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Varzaru I, Untea AE, Panaite TD, Turcu R, Saracila M, Vlaicu PA, Oancea AG. Chlorella vulgaris as a Nutraceutical Source for Broilers: Improving Meat Quality and Storage Oxidative Status. Foods 2024; 13:2373. [PMID: 39123564 PMCID: PMC11312065 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of Chlorella vulgaris supplementation in broilers' diet, alone or in combination with vitamin E, on meat quality parameters, nutritional value, and oxidative stability during storage time. An experiment was conducted on 180 COBB 500 broiler chickens (14 days old), assigned into six treatments, following a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. A corn-soybean meal diet was supplemented with three levels of C. vulgaris (0% in group C1, 1% in E1, 2% in E2), two levels of vitamin E (0% in C1, 250 ppm in C2), and a combination of them (1% C. vulgaris + 250 ppm vitamin (E3), 2% C. vulgaris + 250 ppm vitamin (E4)). Dietary incorporation of C. vulgaris, including those supplemented with vitamin E, resulted in a significant increase in meat protein content. DPA and DHA levels increased by 2.01-fold and 1.60-fold in the 2% C. vulgaris + vitamin E group. The PUFA/SFA ratio was increased across all dietary treatments (p < 0.0001). HPI and h/H registered the highest values as a result of 2% C. vulgaris supplementation, being linked with a positive effect in lowering cholesterol levels. Supplementation with 2% C. vulgaris and vitamin E exhibited a 1.45-fold increase in vitamin E concentration in thigh meat compared to the control group, being the highest level registered in thigh meat in this experiment. Metmyoglobin concentrations registered lower values in the thigh meat of the experimental groups, while deoxymyoglobin increased in the same groups when compared to the control group. The inclusion of C. vulgaris (1% and 2%) in combination with vitamin E (250 mg/kg) in broiler diets exhibited the best prevention of lipid oxidation after 7 days of refrigerated storage, defined by the highest efficiency factors assessed in terms of secondary oxidation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Varzaru
- Feed and Food Quality Department, National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti, No.1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania; (A.E.U.); (R.T.); (M.S.); (P.A.V.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Arabela Elena Untea
- Feed and Food Quality Department, National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti, No.1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania; (A.E.U.); (R.T.); (M.S.); (P.A.V.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Tatiana Dumitra Panaite
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti, No.1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania;
| | - Raluca Turcu
- Feed and Food Quality Department, National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti, No.1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania; (A.E.U.); (R.T.); (M.S.); (P.A.V.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Mihaela Saracila
- Feed and Food Quality Department, National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti, No.1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania; (A.E.U.); (R.T.); (M.S.); (P.A.V.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Petru Alexandru Vlaicu
- Feed and Food Quality Department, National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti, No.1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania; (A.E.U.); (R.T.); (M.S.); (P.A.V.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Alexandra Gabriela Oancea
- Feed and Food Quality Department, National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti, No.1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania; (A.E.U.); (R.T.); (M.S.); (P.A.V.); (A.G.O.)
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Robinson K, Duffield KR, Ramirez JL, Cohnstaedt LW, Ashworth A, Jesudhasan PR, Arsi K, Morales Ramos JA, Rojas MG, Crippen TL, Shanmugasundaram R, Vaughan M, Webster C, Sealey W, Purswell JL, Oppert B, Neven L, Cook K, Donoghue AM. MINIstock: Model for INsect Inclusion in sustainable agriculture: USDA-ARS's research approach to advancing insect meal development and inclusion in animal diets. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2024:toae130. [PMID: 38961669 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Animal agriculture is under pressure to increase efficiency, sustainability, and innovation to meet the demands of a rising global population while decreasing adverse environmental effects. Feed cost and availability are 2 of the biggest hurdles to sustainable production. Current diets depend on sources of grain and animal byproduct protein for essential amino acids which have limited sustainability. Insects have arisen as an attractive, sustainable alternative protein source for animal diets due to their favorable nutrient composition, low space and water requirements, and natural role in animal diets. Additionally, insects are capable of bioremediating waste streams including agricultural and food waste, manure, and plastics helping to increase their sustainability. The insect rearing industry has grown rapidly in recent years and shows great economic potential. However, state-of-the-art research is urgently needed to overcome barriers to adoption in commercial animal diets such as regulatory restrictions, production scale issues, and food safety concerns. To address this need, the USDA Agricultural Research Service "MINIstoc: Model for INsect Inclusion" project was created to bring together diverse scientists from across the world to synergistically advance insect meal production and inclusion in animal diets. Here, we provide a short review of insects as feed while describing the MINIstock project which serves as the inspiration for the Journal of Economic Entomology Special Collection "Insects as feed: sustainable solutions for food waste and animal production practices."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristin R Duffield
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop Bioprotection Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - José L Ramirez
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop Bioprotection Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- USDA-ARS, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Foreign Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Amanda Ashworth
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Palmy R Jesudhasan
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Komala Arsi
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Juan A Morales Ramos
- USDA-ARS, National Biological Control Laboratory, Biological Control of Pests Research, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - M Guadalupe Rojas
- USDA-ARS, National Biological Control Laboratory, Biological Control of Pests Research, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Tawni L Crippen
- USDA-ARS, Food and Feed Safety Research, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Martha Vaughan
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Carl Webster
- USDA-ARS, Aquatic Animal Health Research, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Wendy Sealey
- USDA-ARS, Bozeman Fish Technology Center, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | - Brenda Oppert
- USDA-ARS, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lisa Neven
- USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research, Wapato, WA, USA
| | - Kim Cook
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Annie M Donoghue
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Lee J, Park Y, Song D, Chang S, Cho J. Effects of Defatted and Hydrolyzed Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal as an Alternative Fish Meal in Weaning Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1692. [PMID: 38891738 PMCID: PMC11171083 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In Experiment 1, a total of eighteen crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) barrows with an initial body weight of 6.74 ± 0.68 kg were randomly divided into three dietary treatments (one pig per cage and six replicates per treatment) and housed in metabolic cages that were equipped with a feeder and slatted floor to collect urine and feces. In Experiment 2, a total of 96 crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) barrows with an initial body weight of 8.25 ± 0.42 kg were used in the 6-week trial. The pigs were randomly divided into three dietary treatments (three pigs per pen and eight replicates per treatment). In Experiment 1, nutrient composition of defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BLM) was superior to that of hydrolyzed BLM but lower than that of fish meal (FM). Also, defatted BLM and FM had better apparent total track digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) and better nitrogen retention (p < 0.05) than hydrolyzed BLM, but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between defatted BLM and FM. In Experiment 2, defatted BLM improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed cost per kg gain (FCG) compared with FM. Defatted BLM could replace soybean meal and fish meal as an alternative protein source for weaning pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihwan Lee
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Republic of Korea;
| | - Younguk Park
- Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Service, Cheongju 28130, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongcheol Song
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (D.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Seyeon Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (D.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Jinho Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (D.S.); (S.C.)
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Akyüz B, Sohel MMH, Konca Y, Arslan K, Gürbulak K, Abay M, Kaliber M, White SN, Cinar MU. Effects of Low and High Maternal Protein Intake on Fetal Skeletal Muscle miRNAome in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1594. [PMID: 38891641 PMCID: PMC11171157 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Prenatal maternal feeding plays an important role in fetal development and has the potential to induce long-lasting epigenetic modifications. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that serve as one epigenetic mechanism. Though miRNAs have crucial roles in fetal programming, growth, and development, there is limited data regarding the maternal diet and miRNA expression in sheep. Therefore, we analyzed high and low maternal dietary protein for miRNA expression in fetal longissimus dorsi. Pregnant ewes were fed an isoenergetic high-protein (HP, 160-270 g/day), low-protein (LP, 73-112 g/day), or standard-protein diet (SP, 119-198 g/day) during pregnancy. miRNA expression profiles were evaluated using the Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA 4.0 Array. Twelve up-regulated, differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) were identified which are targeting 65 genes. The oar-3957-5p miRNA was highly up-regulated in the LP and SP compared to the HP. Previous transcriptome analysis identified that integrin and non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase genes targeted by miRNAs were detected in the current experiment. A total of 28 GO terms and 10 pathway-based gene sets were significantly (padj < 0.05) enriched in the target genes. Most genes targeted by the identified miRNAs are involved in immune and muscle disease pathways. Our study demonstrated that dietary protein intake during pregnancy affected fetal skeletal muscle epigenetics via miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Akyüz
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (B.A.); (M.M.H.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Md Mahmodul Hasan Sohel
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (B.A.); (M.M.H.S.); (K.A.)
- Genome and Stem Cell Centre, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye
| | - Yusuf Konca
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (Y.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Korhan Arslan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (B.A.); (M.M.H.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Kutlay Gürbulak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (K.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Murat Abay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (K.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Mahmut Kaliber
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (Y.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Stephen N. White
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Mehmet Ulas Cinar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (Y.K.); (M.K.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
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Qi Z, Guo C, Li H, Qiu H, Li H, Jong C, Yu G, Zhang Y, Hu L, Wu X, Xin D, Yang M, Liu C, Lv J, Wang X, Kong F, Chen Q. Natural variation in Fatty Acid 9 is a determinant of fatty acid and protein content. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:759-773. [PMID: 37937736 PMCID: PMC10893952 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is one of the most economically important crops worldwide and an important source of unsaturated fatty acids and protein for the human diet. Consumer demand for healthy fats and oils is increasing, and the global demand for vegetable oil is expected to double by 2050. Identification of key genes that regulate seed fatty acid content can facilitate molecular breeding of high-quality soybean varieties with enhanced fatty acid profiles. Here, we analysed the genetic architecture underlying variations in soybean seed fatty acid content using 547 accessions, including mainly landraces and cultivars from northeastern China. Through fatty acid profiling, genome re-sequencing, population genomics analyses, and GWAS, we identified a SEIPIN homologue at the FA9 locus as an important contributor to seed fatty acid content. Transgenic and multiomics analyses confirmed that FA9 was a key regulator of seed fatty acid content with pleiotropic effects on seed protein and seed size. We identified two major FA9 haplotypes in 1295 resequenced soybean accessions and assessed their phenotypic effects in a field planting of 424 accessions. Soybean accessions carrying FA9H2 had significantly higher total fatty acid contents and lower protein contents than those carrying FA9H1 . FA9H2 was absent in wild soybeans but present in 13% of landraces and 26% of cultivars, suggesting that it may have been selected during soybean post-domestication improvement. FA9 therefore represents a useful genetic resource for molecular breeding of high-quality soybean varieties with specific seed storage profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Qi
- College of AgricultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Chaocheng Guo
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri‐Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Haiyang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hongmei Qiu
- Soybean Research InstituteJilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Soybean Engineering CenterChangchunChina
| | - Hui Li
- College of AgricultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - CholNam Jong
- College of AgricultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Guolong Yu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri‐Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of AgricultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Limin Hu
- College of AgricultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- College of AgricultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Dawei Xin
- College of AgricultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Mingliang Yang
- College of AgricultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Chunyan Liu
- College of AgricultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Jian Lv
- Department of InnovationSyngenta Biotechnology ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Xu Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri‐Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qingshan Chen
- College of AgricultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangChina
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Danieli PP, Addeo NF, Lazzari F, Manganello F, Bovera F. Precision Beekeeping Systems: State of the Art, Pros and Cons, and Their Application as Tools for Advancing the Beekeeping Sector. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:70. [PMID: 38200801 PMCID: PMC10778344 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to summarize the more recent scientific literature and updated state of the art on the research effort spent in adapting hardware-software tools to understand the true needs of honeybee colonies as a prerequisite for any sustainable management practice. A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis was also performed with the aim of identifying the key factors that could support or impair the diffusion of precision beekeeping (PB) systems. Honeybee husbandry, or beekeeping, is starting to approach precision livestock farming (PLF), as has already happened in other animal husbandry sectors. A transition from the current paradigm of rational beekeeping to that of precision beekeeping (PB) is thus expected. However, due to the peculiarities of this species and the related farming practices, the PB technological systems (PB systems) are still undergoing a development process that, to some extent, limits their large-scale practical application. Several physical-chemical (weight, temperature, humidity, sound, gases) and behavioral traits (flight activity, swarming) of the hive are reviewed in light of the evolution of sensors, communication systems, and data management approaches. These advanced sensors are equipped with a microprocessor that records data and sends it to a remote server for processing. In this way, through a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) system, the beekeeper, using specific applications on a personal computer, tablet, or smartphone, can have all the above-mentioned parameters under remote control. In general, weight, temperature, and humidity are the main hive traits monitored by commercial sensors. Surprisingly, flight activity sensors are rarely available as an option in modular PB systems marketed via the web. The SWOT analysis highlights that PB systems have promising strength points and represent great opportunities for the development of beekeeping; however, they have some weaknesses, represented especially by the high purchasing costs and the low preparedness of the addressed operators, and imply some possible threats for beekeeping in terms of unrealistic perception of the apiary status if they applied to some hives only and a possible adverse impact on the honeybees' colony itself. Even if more research is expected to take place in the next few years, indubitably, the success of commercial PB systems will be measured in terms of return on investment, conditioned especially by the benefits (higher yields, better colonies' health) that the beekeeper will appraise as a consequence of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo Danieli
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. C. de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Nicola Francesco Addeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Filippo Lazzari
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. C. de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Federico Manganello
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. C. de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy;
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Soybean Replacement by Alternative Protein Sources in Pig Nutrition and Its Effect on Meat Quality. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030494. [PMID: 36766383 PMCID: PMC9913794 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean is one of the most expensive and limiting feed ingredients in diet formulations; however, in pig farming, it represents the main source of protein. The production and supply of soybean are critical steps due to their environmental impact and feed/food competition for land use. Therefore, research is focusing on finding alternatives to replace soybean partially or totally. However, alternative ingredients should ensure similar growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality characteristics compared to conventional soybean-based diets. The objective of this review was to evaluate the impact of different alternative protein sources to soybean in pig nutrition and their effects on growth performance, carcass, and meat quality traits. The review process was performed on Scopus®, and it considered research findings published from 2012 to the present on the Sus scrofa species. Articles without a control group fed with soybean were discarded. The main alternative protein sources identified were other legumes and distillers' dried grain with solubles (fish and animal proteins, oilseed by- and co-products). Interesting innovative protein sources included by-products from other industries (residues), microalgae and insects. Nevertheless, in dietary formulations, close attention must be paid to address the nutritional requirements, balance the supply of amino acids, avoid anti-nutritional or toxic compounds occasionally present in alternative protein sources, as well as determine the availability of protein feed in specific geographical areas.
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Effects of Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal and Astaxanthin as Feed Additives on Health and Production Indices in Weaned Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010163. [PMID: 36611771 PMCID: PMC9817779 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a critical period in farming, and therefore, searching for health-promoting feed additives of natural origin is necessary. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of full-fat H. illucens larvae meal (HI) and astaxanthin (AST) supplementation on the growth performance and health status of weaned pigs. The experiment was carried out on 48 pigs (8.7 kg) divided into six groups: I-control; II-2.5% HI; III-5% HI; IV-2.5% HI and AST; V-5% HI and AST; VI-AST. The experiment lasted from the 35th to 70th day of age, and animals were fed ad libitum. The results obtained indicate that HI meal and astaxanthin had no effect on feed intake and utilization, weight gain, or organ weight. Additionally, blood parameters remained within the norms. It seems that astaxanthin supports the inhibition of oxidative stress, which became apparent in the case of some red blood cell parameters. The 2.5% HI and AST supplementation can reduce the susceptibility of pork fat to oxidation (lower adipose tissue TBARS). However, 5% HI in feed was not beneficial because of the adverse changes in some red cell indices, and it should be combined with the antioxidant AST to improve these indices.
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Schoeters F, Thoré ES, De Cuyper A, Noyens I, Goossens S, Lybaert S, Meers E, Van Miert S, de Souza MF. Microalgal cultivation on grass juice as a novel process for a green biorefinery. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Heterologous expression of antimicrobial peptides S-thanatin and bovine lactoferricin in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum enhances native antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tavaniello S, Fatica A, Palazzo M, Zejnelhoxha S, Wu M, Marco LD, Salimei E, Maiorano G. Carcass and Meat Quality Traits of Medium-Growing Broiler Chickens Fed Soybean or Pea Bean and Raised under Semi-Intensive Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202849. [PMID: 36290235 PMCID: PMC9597835 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the total replacement of flaked soybean (Glycine max L., SOY) with raw pea (Pisum sativum L., PEA) on the carcass and meat quality traits of two medium-growing broiler strains (Kabir Rosso Plus, KB; New Red, NR). Birds were housed in 20 pens (five replications/groups, six birds each). At 83 days of age, 40 birds (2/replication) were slaughtered and the pectoral muscle (PM) was removed for analyses. Diet did not affect slaughter weight, carcass traits and meat quality. A pea diet determined a significant increase of MUFA and a decrease of PUFA, n-3 and n-6 PUFA; hence, the pea-fed group had a lower PUFA/SFA and a higher n-6/n-3 ratios compared to the soy-fed. NR chickens were heavier, with higher carcass and cut weights (p < 0.01) compared to KB chickens. Interactions (p < 0.05) between factors were found for PM weight and yield. Meat from NR had a higher (p < 0.05) pH. Fatty acids were slightly affected by genotype. Replacing soybean with pea adversely affects meat fatty acid composition in terms of nutritional profile.
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Lu S, Taethaisong N, Meethip W, Surakhunthod J, Sinpru B, Sroichak T, Archa P, Thongpea S, Paengkoum S, Purba RAP, Paengkoum P. Nutritional Composition of Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens L.) and Its Potential Uses as Alternative Protein Sources in Animal Diets: A Review. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13090831. [PMID: 36135532 PMCID: PMC9502457 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly growing population has increased demand for protein quantities and, following a shortage of plant-based feed protein sources and the prohibition of animal-based feed protein, has forced the search for new sources of protein. Therefore, humans have turned their attention to edible insects. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia illucens L.) are rich in nutrients such as fat, protein and high-quality amino acids and minerals, making them a good source of protein. Furthermore, BSFL are easily reared and propagated on any nutrient substrate such as plant residues, animal manure and waste, food scraps, agricultural byproducts, or straw. Although BSFL cannot completely replace soybean meal in poultry diets, supplementation of less than 20% has no negative impact on chicken growth performance, biochemical indicators and meat quality. In pig studies, although BSFL supplementation did not have any negative effect on growth performance and meat quality, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was reduced. There is obviously less research on the feeding of BSFL in pigs than in poultry, particularly in relation to weaning piglets and fattening pigs; further research is needed on the supplementation level of sows. Moreover, it has not been found that BSFL are used in ruminants, and the next phase of research could therefore study them. The use of BSFL in animal feed presents some challenges in terms of cost, availability and legal and consumer acceptance. However, this should be considered in the context of the current shortage of protein feed and the nutritional value of BSFL, which has important research significance in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyong Lu
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Nittaya Taethaisong
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Weerada Meethip
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Jariya Surakhunthod
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Boontum Sinpru
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Thakun Sroichak
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Pawinee Archa
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Sorasak Thongpea
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Siwaporn Paengkoum
- Program in Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Rayudika Aprilia Patindra Purba
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Pramote Paengkoum
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
- Correspondence:
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Oteri M, Chiofalo B, Maricchiolo G, Toscano G, Nalbone L, Lo Presti V, Di Rosa AR. Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal in the Diet of Gilthead Sea Bream: Effect on Chemical and Microbiological Quality of Filets. Front Nutr 2022; 9:896552. [PMID: 35685870 PMCID: PMC9172839 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.896552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical and microbiological characteristics of filets of Spaurus aurata L. specimens fed with diets containing a Hermetia illucens meal (HIM) at the 25, 35, and 50%, as a partial replacement for fish meal (FM) were evaluated. The diets, formulated to satisfy the nutritional needs of fish, were isoenergetic (22 MJ/kg gross energy), isonitrogenous (43 g/100 g, a.f.), and isolipidic (19 g/100 g, a.f.). Seventy-two specimens were randomly killed after 186 days of growing trials. Then, the filets were analyzed for chemical profile, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals, and microbial flora. Data were subjected to statistical analysis. No significant differences were observed in chemical composition. The sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) showed a similar content in the filets; eicosapentaenoic acid was similar in the filets of HIM0, HIM35%, and HIM50%, whereas docosahexaenoic acid was higher in filets of the HIM0 group. n3/n6 PUFA ratio and the sum of EPA + DHA showed a high value (p < 0.001) in filets of the group fed with FM. No significant difference was observed in thrombogenic index and hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio in the groups; the atherogenic index showed a higher value (p = 0.001) in the HIM50% group. Indispensable amino acids showed some significant (p < 0.0001) differences in the groups; arginine and phenylalanine content was higher in the filets of fish fed with FM; isoleucine and valine content was higher in the filets of HIM50%; leucine, lysine and methionine content was lower in the filets of HIM35%; histidine content was lower in the filets of HIM25%; tryptophan content was lower in filets of the HIM50% group. EAA/NEAA ratio showed highest value in the filets of the group that received FM. The presence of HIM in the three diets kept chromium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and nickel levels lower than those recommended by various authorities. Ca/P ratio showed a higher level (p < 0.0001) in the group fed with FM than those fed with diets containing HIM. The insect meal in the diets did not influence the microbiological profile of fish. Use of HIM as an unconventional feed ingredient in Sparus aurata diet looks promising, although the quality of filets may be affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Oteri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Biagina Chiofalo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Maricchiolo
- Institute of Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Toscano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Nalbone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lo Presti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ambra Rita Di Rosa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Fiordelmondo E, Ceschin S, Magi GE, Mariotti F, Iaffaldano N, Galosi L, Roncarati A. Effects of Partial Substitution of Conventional Protein Sources with Duckweed ( Lemna minor) Meal in the Feeding of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) on Growth Performances and the Quality Product. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1220. [PMID: 35567221 PMCID: PMC9102834 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Duckweed (Lemna minor) meal was included in the formulation of three experimental feeds (L1, L2, L3) for rainbow trout at 10%, 20%, 28% of the protein source, respectively. Increasing the duckweed inclusion, the other protein sources were adjusted to get isonitrogenous (41%) and isolipidic (20%) diets, as the control diet (LC). 540 fish (mean body weight 124.5 ± 0.7 g) were randomly allocated in 12 tanks divided equally among the four different diets. After 90 days, fish were weighed and the most important productive performances, fillet quality and fatty acid profile were determined. The final body weight in L1 (340.53 g) and L2 (339.42 g) was not different from LC (348.80 g); L3 trout significantly (p < 0.05) exhibited the lowest one (302.16 g). Similar trends were found in final mean length, weight gain, specific growth rate, food conversion rate. Somatic indices were affected by duckweed inclusion. Diets had not significant effects on the proximate composition and fatty acids of the fillet in L1, L2, L3 respect to LC. Based on this study, duckweed meal derived from Lemna minor can be included in the feed for the rainbow trout without negative effects on the growth performances at 20% of the protein substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fiordelmondo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Viale Circonvallazione 93–95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (E.F.); (G.E.M.); (F.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Simona Ceschin
- Laboratory of Systematic and Environmental Botany, Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gian Enrico Magi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Viale Circonvallazione 93–95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (E.F.); (G.E.M.); (F.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Francesca Mariotti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Viale Circonvallazione 93–95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (E.F.); (G.E.M.); (F.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Nicolaia Iaffaldano
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis s/n, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Livio Galosi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Viale Circonvallazione 93–95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (E.F.); (G.E.M.); (F.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Alessandra Roncarati
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Viale Circonvallazione 93–95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (E.F.); (G.E.M.); (F.M.); (L.G.)
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15
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Balabanova L, Seitkalieva A, Yugay Y, Rusapetova T, Slepchenko L, Podvolotskaya A, Yatsunskaya M, Vasyutkina E, Son O, Tekutyeva L, Shkryl Y. Engineered Fungus Thermothelomyces thermophilus Producing Plant Storage Proteins. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020119. [PMID: 35205873 PMCID: PMC8877005 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation based on the plant binary vector pPZP-RCS2 was carried out for the multiple heterologous protein production in filamentous fungus Thermothelomyces thermophilus F-859 (formerly Myceliophthora thermophila F-859). The engineered fungus Th. thermophilus was able to produce plant storage proteins of Zea mays (α-zein Z19) and Amaranthus hypochondriacus (albumin A1) to enrich fungal biomass by valuable nutritional proteins and improved amino acid content. The mRNA levels of z19 and a1 genes were significantly dependent on their driving promoters: the promoter of tryptophan synthase (PtrpC) was more efficient to express a1, while the promoter of translation elongation factor (Ptef) provided much higher levels of z19 transcript abundance. In general, the total recombinant proteins and amino acid contents were higher in the Ptef-containing clones. This work describes a new strategy to improve mycoprotein nutritive value by overexpression of plant storage proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Balabanova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (L.B.); (A.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Seitkalieva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (L.B.); (A.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Yulia Yugay
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.Y.); (T.R.); (M.Y.); (E.V.)
| | - Tatiana Rusapetova
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.Y.); (T.R.); (M.Y.); (E.V.)
| | - Lubov Slepchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (L.B.); (A.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Anna Podvolotskaya
- Department of Bioeconomy and Food Security, Far Eastern Federal University, B417 Office, Bldg. 20, Ajax St., Russky Island, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.P.); (O.S.); (L.T.)
- ARNIKA, Territory of PDA Nadezhdinskaya, Centralnay St. 42, 692481 Volno-Nadezhdinskoye, Primorsky Krai, Russia
| | - Margarita Yatsunskaya
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.Y.); (T.R.); (M.Y.); (E.V.)
| | - Elena Vasyutkina
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.Y.); (T.R.); (M.Y.); (E.V.)
| | - Oksana Son
- Department of Bioeconomy and Food Security, Far Eastern Federal University, B417 Office, Bldg. 20, Ajax St., Russky Island, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.P.); (O.S.); (L.T.)
- ARNIKA, Territory of PDA Nadezhdinskaya, Centralnay St. 42, 692481 Volno-Nadezhdinskoye, Primorsky Krai, Russia
| | - Liudmila Tekutyeva
- Department of Bioeconomy and Food Security, Far Eastern Federal University, B417 Office, Bldg. 20, Ajax St., Russky Island, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.P.); (O.S.); (L.T.)
- ARNIKA, Territory of PDA Nadezhdinskaya, Centralnay St. 42, 692481 Volno-Nadezhdinskoye, Primorsky Krai, Russia
| | - Yury Shkryl
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.Y.); (T.R.); (M.Y.); (E.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-4232-312-129; Fax: +7-4232-310-193
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16
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Acar Ü, Giannetto A, Giannetto D, Kesbiç OS, Yılmaz S, Romano A, Tezel R, Türker A, Güllü K, Fazio F. Evaluation of an Innovative and Sustainable Pre-Commercial Compound as Replacement of Fish Meal in Diets for Rainbow Trout during Pre-Fattening Phase: Effects on Growth Performances, Haematological Parameters and Fillet Quality Traits. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123547. [PMID: 34944322 PMCID: PMC8698101 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the potential and sustainable use of pre-commercial product ITTINSECT™ APS V1 as a major protein source in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets. A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted to potentially use ITTINSECT as fish meal replacement in the diets of rainbow trout. Five isonitrogenous in dry matter (38% crude protein) and isolipidic (15% crude lipid) diets were produced: a control diet (fishmeal-based) (ITT0) and four experimental diets replacing fishmeal by 25 (ITT25), 50 (ITT50), 75 (ITT75) and 100 (ITT100) %, with ITTINSECT™ APS V1. Triplicate tanks, containing 15 fish each (65.81 ± 1.26 g), were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice every day during the experiment. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly higher growth performance was observed in the group fed ITTM25 and ITTM50 diets. This performance was supported by growth-related gene expressions analyzed in muscle; significantly higher GH and IGF-I genes expression levels were determined in ITT25 and ITT50 when compared to control (ITT0) (p < 0.05). While no significant differences were found between the hematology values (p > 0.05), serum total protein, globulins and glucose levels were significantly different between experimental groups (p < 0.05). In addition to this, the immune-related genes such as TNF-α, IL8 and IL1-β expression levels were determined to be significantly different (p < 0.05). In conclusion, in order to achieve the best growth performance in rainbow trout and enhance sustainable aquaculture practices, replacement of fish meal with up to 50% ITTINSECT™ APS V1 in diets for rainbow trout is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ümit Acar
- Department of Forestry, Bayramiç Vocational School, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17100, Turkey
- Correspondence: (Ü.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessia Giannetto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina University, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (Ü.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Daniela Giannetto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48000, Turkey;
| | - Osman Sabri Kesbiç
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37100, Turkey;
| | - Sevdan Yılmaz
- Department of Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology Faculty, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17100, Turkey;
| | | | - Rifat Tezel
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48000, Turkey; (R.T.); (A.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Ali Türker
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48000, Turkey; (R.T.); (A.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Kenan Güllü
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48000, Turkey; (R.T.); (A.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, 98166 Messina, Italy;
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A Multipurpose Leguminous Plant for the Mediterranean Countries: Leucaena leucocephala as an Alternative Protein Source: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082230. [PMID: 34438688 PMCID: PMC8388360 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The need to address the shortage of protein ingredients linked to both territoriality and growing demand pushes research to focus attention on alternative protein sources, both vegetable and animal (insects). This review describes the characteristics, uses, strengths, and weaknesses of Leucaena leucocephala, a legume that can be used in the zootechnical field as an alternative to traditional protein sources for feed formulation. Abstract In tropical and subtropical regions, as well as in the internal and/or marginal Mediterranean areas, one of the most important problems related to animal production is represented by the inadequate nutritional supplies. The low productivity of the animals, often connected to reduced annual growth, is, in fact, not infrequently attributable to the low nitrogen content and the high fiber content of the local plant species and crop residues that constitute the base ingredients of the rations commonly adopted by farmers. The use of the supplementation with arboreal and shrub fodder, although often containing anti-nutritional factors and toxins that limit its use, could be a profitable way to alleviate the nutritional deficiencies of the basic diets. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit is native to Central America and widely naturalized in the majority of Latin American countries. It is a legume suitable for tropical and subtropical environments including the countries of the Mediterranean area. Moreover, its spread is desirable if we consider the multiple uses to which it is suitable, the considerable amount of biomass produced, and its role in preserving the environment. The aim of this work was to highlight the characteristics of Leucaena that can justify its wide diffusion. A structured analysis of strengths and weaknesses was performed accordingly. Being a good protein source for feeding livestock, it could be a species to be introduced in the inland areas of the Mediterranean countries as an alternative protein source; the limit represented by the presence of anti-nutritional factors could be overcome by feed processing and by launching targeted research programs.
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Pulido-Rodriguez LF, Cardinaletti G, Secci G, Randazzo B, Bruni L, Cerri R, Olivotto I, Tibaldi E, Parisi G. Appetite Regulation, Growth Performances and Fish Quality Are Modulated by Alternative Dietary Protein Ingredients in Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata) Culture. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1919. [PMID: 34203438 PMCID: PMC8300235 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By answering the need for increasing sustainability in aquaculture, the present study aimed to compare growth, gene expression involved in appetite regulation, physical characteristics, and chemical composition of Sparus aurata fed alternative protein sources. Fish were fed ten iso-proteic, iso-lipidic, and isoenergetic diets: a vegetable-based (CV) and a marine ingredient-rich (CF) diet were set as control diets. The others were prepared by replacing graded levels (10, 20 or 40%) of the vegetable proteins in the CV with proteins from a commercial defatted Hermetia illucens pupae meal (H), poultry by-product meal (PBM) singly (H10, H20, H40, P20, P40) or in combination (H10P30), red swamp crayfish meal (RC10) and from a blend (2:1, w:w) of Tisochrysis lutea and Tetraselmis suecica (MA10) dried biomasses. The increase in ghre gene expression observed in MA10 fed fish matched with increased feed intake and increased feed conversion ratio. Besides, the MA10 diet conferred a lighter aspect to the fish skin (p < 0.05) than the others. Overall, no detrimental effects of H, PBM, and RC meal included in the diets were observed, and fish fatty acid profile resulted as comparable among these groups and CV, thus demonstrating the possibility to introduce H, PBM, and RC in partial replacement of vegetable proteins in the diet for Sparus aurata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Fernanda Pulido-Rodriguez
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (L.F.P.-R.); (G.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.C.); (R.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Giulia Secci
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (L.F.P.-R.); (G.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (B.R.); (I.O.)
| | - Leonardo Bruni
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (L.F.P.-R.); (G.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Roberto Cerri
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.C.); (R.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (B.R.); (I.O.)
| | - Emilio Tibaldi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.C.); (R.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (L.F.P.-R.); (G.S.); (L.B.)
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Acquah C, Ohemeng-Boahen G, Power KA, Tosh SM. The Effect of Processing on Bioactive Compounds and Nutritional Qualities of Pulses in Meeting the Sustainable Development Goal 2. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.681662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversification of plant-based food sources is necessary to improve global food and nutritional security. Pulses have enormous nutritional and health benefits in preventing malnutrition and chronic diseases while contributing positively to reducing environmental footprint. Pulses are rich in diverse nutritional and non-nutritional constituents which can be classified as bioactive compounds due to their biological effect. These bioactive compounds include but are not limited to proteins, dietary fibres, resistant starch, polyphenols, saponins, lectins, phytic acids, and enzyme inhibitors. While these compounds are of importance in ensuring food and nutritional security, some of the bioactive constituents have ambivalent properties. These properties include having antioxidant, anti-hypertensive and prebiotic effects. Others have a deleterious effect of decreasing the digestibility and/or bioavailability of essential nutrients and are therefore termed antinutritional factors/compounds. Various processing techniques exist to reduce the content of antinutritional factors found in pulses. Traditional processing of pulses comprises soaking, dehulling, milling, germination, fermentation, and boiling, while examples of emerging processing techniques include microwaving, extrusion, and micronization. These processing techniques can be tailored to purpose and pulse type to achieve desired results. Herein, the nutritional qualities and properties of bioactive compounds found in pulses in meeting the sustainable development goals are presented. It also discusses the effect of processing techniques on the nutritional and non-nutritional constituents in pulses as well as the health and environmental benefits of pulse-diet consumption. Major challenges linked to pulses that could limit their potential of being ideal crops in meeting the sustainable development goal 2 agenda are highlighted.
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Rakita S, Banjac V, Djuragic O, Cheli F, Pinotti L. Soybean Molasses in Animal Nutrition. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020514. [PMID: 33669291 PMCID: PMC7920053 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Soybean molasses is a by-product of the soybean processing industry that is accumulated in large quantities and usually disposed of like liquid manure or in landfills, thus causing severe ecological problems. At the same time, soybean molasses has a promising potential to be included regularly in animal diets because of its high nutritive value and functional properties. It is rich in sugars and is a cheap energy source for animals compared to other energy-rich feed ingredients. This paper reviews current knowledge on the valorization of soybean molasses as an alternative feed ingredient focusing on its composition and application in animal nutrition in general. Abstract Concerning the increasing global demand for food and accumulation of huge amounts of biomass waste from the agro-food industry whose manipulation is usually inadequate, the potential of livestock to convert by-products as alternative feed ingredients into valuable proteins has been proposed as an outstanding option. Soybean molasses present a by-product of soybean protein concentrate production with low commercial cost but high nutritive and functional value. It is a rich source of soluble carbohydrates in the form of sugars and soybean phytochemicals. Therefore, this paper provides a review of published works about the production of soybean molasses, chemical composition, and nutritive value. In addition, the possibility of the application of soybean molasses in animal nutrition as a pelleting aid and functional feed ingredient is also discussed. Special attention is devoted to the influence of the inclusion of soybean molasses in the diets for ruminants, non-ruminants, and aquaculture on animal performance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Rakita
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.B.); (O.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-21-485-3808
| | - Vojislav Banjac
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.B.); (O.D.)
| | - Olivera Djuragic
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.B.); (O.D.)
| | - Federica Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20134 Milano, Italy; (F.C.); (L.P.)
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20134 Milano, Italy; (F.C.); (L.P.)
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy
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Cardoso-Gutiérrez E, Narváez-López AC, Robles-Jiménez LE, Morales Osorio A, Gutierrez-Martinez MDG, Leskinen H, Mele M, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, González-Ronquillo M. Production Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Milk Composition of Dairy Ewes Supplemented with Crushed Sunflower Seeds and Sunflower Seed Silage in Corn Silage-Based Diets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122354. [PMID: 33317140 PMCID: PMC7764793 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In countries such as Mexico and the Unites States, sunflowers can be planted earlier than corn, and can tolerate moderate frosts. Concerning sunflower silage, its feeding value could be up to 80% similar to that of corn silage. The use of sunflower silage for ruminant feeding represents an alternative to the use of corn silage, especially when environmental conditions are adverse for corn crops. Sunflower seeds can also be a protein alternative to soybean by-products. This study determined production performance, nutrient digestibility, and milk composition of dairy ewes fed with crushed sunflower seeds (SF) and sunflower seed silage (SFS) in corn silage-based diets. Compared to control, SF and SFS increased intake and digestibility of fiber components, such as neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Nitrogen balance, milk yield, milk fat yield, and milk protein yield were similar between treatments. Results demonstrated that crushed sunflower seeds and ensiled seeds do not change significantly productive parameters of dairy sheep. In corn-silage based diets, both crushed and ensiled sunflower seeds can be used in dairy sheep diets as alternatives to typical protein feedstuffs, such as soybean meal. Abstract This study determined production performance, nutrient digestibility, and milk composition of dairy ewes supplemented with crushed sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus) and sunflower seed silage in corn silage-based diets. Six ewes were grouped in a double 3 × 3 Latin square design with three periods of 21 days. All treatments were based on ad libitum corn silage. Control diet was based on alfalfa hay (333 g/kg DM), sorghum grain (253 g/kg DM), triticale grain (200 g/kg DM), soybean meal (167 g /kg DM), and vitamin and mineral premix (47 g/kg DM). Sunflower seeds (SF) and sunflower seed silage (SFS) treatments consisted of alfalfa hay (333 g/kg DM), sorghum grain (267 g/kg DM), triticale grain (100 g/kg DM), soybean meal (167 g /kg DM), SF or SFS (87 g/kg DM) and vitamin and mineral premix (47 g/kg DM). Compared to control, SF and SFS increased intake and digestibility of fiber components, such as neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Body weight, nitrogen balance, milk yield, milk fat yield, milk protein yield, lactose yield and milk urea N were similar between treatments. Overall, results demonstrated that crushed sunflower seeds and ensiled seeds do not change significantly productive parameters of dairy sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cardoso-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto Literario 100, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca CP 50000, Mexico; (E.C.-G.); (L.E.R.-J.)
| | - Alondra Cristel Narváez-López
- Division Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carr. Villahermosa-Teapa, km 25, Villahermosa, Tabasco CP 86280, Mexico;
| | - Lizbeth E. Robles-Jiménez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto Literario 100, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca CP 50000, Mexico; (E.C.-G.); (L.E.R.-J.)
| | - Andrés Morales Osorio
- Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas, Instituto Literario 100, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca CP 50000, Mexico; (A.M.O.); (M.d.G.G.-M.)
| | - María de Guadalupe Gutierrez-Martinez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas, Instituto Literario 100, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca CP 50000, Mexico; (A.M.O.); (M.d.G.G.-M.)
| | - Heidi Leskinen
- Milk Production, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600 Jokioinen, Finland;
| | - Marcello Mele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-Ambientali, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Correspondence: (E.V.-B.-P.); (M.G.-R.)
| | - Manuel González-Ronquillo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto Literario 100, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca CP 50000, Mexico; (E.C.-G.); (L.E.R.-J.)
- Correspondence: (E.V.-B.-P.); (M.G.-R.)
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