiology of dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; Department of Animal Production, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan 11942
| | - E J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - E A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - S K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - C S McCarthy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - B M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | | | - L L Timms
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mirzad AN, Goto A, Endo T, Ano H, Kobayashi I, Yamauchi T, Katamoto H. Effects of live yeast supplementation on serum oxidative stress biomarkers and lactation performance in dairy cows during summer. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1705-1712. [PMID: 31597891 PMCID: PMC6943311 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (LY) supplementation on serum oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant vitamin levels, and lactation performance in dairy cows during summer. A total of 16 lactating cows weighing 707.5 ± 13.1 kg (mean ± standard error) were enrolled and randomly assigned to either supplemented (n=8) or control group (n=8). In the supplemented group, the cows were administered with LY product at 10 g/day per cow from mid-July to mid-September for 8 weeks. The serum levels of derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites in the supplemented group were lower (P<0.05) at week 6. The serum retinol and blood glucose concentrations in the supplemented group were higher (P<0.01) at week 8. LY supplementation did not affect physiological responses, such as rectal temperature, respiratory rate, protein and cholesterol metabolism, and lactation performance. During the study period, daily average milk yield decreased in both groups. The reduction rates of milk yield in the supplemented and control groups were 17.6 and 20.0%, respectively. These results suggest that LY supplementation may reduce oxidative stress and improve carbohydrate metabolism in lactating dairy cows during summer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nawid Mirzad
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200, Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Balkh University, Mazar-e-Sharif 1701, Balkh, Afghanistan
| | - Akira Goto
- Kurume Dairy Cattle Artificial Insemination Clinic, Fukuoka Prefecture Dairy Farming Cooperative, 75-2, Airaku, Ohashimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0832, Japan
| | - Takuto Endo
- Kurume Dairy Cattle Artificial Insemination Clinic, Fukuoka Prefecture Dairy Farming Cooperative, 75-2, Airaku, Ohashimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0832, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kobayashi
- Sumiyoshi Livestock Science Station, University of Miyazaki, 10100-1, Shimanouch, Miyazaki 880-0121, Japan
| | - Takenori Yamauchi
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromu Katamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bagath M, Krishnan G, Devaraj C, Rashamol VP, Pragna P, Lees AM, Sejian V. The impact of heat stress on the immune system in dairy cattle: A review. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:94-102. [PMID: 31445399 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is well documented to have a negative influence on livestock productivity and these impacts may be exacerbated by climate change. Dairy cattle can be more vulnerable to the negative effects of heat stress as these adverse impacts may be more profound during pregnancy and lactation. New emerging diseases are usually linked to a positive relationship with climate change and the survival of microrganisms and/or their vectors. These diseases may exaggerate the immune suppression associated with the immune suppressive effect of heat stress that is mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axes. It has been established that heat stress has a negative impact on the immune system via cell mediated and humoral immune responses. Heat stress activates the HPA axis and increases peripheral levels of glucocorticoids subsequently suppressing the synthesis and release of cytokines. Heat stress has been reported to induce increased blood cortisol concentrations which have been shown to inhibit the production of cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, interferon γ (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α). The impact of heat stress on the immune responses of dairy cows could be mediated by developing appropriate amelioration strategies through nutritional interventions and cooling management. In addition, improving current animal selection methods and the development of climate resilient breeds may support the sustainability of livestock production systems into the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bagath
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - G Krishnan
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - C Devaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - V P Rashamol
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - P Pragna
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences Dookie Campus, Dookie College, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3647 Australia
| | - A M Lees
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Animal Science Group, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; University of New England, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - V Sejian
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore 560030, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lovarelli D, Bava L, Zucali M, D’Imporzano G, Adani F, Tamburini A, Sandrucci A. Improvements to dairy farms for environmental sustainability in Grana Padano and Parmigiano Reggiano production systems. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1611389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lovarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciana Bava
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Zucali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliana D’Imporzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Tamburini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Sandrucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vitali A, Segnalini M, Esposito S, Lacetera N, Nardone A, Bernabucci U. The changes of climate may threat the production of Grana Padano cheese: past, recent and future scenarios. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1604087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vitali
- DAFNE - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria Segnalini
- Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Roma, Italy
| | - Stanislao Esposito
- Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Roma, Italy
| | - Nicola Lacetera
- DAFNE - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nardone
- DAFNE - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Umberto Bernabucci
- DAFNE - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ahmad M, Bhatti JA, Abdullah M, Ullah R, Ul Ain Q, Hasni MS, Mahboob Ali, Rashid A, Qaisar I, Rashid G, Uddin R. Different ambient management intervention techniques and their effect on milk production and physiological parameters of lactating NiliRavi buffaloes during hot dry summer of subtropical region. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:911-918. [PMID: 30565187 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In tropical countries, one of the major threats for diary animal production is climate change. Ambient management interventions are beneficial and are the dire need of animal production in tropics. Ambient management intervention and its effect on physiological performance of lactating NiliRavi buffaloes were investigated during the hot dry months (April to June) of Pakistan. Fifteen lactating NiliRavi water buffaloes of similar size, age, and same parity were randomly stratified into three groups, comprising of five animals in each group, designated as group S, SF, and SFS. Animals of group S (control) were kept just under the shade while the animals in group SF were provided shade plus fan, animals in group SFS were provided the shade, fan as well as sprinklers during the hot day hours between 10:00 AM to 6:00 PM. Shed conditions were same for all animals, isonitrogenous and isocaloric feed was provided to all animals. Milk production decreased with the increase in ambient temperature. Average dry matter intake in group S, SF, and SFS were 75%, 80%, and 90% of the total feed offered to the experimental animals, respectively. The mean rectal temperatures (°F) were 101.69, 101.19, and 100.85 in group S, SF, and SFS, respectively. Heat stress had pronounced effect on blood glucose level as indicated by the mean glucose concentration in group S and SFS being recorded at 78.04 mg/dl and 90.47 mg/dl, respectively. It is concluded that the buffaloes should be provided with sprinklers and fans to minimize heat load and maximize the production during hot dry season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehtab Ahmad
- Department of Livestock Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Out Fall Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Jalees Ahmed Bhatti
- Department of Livestock Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Out Fall Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- Department of Livestock Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Out Fall Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rahman Ullah
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Out Fall Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qurat Ul Ain
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid Hasni
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Out Fall Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahboob Ali
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rashid
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Imran Qaisar
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Ghazunfar Rashid
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Rafi Uddin
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ghizzi LG, Del Valle TA, Takiya CS, da Silva GG, Zilio EM, Grigoletto NT, Martello LS, Rennó FP. Effects of functional oils on ruminal fermentation, rectal temperature, and performance of dairy cows under high temperature humidity index environment. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|